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18.1 Costanti di dissociazione acida e basica (a 25°C) ,


B+ )
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= ( H
f 015 )
Acidi
inorganici
Stadio
① Ka
bare ← I B ]

BEERMATS
arsenico 1 H3AsO3 5,6 .10-3 stannico H2SnO3 4 .10-10
arsenico 2 H2AsO3- 1,7 .10-7 solfidrico 1 H 2S 1 .10-7
arsenico 3 HAsO32- 3,9 .10-12 solfidrico 2 HS- 1 .10-19
arsenioso HAsO2 6 .10-10 solforico 2 HSO4- 1,1 . 10-2
azotidrico HN3 2,6 .10-5 solforoso 1 H2SO3 1,5 .10-2
borico 1 H3BO3 5,8 .10-10 solforoso 2 HSO3- 6,5 .10-8
borico 2 H2BO3- 1,8 .10-13 tellurico 1 H2TeO4 6 .10-7
borico 3 HBO32- 1,6 .10-14 tellurico 2 HTeO4- 2 .10-8
carbonico 1 H2CO3 4,3 .10-7 telluridrico 1 H2Te 2,3 .10-3
carbonico 2 HCO3- 5,6.10-11 telluridrico 2 HTe- 1 .10-11
cianico HCNO 3,5 .10-4 telluroso 1 H2TeO3 7 .10-7
cianidrico HCN 7,2 .10-10 telluroso 2 HTeO3- 4 .10-9
cloroso HClO2 1,1 .10-2 tetraborico 1 H 2 B4 O 7 7,9 . 10-7
cromico 1 H2CrO4 1,8 .10-1 tetraborico 2 HB4O7- 7,7 . 10-15
cromico 2 HCrO4- 3,2 .10-7 tiocianico 1 HCNS 7.9 . 10-2
fosforico 1 H3PO4 7,5 .10-3 tiosolforico 2 HS2O3- 1 . 10-2
fosforico 2 H2PO4- 6,2 .10-8 tungstico 1 H2WO4 2,5 . 10-4
fosforico 3 HPO42- 2,2 .10-13 Vanadico 1 H3WO4 1,0 . 10-4
fosforoso 1 H3PO3 1,0 .10-2 Vanadico 2 H2WO4- 2,8 . 10-9
fosforoso 2 H2PO3- 2,6 .10-7 Vanadico 3 HWO42- 5,0 . 10-15
fluoridrico HF 6,9 .10-4
germanico 1 H2GeO3 2,6 .10-9
germanico 2 HGeO3- 1,9 .10-13
1,7 .10-1
O
iodico HIO3
Cationi Stadio Ka
ipobromoso HBrO 2,1 .10-9
metallici
ipocloroso HClO 3,0 .10-8
ipoiodoso HIO 2,3 .10-11
iponitroso 1 H2N2O2 9 .10-8 Ag+ 1,2 .10-12
iponitroso 2 HN2O2- 1 .10-11 Al3+ 1,4 .10-5
iposolforoso 1 H2S2O4 4,3 .10-1 Au3+ 3,2 .102
iposolforoso 2 HS2O4- 3,2 .10-3 Ba2+ 3,0 .10-14
molibdico 1 H2MoO2 5,7 .10-5 Be2+ 6,3 .10-7
molibdico 2 HMoO2- 5,8 .10-9 Bi3+ 7,9 .10-2
nitroso HNO2 4,5 .10-4 Ca2+ 1,6 .10-13
periodico HIO4 2,3 .10-2 Ce4+ 1,3 .101
pirofosforico 1 H4P2O7 1,2 .10-1 Cd2+ 7,9 .10-11
pirofosforico 2 H3P2O7- 4,9 .10-3 Co2+ 1,3 .10-9
pirofosforico 3 H2P2O72- 2,5 .10-7 Cr2+ 1,0 .10-10
pirofosforico 4 HP2O73- 4,8 .10-10 Cr3+ 1,5 .10-4
selenico 2 HSeO4- 1,2 .10-2 Cu+ 5 .10-13
selenidrico 1 H2Se 1,5 .10-4 Cu2+ 1,6 .10-7
selenidrico 2 HSe- 1,1 .10-15 Fe2+ 1,7 .10-7
selenioso 1 H2SeO3 2,7 .10-3 Fe3+ 6,3 .10-3
selenioso 2 HSeO3- 5 .10-8 Ga3+ 2,5 .10-3
silicico 1 H2SiO3 2 .10-10 Hf4+ 6,3 .10-1
silicico 2 HSiO3- 1 .10-12 Hg2+ 2,6 .10-4
In3+ 1,0 .10-4 lattico 8,4 .10-4
K+ 3,2 .10-15 maleico 1 1,42 .10-2
La3+ 3,2 .10-9 maleico 2 8,57 .10-7
Li+ 2,5 .10-14 malonico 1 1,49 .10-3
Lu2+ 2,5 .10-8 malonico 2 2,03 .10-6
Mg2+ 4,0 .10-12 ossalico 1 5,90 .10-2
Mn2+ 2,7 .10-11 ossalico 2 6,40 .10-5
Na+ 6,3 .10-15 propionico 1,34 .10-5
Ni2+ 2,5 .10-11 succinico 1 6,89 .10-5
Np4+ 3,2 .10-2 succinico 2 2,47 .10-6
Pa4+ 6,3 .100 α tartarico 1 1,04 .10-3
Pb2+ 2,0 .10-8 α tartarico 2 4,55 .10-5
Pu3+ 1,0 .10-7 tereftalico 3,1 .10-4
Pu4+ 3,2 .10-1 tricloroacetico 2 .10-1
Sc3+ 5,0 .10-5 urico 1,3 .10-4
Sn2+ 4,0 .10-4 vinilacetico 4,57 .10-5
Sn4+ 4,0 .100 fenolo 1,28 .10-10
Sr2+ 5,0 .10-14
Th4+
Ti3+
6,3 .10-4
6,3 .10-3
Basi
inorganiche
Stadio O
Kb

