Special Topics in Beams 2

STEEL TIMBER DESIGN Module 4
Special Topics in Beams;
Unsymmetrical Bending;
- thus far, the beams that had been considered have beam loaded so that the bending occurs only
about the strong axis (the x-x axis). That is, the loads have been applied in the plane of the weak
axis. This is the normal situation for gravity loads on wide flange beams that are oriented with the
webs in the vertical plane. The x-x and y-y axes of the beam cross sections are also called the
principal axes. Occasionally, beams are subjected to total loads that are not in the plane of the weak
axis, or a beam may have to support two or more systems of loads that are applied simultaneously
but in different directions. When this occur, the beam is said to be subjected to unsymmetrical
bending or bending on two axes. Unsymmetrical bending may be further defined as bending about
any other than one of the principal axes.
- Interaction Formula;
fbx fby
+  1.0
Fbx Fby
where: fb - actual compressive bending stress

Fb - allowable compressive bending stress
- Members with Compact Sections;

- for doubly symmetrical I- and H-shape members with compact flanges continuously connected
to the web and bent about their weak axes (except members with yield points greater than 448
MPa), solid round and square bars and solid rectangular sections bent about their weaker axes,
the allowable stress is;
Fb = 0.75 Fy (NSCP, Sec.506.3.1.1.1)
- Members with Non-Compact Sections;

- for members not meeting the requirements for compact sections nor covered by Sec. 506.4, bent
about their minor axis, the allowable stress is;
Fb = 0.60 Fy (NSCP, Sec.506.3.1.2.1)
- for doubly symmetrical I- and H-shape members bent about their weak axes (except members
with yield points greater than 448 MPa) with non-compact flanges continuously connected to the
web may be designed on the basis of an allowable stress of;
 bf 
Fb = Fy 1.075  0.0019 Fy  (NSCP, Sec.506.3.1.2.2)
 2tf 
Engr. M. D. Basea 302

EX. Check the adequacy of a W10 x 22 shape that carries a uniform vertical load of 7.0 kN/m on a
simple span of 5.0 m.
Given: Fbx = 163.68 MPa Fby = 186.0 MPa
Properties of W10 x 22;
W = 0.32 kN/m Fx 7.0 kN/m

d = 258.3 mm
tw = 6.1 mm 7.0 kN/m Fy
bf = 146.1 mm 4
tf = 9.1 mm 5.0 m 12
Sx = 380.3 x 103 mm3

Sy = 65.0 x 103 mm3
Wt = 7.0 + 0.32 = 7.32 kN/m
x = 7.32 cos 18.45 o = 6.95 kN/m
y = 7.32 sin 18.45 o = 2.32 kN/m
xL2
Mx =
8
(6.95)(5.0)2
= = 21.71 kN-m
8
y L2
My =
8
(2.32)(5.0)2
= = 7.23 kN-m
8
Mx
fbx =
Sx
21.71 x 106
= = 57.09 MPa
380.3 x 103
My
fby =
Sy

7.23 x 106
= = 111.23 MPa
65.0 x 103
fbx fby
+  1.0
Fbx Fby
57.09 111.23
+ = 0.95  1.0  section is ok
163.68 186
bf 146.1
= = 8.03
2tf (2)(9.1)
170 170
= = 10.80
Fy 248
d 258.3
= = 42.34
tw 6.1
1680 1680
= = 106.68
Fy 248
bf 170 d 1680
since,  and  ,
2tf Fy tw Fy
 section is compact

EX. Certain loads passing through the centroid of a section produce a vertical bending moment of 200
kN-m and a lateral bending moment of 40 kN-m, which includes the effect of the beam weight.
Assume full lateral supports for the compression flange. Select a W14 shape to resists these moments
using A36 steel.
since the beam is fully laterally supported,
Fbx = 0.66 Fy
= 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa
Fby = 0.75 Fy
= 0.75(248) = 186.0 MPa
Mx
Sx(reqd) =
Fbx
200 x 106
= = 1.22 x 106 mm3
163.68
try, W14 x 90;
d = 356.1 mm tw = 11.2 mm
bf = 368.8 mm tf = 18.0 mm
Sx = 2335.4 x 103 mm3 Sy = 817.1 x 103 mm3
Mx
fbx =
Sx
200 x 106
= = 85.64 MPa
2335.4 x 103
My
fby =
Sy
40 x 106
= = 48.95 MPa
817.1 x 103
fbx fby
+  1.0
Fbx Fby

85.64 48.95
+ = 0.79  1.0  section is ok
163.68 186
bf 368.8
= = 10.24
2tf (2)(18.0)
170 170
= = 10.80
Fy 248
d 356.1
= = 31.80
tw 11.2
1680 1680
= = 106.68
Fy 248
bf 170 d 1680
2tf Fy tw Fy

EX. A roof system consists of trusses spaced at 4.5 m apart. Purlins are to be placed at the joints and at
the midpoint of each chord member. The total gravity loads, including weight of the beam, resulted in
a normal and a tangential uniform load of 4.50 kN/m and 1.5 kN/m, respectively. Select a W6 shape
using A36 steel.
xL2
Mx =
8
(4.50)(4.50)2
= = 11.39 kN-m
8
y L2
My =
8
(1.50)(4.50)2
= = 3.80 kN-m
8
Mx
Sx(reqd) =
Fy
11.39 x 106
= = 76.55 x 103 mm3
248
try, W6 x 20;
d = 157.5 mm tw = 6.6 mm
bf = 152.9 mm tf = 9.3 mm
Sx = 218.8 x 103 mm3 Sy = 72.4 x 103 mm3
rt = 41.66 mm
Mx
fbx =
Sx
11.39 x 106
= = 52.06 MPa
218.8 x 103
My
fby =
Sy
3.80 x 106
= = 52.44 MPa
72.4 x 103
200bf
L1 =
Fy

(200)(152.9)
= = 1.94 m
248 (1000)
137900
L2 =
 d 
 
 A Fy
 f 
137900
= = 5.02 m
 157.5 
 (248)(1000)
 (152.9)(9.3) 
 
 use, Lc = 1.94 m
since, L b  Lc ,  Fb must be reduced

0.60 Fy = 0.60(248) = 148.8 MPa
since the max. moments exceed both end moments,  Cb = 1.0
L 4500
= = 108.02
rt 41.66
703270 C b (703270)(1.0)
= = 53.25
Fy 248
3516330 C b (3516330)(1.0)
= = 119.08
Fy 248
703270 C b L 3516330 C b
since,   ,
Fy rt Fy
 2
 Fy L rt 2 
F
Fbx = 
 3 10.55 x 106 C b  y
 
 2 (248)(108.02)2 
=   (248) = 97.31 MPa
 3 (10.55 x 106)(1.0) 
 
82740 C b
Fbx =
 Ld 
 
 A 
 f 

(82740)(1.0)
= = 166.00 MPa
 (4500)(157.5) 
 
 (152.9)(9.3) 
 
since the larger of the two values is greater than 0.60 Fy
 use, Fbx = 148.8 MPa
Fby = 0.75 Fy
= 0.75(248) = 186.0 MPa
fbx fby
+  1.0
Fbx Fby
52.06 52.44
+ = 0.63  1.0  section is adequate
148.8 186
bf 152.9
= = 8.22
2tf (2)(9.3)
250 250
= = 10.80
Fy 248
d 157.5
= = 23.86
tw 6.6
1680 1680
= = 106.68
Fy 248
bf 170 d 1680
2tf Fy tw Fy

Cover Plated Beams;
- sometimes, available rolled shapes will have inadequate bending strength and will not satisfy the
requirements for a given beam. Also, depth restrictions may require the use of a shallower rolled
shapes, which do not posses the required bending strength. If the available hot-rolled shapes
(standard or tailor-made) are inadequate, it may be possible to devise a plate girder by welding
together plates of the required sizes and often in the shape typical of wide flange sections and third,
an appropriate W shape can be strengthened by adding cover plates to its flanges.
- Width-Thickness Ratio of Projecting Elements;
W 170

t Fy
- Width-Thickness Ratio of Flange Cover Plates;
W 500

t Fy

EX. Find the resisting moment of the W21 x 57 A36 steel cross section shown. The cover plates are
attached with continuous welds as shown. Assume full lateral support for the compression flange.