Tl+ 6,3 .10-14


Tl3+ 2,5 .10-1 SODS Nor 014 2,65 .
102

U4+ 2,5 .10-1 ammoniaca NH 1,8 .10-5


Y3+ 2,0 .10-8 T
( idrossido di berillio 2
,
5 .10-11
Zr4+ 2,0 .100 i drew
idrossido di zinco 2 4,4 .10-5
3,3 .10-10 8,3 .10-3
.

Zn2+ oi idrossido di argento


ooolio

Basi Stadio Kb
Acidi Stadio Ka organiche
organici
anilina 3,82 .10-10
acetico Ctl 1,76 .10-5 caffeina 4,1 .10-14
30014
adipico 1 3,71 .10-5 chinina 1 1,1 .10-6
adipico 2 3,87 .10-5 chinina 2 1,35 .10-10
ascorbico 1 7,94 .10-5 dietilammina 9,6 .10-4
ascorbico 2 1,62 .10-12 etilammina 5,6 .10-4
barbiturico 9,8 .10-5 idrazina 1,7 .10-6
benzoico C
, TIG 02 6,46 .10-5 metilammina 4,38 .10-4
cloroacetico 1,40 .10-3 morfina 1,6 .10-6
citrico 1 8,4 .10-4 nicotina 1,0 .10-6
citrico 2 1,8 .10-5 novocaina 7 .10-6
citrico 3 4,0 .10-6 piridina 1,71 .10-9
dicloroacetico 3,32 .10-2 stricnina 1 .10-6
formico 1-1 COO H 1,77 .10-4 urea 1,3 .10-14
fumarico 1 9,30 .10-4
fumarico 2 3,62 .10-5
hes C Agt ) C Cl I

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18.2 Prodotti di solubilità (ordinati per anione) (a 25°C) -