PL 250 x 10
d = 534.9 mm
bf = 166.5 mm W21 x 57
Ix = 486991 x 103 mm4

Sx = 1820.9 x 103 mm3
 bh3 
Ix =   Ad 2 
 12 
 
 (250)(10)3 
= 486991 x 103 + (2)   (250)(10)(272.45)2 

 12 
= 8.58 x 108 mm4
Ix
Sx =
c
8.58 x 108
= = 3.09 x 106 mm3
277.45
250  166.5
W 2
= = 4.175
t 10
170 170
= = 10.80
Fy 248
W 170
since,   section is ok
t Fy
Fb = 0.66 Fy
= 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa
Mcap = FbSx

(163.68)(3.09 x 106)
= = 506.26 kN-m
1 x 106
EX. A simple supported is to support a uniform load of 40.0 kN/m and a 50 kN concentrated load at
midspan. The span is 12.0 m, A36 steel, with full lateral supports provided for the compression flange.
Maximum overall depth must not exceed 550 mm. The problem arises when the local dealer can only
supply a shape not larger than W18 x 119 wide flange section. Design a symmetrical beam cross
section for the maximum applied moment.
50 kN
PL 250 x 20
Properties of W18 x 119; 40.0 kN/m
W18 x 119
W = 1.75 kN/m
d = 481.8 mm 12 m
bf = 286.1 mm
Ix = 911547 x 103 mm4 Sx = 3783.9 x 103 mm3
Fb = 0.66 Fy
= 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa
tL2 PL
M = +
8 4
(40  1.75)(12.0)2 (50)(12.0)

= + = 901.5 kN-m
8 4
M
Sx(reqd) =
Fb
901.5 x 106
= = 5.51 x 106 mm3
163.68
since, Sx(reqd)  Sx(prov),  provide cover plates
Sx(reqd)  Sx(prov)
A reqd =
d
5.51 x 106  3783.9 x 103

= = 3578.46 mm 2
481.8
try, 2 - 250-mm x 20-mm cover plates,

cp = 2(0.25)(0.02)(77) = 0.77 kN/m
(0.77)(12.0)2
Mt = 901.5 + = 915.36 kN/m
8
915.36 x 106
Sx(reqd) = = 5.59 x 106 mm3
163.68
 bh3 
Ix =   Ad 2 
 12 
 
 (250)(20)3 
= 911547 x 103 + (2)   (250)(20)(250.9)2 

 12 
= 1.54 x 109 mm4
Ix
Sx(prov) =
2
1.54 x 109
= = 5.91 x 106 mm3
260.9
since, Sx(prov)  Sx(reqd),  section is ok
W 286.1
= = 14.31
t 20
500 500
= = 31.75
Fy 248
W 500
since,   cover plate is ok
t 248
 use, W18 x 119 with a 250-mm x 20-mm cover plate

EX. A W21 x 44 simply supported beam is used to support a load of 40.0 kN/m (including the weight
of beam) over its entire span of 12.0 m. The steel is made up of A36 and the concrete slab on top of the
steel beam makes it fully laterally supported over the whole compression flange. Check the adequacy
of the steel shape. If the section is proven inadequate, design the cover plate to be provided at the
bottom of the beam. Calculate also the theoretical cut-off point of the plate.
W = 0.65 kN/m 40 kN/m

A = 8387 mm 2 y1
d = 489.0 mm y1
y2
Ix = 1023929 x 103 mm4 12 m
PL 150 x 10
bf = 283.5 mm
Sx = 4187.8 x 103 mm3
Fb = 0.66 Fy
= 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa
L2
M =
8
(40.0)(12.0)2
= = 720.0 kN-m
8
M
Sx(reqd) =
Fb
720.0 x 106
= = 4.40 x 106 mm3
163.68
since, Sx(reqd)  Sx(prov),  provide cover plates
Sx(reqd)  Sx(prov)
A reqd =
d
4.40 x 106  4187.8 x 103

= = 431.55 mm 2
489.0
try, 150-mm x 10-mm cover plates,
cp = (0.15)(0.01)(77) = 0.12 kN/m

(0.12)(12.0)2
Mt = 720 + = 722.09 kN/m
8
722.09 x 106
Sx(reqd) = = 4.41 x 106 mm3
163.68
(8387)(244.5)  (150)(10)(494)
y1 = = 282.35 mm
8387  (150)(10)
y2 = 499 – 282.35 = 216.65 mm
 bh3 
Ix =   Ad 2 
 12 
 
(150)(10)3
= 1023929 x 103 + (8387)(37.85) 2 + +
12
(150)(10)(211.65) 2 = 1.10 x 109 mm4
Ix
Sx(prov) =
c
1.103 x 109
= = 5.09 x 106 mm3
216.65
since, Sx(prov)  Sx(reqd),  section is adequate
W 283.5
= = 28.35
t 10
500 500
= = 31.75
Fy 248
W 500
since,  ,  cover plate is ok
t 248
(4187.8 x 103)(163.68)
Mcap = = 685.46 kN-m
1 x 106
x 2
M = Rx -
2

(30)(12)x (30)x2
685.46 = - + ; x = 3.04 m
2 2
 use, W21 x 44 with a 150-mm x 10-mm cover plate

Composite Bending Members;
- bending members composed of two distinct elements, which act as one, are called composite
bending members. An example of a common type of composite bending member is the combination
of a structural beam and a cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab. The connection between the steel
beam and the concrete slab is accomplished through the use of a mechanical device termed as shear
connectors which, in effect, makes the beam and the slab act as a unit in resisting the induced shears
and bending moments.
A significant advantage of composite construction is the use of structural steel beams as
supports for the slab forms. The interconnection between the two elements must be so designed that
as the total composite unit deflects, there is no relative movement (slip) between the cast-in-place
concrete slab and the top of the steel beam. The connection can, therefore, be seen to be primarily a
horizontal shear connection between the two elements. Steel studs are the most common mechanical
shear connector and are applied by welding to the flange.
In the absence of shear connectors between the slab and the steel beam, the resulting system
is called non-composite. The amount of shear transfer due to friction is unreliable and is, therefore,
neglected. The supporting beam alone is assumed to carry the vertical loads from the slab. In some
case, if a limited number of shear connectors are installed which will transfer a limited, but known
amount of shear, the system is termed as partially composite.
- Allowable Stresses; beff beff
t
Fb = 0.66 Fy
b' b'
fc = 0.45 fc'
bf
- when the slabs extends on both side;
L
b eff  b eff  bf + 2 b'
4
b'  ½ clear spacing b'  8t
- when the slabs extends only on one side;
L
b eff  b eff  bf + b'
12
b'  ½ clear spacing b'  6t

EX. Compute the resisting moment for the full composite steel-concrete beam shown. The steel beam
is W16 x 40 and the slab is 150 mm thick. The steel is A36 and the compressive strength of concrete is
20.7 MPa.
2000 mm b
150 mm
b' y
W16 x 40
fa
A = 7613 mm 2 d = 406.7 mm
Ix = 1060.3 x 103 mm4 n = 10
b 2000
= = 200.0 mm
n 10
At = 7613 + (200)(150) = 37613.0 mm 2
(7613)(203.35)  (200)(150)(481.7)
y = = 425.36 mm
37613
 bh3 
Ix =   Ad 2 
 12 
 
(200)(150)3
= 1060.3 x 103 + 7613(222.01) 2 + +
12
(200)(150)(56.34) 2 = 5.28 x 108 mm4
Fb = 0.66 Fy
= 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa

fc = 0.45 fc'
= 0.45(20.7) = 9.32 MPa
131.34
fs(eq) = (163.68) = 50.54 MPa
425.36
50.54
fc(eq) = = 5.05 MPa
10

since, fc(eq)  fc ,
FbIx
Mcap =
c
(163.68)(5.28 x 108)
= = 203.10 kN-m
(425.36)(1 x 106)