Agee Agt + I

Fluoruri
BaF2 1,1 .10-6 Idrossidi
CaF2 1,5 .10-10 AgOH 1,5 .10-8
LiF 1,8 .10-3 Al(OH)3 5 .10-33
MgF2 6,6 .10-9 Ba(OH)2 5,0 .10-3
PbF2 2,7 .10-8 Ca(OH)2 4,5 .10-6
SrF2 2,5 .10-9 Cd(OH)2 5,1 .10-15
Co(OH)2 5,7 .10-15
Cloruri Co(OH)3 2,5 .10-43
AgCl 1,8 .10-10 Cr(OH)3 6,5 .10-31
AuCl 2,0 .10-13 CuOH 2 .10-15
CuCl 1,9 .10-7 Cu(OH)2 1,6 .10-19
Hg2Cl2 1,4 .10-18 Fe(OH)2 4,7 .10-17
HgCl2 7,5 .10-15 Fe(OH)3 2,5 .10-39
PbCl2 1,7 .10-5 Hg(OH)2 3 .10-26
TlCl 1,8 .10-4 Hg2(OH)2 5 .10-24
Mg(OH)2 5,4 .10-12
Bromuri Mn(OH)2 2,0 .10-13
AgBr 5,3 .10-13 Mn(OH)3 1,0 .10-36
CuBr 6,3 .10-8 Ni(OH)2 5,3 .10-16
Hg2Br2 5,6 .10-23 Pb(OH)2 1,3 .10-20
HgBr2 8,0 .10-20 Sn(OH)2 5,1 .10-27
PbBr2 6,4 .10-6 Sn(OH)4 1,0 .10-57
TlBr 3,7 .10-6 Sr(OH)2 1,4 .10-4
Zn(OH)2 7,4 .10-17
Ioduri
AgI 8,1 .10-17
AuI 1,6 .10-23 Carbonati
CuI 1,2 .10-12 Ag2CO3 8,2 .10-12
Hg2I2 5,3 .10-29 BaCO3 2,6 .10-9
HgI2 2,6 .10-29 CaCO3 4,9 .10-9
PbI2 8,3 .10-9 CdCO3 6,0 .10-12
CoCO3 1,4 .10-13
Solfuri CuCO3 2,5 .10-10
Ag2S 5,9 .10-50 FeCO3 3,1 .10-11
Al2S3 2,0 .10-7 Hg2CO3 3,7 .10-15
Bi2S3 1,4 .10-99 Li2CO3 8,1 .10-4
CaS 5,8 .10-8 MgCO3 6,8 .10-6
CdS 1,4 .10-29 MnCO3 2,2 .10-11
CoS 5 .10-21 NiCO3 1,4 .10-7
Cu2S 2 .10-48 PbCO3 6,3 .10-14
CuS 1,5 .10-36 SrCO3 5,6 .10-10
FeS 1,5 .10-19 ZnCO3 1,2 .10-10
FeS2 4,2 .10-30
Fe2S3 1 .10-88 Solfati
HgS 2,2 .10-52 Ag2SO4 1,2 .10-5
MnS 4,5 .10-14 BaSO4 1,1 .10-10
NiS 1 .10-21 CaSO4 7,1 .10-5
PbS 8,4 .10-29 Hg2SO4 8,0 .10-7
PoS 6,2 . 10-29 HgSO4 6,0 .10-2
Sb2S3 1,7 .10-93 Hg2SO4 6,0 .10-7
SnS 3,0 .10-28 Tl2SO4 3,6 .10-4
SnS2 1 .10-70 PbSO4 1,8 .10-8
ZnS 2,7 .10-25 SrSO4 3,4 .10-7
MnC2O4 4,8 .10-6
Fosfati PbC2O4 8,5 .10-10
Ag3PO4 1,4 .10-16 SrC2O4 5,6 .10-2
AlPO4 5,8 .10-19 ZnC2O4 1,3 .10-9
Ba3(PO4)2 6,0 .10-39
Ca3(PO4)2 2,1 .10-33 Cianuri
CaHPO4 2,7 .10-7
Cd3(PO4)2 2,5 .10-33 AgCN 1,2 .10-16
Co3(PO4)2 2,0 .10-35 CuCN 3,2 .10-20
Cu3(PO4)2 1,3 .10-37 Hg2(CN)2 5,0 .10-40
FePO4 9,9 .10-29 Hg(CN)2 3,2 .10-33
Li3PO4 2,4 .10-4 Ni(CN)2 3,2 .10-23
MgNH4PO4 2,5 .10-13 Zn(CN)2 7,9 .10-12
Mg3(PO4)2 9,9 .10-25
Ni3(PO4)2 4,7 .10-32 Arseniati
Pb3(PO4)2 1 .10-54
Sr3(PO4)2 1 .10-31 Ag3AsO4 1,1 .10-20
Zn3(PO4)2 9,1 .10-33 AlAsO4 1,6 .10-16
Ca3(AsO4)2 3,2 .10-19
CrAsO4 7,8 .10-21
Cromati e Dicromati FeAsO4 5,8 .10-21
Mg3(AsO4)2 2,1 .10-20
Ag2CrO4 1,1 .10-12 Mn3(AsO4)2 1,9 .10-29
Ag2Cr2O7 2 .10-7 Pb3(AsO4)2 4,1 .10-36
BaCrO4 1,2 .10-10 Sr(AsO4)2 4,1 .10-19
CaCrO4 1,2 .10-10 Zn3(AsO4)2 1,1 .10-27
Hg2CrO4 2 .10-9
PbCrO4 2,8 .10-13 Bromati
SrCrO4 2.0 .10-5
AgBrO3 5,4 .10-5
Ba(BrO3)2 5,5 .10-6
KBrO3 7,3 .10-2
Iodati RbBrO3 6,0 .10-3
AgIO3 3,1 .10-8 TlBrO3 1,1 .10-4
Ba(IO3)2 3,9 .10-9
Ca(IO3)2 6,4 .10-6 Nitriti
Cu(IO3)2 1,4 .10-7
Hg(IO3)2 3,2 .10-13 AgNO2 3,2 .10-5
Pb(IO3)2 3,6 .10-13