EX. A composite floor system consists of W21 x 44 steel beams spaced at 2.80 m that support a 125-
mm thick reinforced concrete slab. The span length is 9.0 m. In addition to the weight of the slab, there
is a 1.0 kPa partition load and a live load of 5.0 kPa (light manufacturing). The steel is A36 and the
compressive strength of concrete is 27.6 MPa. b
125 mm
W21 x 44 b' y
fa
W = 0.65 kN/m A = 8387 mm 2

d = 524.8 mm bf = 165.1 mm
Sx = 350883 x 103 mm3 n = 8
L
b =
4
9000
= = 2250.0 mm
4
b = bf + 2(½ clear spacing)
= 165.1 + 2(1400) = 2965.1 mm
b = bf + 2(8t)
= 165.1 + 2(8)(125) = 2165.1 mm

 use, b = 2100 mm
t = 0.65 + (0.125)(24)(2.8) + (1.0)(2.8) + (5.0)(2.8)
= 25.85 kN/m
tL2
M =
8
(25.85)(9.0)2
= = 261.73 kN-m
8
b 2100
= = 262.5 mm
n 8

At = 8387 + (262.5)(125) = 41199.5 mm 2
(8387)(262.4)  (262.5)(125)(587.3)
y = = 521.16 mm
41199.5
 bh3 
Ix =   Ad 2 
 12 
 
(262.5)(125)3
= 350883 x 103 + 8387(258.76) 2 + +
12
(262.5)(125)(66.14) 2 = 1.10 x 109 mm4
Fb = 0.66 Fy
= 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa
fc = 0.45 fc'
= 0.45(27.7) = 9.32 MPa
Mc
f =
I
My t
fst =
I
(261.73 x 106)(524.8  521.16)

= = 0.87 MPa
1.10 x 109
My b
fsb =
I
(261.73 x 106)(521.16)
= = 124.12 MPa
1.10 x 109
My
fc =
nI
(261.73 x 106)(649.8  521.16)

= = 3.83 MPa
(8)(1.10 x 109)
since, fact  fall  section is adequate

Holes in Beams;
- beams are normally found as elements of a total structural system rather than as individual, isolated
entities. They are obviously required for the installation of bolts and rivets and sometimes for pipes,
conduits, ducts, etc. If at all, these latter type holes should be completely avoided. The presence of
holes of any type in a beam certainly does not make it stronger and weakens it somewhat.
- if 0.5 Fu A fn  0.6 Fy Afg ,
no reduction in moment of inertia shall be made for bolt holes

in either flange.
- if 0.5 Fu A fn  0.6 Fy Afg ,
5 Fu
A fe = A fn
6 Fy
where: A fn - net flange area

A fg - gross flange area
A fe - effective tension flange area

EX. Determine the resisting moment capacity for a W18 x 71 that has two holes punched in each
flange for a 25-mm  bolt.
Given: Fb = 163.68 MPa
Fy = 248.0 MPa
Fu = 400.0 MPa
A = 13419 mm 2 d = 469.1 mm
tw = 12.6 mm bf = 193.9 mm
tf = 20.6 mm Ix = 486991 x 103 mm4
Sx = 2076.3 x 103 mm3
dh = 25 + 1.6 = 26.6 mm
A fg = bftf
= (193.9)(20.6) = 3994.34 mm 2
A fn = A fg - n d h tf
= 3994.34 – (2)(26.6)(20.6) = 2898.42 mm 2
(0.5)(400)(2898.42)
0.5 Fu A fn = = 579.68 kN
1000
(0.6)(248)(3994.34)
0.6 Fy Afg = = 594.36 kN
1000
since, 0.5 Fu A fn  0.6 Fy Afg ,
5 Fu
A fe = A fn
6 Fy
5 400
= (2898.42) = 3895.73 mm 2
6 248
A = 3994.34 – 3895.73 = 98.61 mm 2
 bh3 
Ix(net) =   Ad 2 
 12 
 

2
469.1  (2)(20.6)
- 2(98.61) 
20.6 
= 486991 x 103  
 2 2 
= 4.82 x 108 mm4
Ix(net)
Sx(net) =
c
4.82 x 108
= = 2.06 x 106 mm3
234.55
Mcap = Fb Sx(net)
(163.68)(2.06 x 106)
= = 336.38 kN-m
1 x 106
M act = Fb Sx(act)
(163.68)(2076.3 x 103)
= = 339.85 kN-m
1 x 106
M act  M cap
%reduction =
M act
339.85  336.38
= (100) = 1.02%
339.85

EX. Select a W16 shape for the beam shown. Assume A36 steel and full lateral supports. There will
two holes in each flange for 22-mm  bolts.
40 kN
dh = 22 + 1.6 = 23.6 mm
20 kN/m
L2 PL
M act = +
8 4 4 m 4 m
(20)(8.0)2 (40)(8.0)
= + = 240.0 kN-m
8 4
Fb = 0.66 Fy
= 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa
M
Sx(reqd) =
Fb
240 x 106
= = 1.47 x 106 mm3
163.68
try, W16 x 57;
A = 10839 mm 2 d = 417.3 mm
tw = 10.9 mm bf = 180.8 mm
tf = 18.2 mm Ix = 315503 x 103 mm4
Sx = 1512.1 x 103 mm3
A fg = bftf
= (180.8)(18.2) = 3290.56 mm 2
A fn = A fg - n d h tf
= 3290.56 – (2)(23.6)(18.2) = 2431.52 mm 2
(0.5)(400)(2431.52)
0.5 Fu A fn = = 486.30 kN
1000
(0.6)(248)(3290.56)
0.6 Fy Afg = = 489.64 kN
1000
since, 0.5 Fu A fn  0.6 Fy Afg ,

5 Fu
A fe = A fn
6 Fy
5 400
= (2431.52) = 3268.17 mm 2
6 248
A = 3290.56 – 3268.17 = 22.39 mm 2
 bh3 
Ix(net) =   Ad 2 
 12 
 
2
417.3  (2)(18.2)
315503 x 103 - 2(22.39) 
18.2 
=  
 2 2 
= 3.14 x 108 mm4
Ix(net)
Sx(net) =
c
3.14 x 108
= = 1.50 x 106 mm3
208.65
Mcap = Fb Sx(net)
(163.68)(1.50 x 106)
= = 246.11 kN-m
1 x 106
since, Mcap  M act  section is adequate
 use, W16 x 57

Web Yielding and Web Crippling;
- beams that support heavy concentrated loads sometimes fail by web crippling or web yielding
unless the web is stiffened near the loads. These phenomena occur due to the stress concentrations
at the junctions of the flange and the web, where the beam is trying to transfer compression in the
relatively wide flange to the narrow web.
k N + k
web web N + 2k
yielding crippling
- for web crippling; (NSCP, Sec.511.2.4)

- when the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less than “0.5d” from the end of the
member;
  N  tw 
1.5 
Fywtf
R = 177.2 t w 2 1  3   
  d  t   tw
   f  
- when the concentrated load is applied less than a distance of “0.5d” from the end of the
member;
  N  tw 
1.5 
Fywtf
R = 89.3 t w 2 1  3   
  d  t   tw
   f  
where: Fyw - specified minimum yield stress of beam web

d - overall depth of member
tf - flange thickness
- for web yielding; (NSCP, Sec.511.2.3)
- for end reactions;
R
ft =  0.66 Fy
tw(N  2.5k)

- for interior supports;
R
ft =  0.66 Fy
tw(N  5k)
where: R - concentrated load or reaction

tw - thickness of the web
N - length of bearing (not less than k for end reactions)
k - distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet

EX. A W24 x 55 beam of A36 steel has an end reaction of 300 kN and is supported on a plate such that
N = 150 mm. Check the beam for web yielding and web crippling.
d = 598.7 mm tw = 10.0 mm
tf = 12.8 mm k = 33.33 mm
R
ft =
tw(N  2.5k)
300 x 103
= = 138.47 MPa
(10)[150  (2.5)(33.33)]
0.66 Fy = 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa
since, ft  0.66 Fy ,  safe against web yielding
  N  tw 
1.5 
Fywtf
R cap = 89.3 t w 2 1  3   
  d  t   tw
   f  
  150  10 
1.5 
(248)(12.8)
(89.3)(10)2 1  (3) 
 12.8



  598.7    10
=  
1000
= 241.68 kN
since, R cap  R act ,  section is inadequate

EX. An A36 steel W14 x 53 beam is on a simple span of 3.4 m. The beam supports a total
uniformly distributed load of 150 kN/m (including the weight of the beam). Determine the minimum
bearing length at the reactions.
150 kN/m
3.40 m
d = 353.6 mm
tw = 9.4 mm
tf = 16.8 mm W14 x 53
k = 34.93 mm
N
L
R =
2
(150)(3.40)
= = 255.0 kN
2
0.66 Fy = 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa
R
Nreqd =  2.5k
fttw
255 x 103
=  (2.5)(34.93) = 78.41 mm
(163.68)(9.4)
  N  t 
1.5 
Fywtf
R = 89.3 t w 2 1  3  w 


  d  tf   tw
 
  Nreqd  9.4 
1.5 
(248)(16.8)
2 
(89.3)(9.4) 1  (3)  
  353.6  16.8 
  9.4
 
255 =
1000
Nreqd = 150.67 mm
 use, N = 160 mm beam bearing plate

Beam Bearing Plates;
- beams may be supported by connections to other structural members, or they may rest on concrete
or masonry supports such as walls and pilasters. When the support is of some material that is
weaker than steel (such as concrete), it is usually necessary to spread the load over a large area so as
not to exceed the allowable bearing stress. This is achieved through the use of a bearing plate. The
plate must be large enough so that the actual bearing pressure under the plate is less than the
allowable bending stress.
k
- for plate covering the full area of concrete support;
Fp = 0.35 fc'
- for plate covering less than the full area of concrete support;
A2
Fp = 0.35 fc'  0.70 fc'
A1
Fb = 0.75 Fy
fp n 2N
M =
2
3fp n 2
tp =
Fb
where: fc' - specified compressive strength of concrete

A1 - area of steel concentric bearing on a concrete support
A2 - maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface
that is similar and concentric with the loaded area
M - critical bending moment
n - bearing length of the plate

EX. Determine the size of the bearing plate required for an internal reaction of 180 kN on a W10 x
26 beam of A36 steel. The beam rests on a concrete wall having a compressive strength of 20.7 MPa.
A = 4910 mm 2
d = 262.4 mm
W10 x 26
tw = 6.6 mm
tf = 11.2 mm
N
bf = 146.6 mm
k = 25.0 mm
Fp = 0.35 fc'
= 0.35(20.7) = 7.25 MPa
R
A reqd =
Fp
180 x 103
= = 24844.72 mm 2
7.25
0.66 Fy = 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa
R
Nreqd =  5k
fttw
180 x 103
=  (5)(25) = 41.62 mm
(163.68)(6.6)
try, N = 100 mm
A reqd
Breqd =
Nreqd
24844.72
= = 248.45 mm
100
try, N = 100 mm, B = 250 mm
  N  t 
1.5 
Fywtf
R cap = 177.2 t w 2 1  3  w  
  d  tf   tw
 

  100  6.6 
1.5 
(248)(11.2)
(177.2)(6.6)2 1  (3)   
  262.4  11.2 
  6.6
=  
1000
= 240.24 kN
since, R cap  R act ,  section is adequate
R
fp =
A
180 x 103
= = 7.20 MPa
(100)(250)
B
n = -k
2
250
= - 25 = 100.0 mm
2
fp n 2N
M =
2
(7.2)(100)2(100)
= = 3.60 kN-m
(2)(1 x 106)
3fp n 2
tp =
Fb
(3)(7.2)(100)2
= = 36.33 mm
163.68
 use, 100-mm x 250-mm x 40-mm beam bearing plate

EX. Design a beam bearing plate of A36 steel for a W30 x 116 beam supported by a concrete wall. The
allowable bearing pressure on the concrete is assumed to be 5.20 MPa and the maximum reaction is
450 kN. Assume the width of the plate perpendicular to the wall may not exceed 150 mm.
A = 22064 mm 2 d = 762.3 mm
tw = 14.4 mm tf = 21.6 mm
bf = 266.6 mm k = 41.28 mm
R
A reqd =
Fp
450 x 103
= = 86538.45 mm 2
5.2
0.66 Fy = 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa
R
Nreqd =  5k
fttw
450 x 103
=  (2.5)(41.28) = 87.72 mm
(163.68)(14.4)
try, N = 150 mm
A reqd
Breqd =
Nreqd
86538.45
= = 576.92 mm
150
try, N = 150 mm, B = 600 mm
  N  t 
1.5 
Fywtf
R cap = 177.2 t w 2 1  3  w 


  d  tf   tw
 
  150  14.4 
1.5 
(248)(21.6)
2 
(177.2)(14.4) 1  (3)  
  762.3  21.6 
  14.4
 
=
1000
= 936.42 kN

since, R cap  R act ,  section is adequate
R
fp =
A
450 x 103
= = 5.0 MPa
(150)(600)
B
n = -k
2
600
= - 41.28 = 258.72 mm
2
fp n 2N
M =
2
(5.0)(258.72)2(150)
= = 25.10 kN-m
(2)(1 x 106)
3fp n 2
tp =
Fb
(3)(5.0)(258.72)2
= = 78.32 mm
163.68
 use, 150-mm x 600-mm x 100-mm beam bearing plate

Special Topics in Beams 2

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STEEL TIMBER DESIGN Module 4

Special Topics in Beams;

where: fb - actual compressive bending stress

- Members with Compact Sections;

Fb = 0.75 Fy (NSCP, Sec.506.3.1.1.1)

- Members with Non-Compact Sections;

Engr. M. D. Basea 302

Properties of W10 x 22;

W = 0.32 kN/m Fx 7.0 kN/m

Sx = 380.3 x 103 mm3

Wt = 7.0 + 0.32 = 7.32 kN/m

x = 7.32 cos 18.45 o = 6.95 kN/m

y = 7.32 sin 18.45 o = 2.32 kN/m

Engr. M. D. Basea 303

Engr. M. D. Basea 304

since the beam is fully laterally supported,

= 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa

= 0.75(248) = 186.0 MPa

try, W14 x 90;

Engr. M. D. Basea 305

Engr. M. D. Basea 306

Engr. M. D. Basea 307

since, L b  Lc ,  Fb must be reduced

since the max. moments exceed both end moments,  Cb = 1.0

Engr. M. D. Basea 308

since the larger of the two values is greater than 0.60 Fy

 use, Fbx = 148.8 MPa

= 0.75(248) = 186.0 MPa

Engr. M. D. Basea 309

- Width-Thickness Ratio of Projecting Elements;

- Width-Thickness Ratio of Flange Cover Plates;

Engr. M. D. Basea 310

Properties of W21 x 57;

Ix = 486991 x 103 mm4

= 8.58 x 108 mm4

since the beam is fully laterally supported,

= 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa

Engr. M. D. Basea 311

since the beam is fully laterally supported,

= 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa

(40  1.75)(12.0)2 (50)(12.0)

since, Sx(reqd)  Sx(prov),  provide cover plates

5.51 x 106  3783.9 x 103

try, 2 - 250-mm x 20-mm cover plates,

Engr. M. D. Basea 312

cp = 2(0.25)(0.02)(77) = 0.77 kN/m

= 1.54 x 109 mm4

since, Sx(prov)  Sx(reqd),  section is ok

 use, W18 x 119 with a 250-mm x 20-mm cover plate

Engr. M. D. Basea 313

Properties of W21 x 44;

W = 0.65 kN/m 40 kN/m

since the beam is fully laterally supported,

= 0.66(248) = 163.68 MPa

since, Sx(reqd)  Sx(prov),  provide cover plates

4.40 x 106  4187.8 x 103

try, 150-mm x 10-mm cover plates,

cp = (0.15)(0.01)(77) = 0.12 kN/m

Engr. M. D. Basea 314

y2 = 499 – 282.35 = 216.65 mm

(150)(10)(211.65) 2 = 1.10 x 109 mm4

since, Sx(prov)  Sx(reqd),  section is adequate