Ossalati
Ag2C2O4 5,4 .10-12 Azoturi e Tiocianati
BaC2O4 1,7 .10-7
CaC2O4 2,3 .10-9 CuN3 4,5 . 10-10
CdC2O4 1,4 .10-8 Hg2(N3)2 7,8 . 10-19
CoC2O4 4,1 .10-8 TlN3 1,9 . 10-4
CuC2O4 2,9 .10-8 Pb(N3)2 5,7 . 10-19
CaC2O4 2,3 .10-9 AgSCN 1,2 . 10-12
FeC2O4 2,1 .10-7 CuSCN 1,7 .10-13
Hg2C2O4 1,7 .10-13 Pb(SCN)2 2,1 . 10-5
MgC2O4 4,8 .10-6 TlSCN 1,5 . 10-4

18.3 Prodotti di solubilità (ordinati per catione) (a 25°C)

AgOH 1,5 .10-8 CoCO3 1,4 .10-13


Ag3AsO4 1,1 .10-20 CoS 5 .10-21
Ag2C2O4 5,4 .10-12 Cr(OH)3 6,5 .10-31
Ag2CO3 8,2 .10-12 CrAsO4 7,8 .10-21
Ag2Cr2O7 2 .10-7 Cu(IO3)2 1,4 .10-7
Ag2CrO4 1,1 .10-12 CuOH 2 .10-15
Ag2S 5,9 .10-50 Cu(OH)2 1,6 .10-19
Ag2SO4 1,2 .10-5 Cu2S 2 .10-48
Ag3PO4 1,4 .10-16 Cu3(PO4)2 1,3 .10-37
AgBr 5,3 .10-13 CuBr 6,3 .10-8
AgBrO3 5,4 .10-5 CuC2O4 2,9 .10-8
AgCl 1,8 .10-10 CuCl 1,9 .10-7
AgCN 1,2 .10-16 CuCN 3,2 .10-20
AgI 8,1 .10-17 CuSCN 1,7 .10-13
AgSCN 1,2 .10-12 CuCO3 2,5 .10-10
AgIO3 3,1 .10-8 CuI 1,2 .10-12
AgNO2 3,2 .10-5 CuN3 4,5 . 10-10
AlAsO4 1,6 .10-16 CuS 1,5 .10-36
Al(OH)3 5 .10-33 FeAsO4 5,8 .10-21
Al2S3 2,0 .10-7 Fe(OH)2 4,7 .10-17
AlPO4 5,8 .10-19 Fe(OH)3 2,5 .10-39
AuCl 2,0 .10-13 FeCO3 3,1 .10-11
AuI 1,6 .10-23 FeC2O4 2,1 .10-7
Ba(IO3)2 3,9 .10-9 FePO4 9,9 .10-29
Ba(OH)2 5,0 .10-3 FeS 1,5 .10-19
Ba(BrO3)2 5,5 .10-6 FeS2 4,2 .10-30
Ba3(PO4)2 6,0 .10-39 Fe2S3 1 .10-88
BaC2O4 1,7 .10-7 Hg2(CN)2 5,0 .10-40
BaCO3 2,6 .10-9 Hg(CN)2 3,2 .10-33
BaCrO4 1,2 .10-10 Hg(OH)2 3 .10-26
BaF2 1,1 .10-6 Hg2(N3)2 7,8 . 10-19
BaSO4 1,1 .10-10 Hg2(OH)2 5 .10-24
Bi2S3 1,4 .10-99 Hg2Br2 5,6 .10-23
Ca(IO3)2 6,4 .10-6 Hg2C2O4 1,7 .10-13
Ca(OH)2 4,5 .10-6 Hg2Cl2 1,4 .10-18
CaHPO4 2,7 .10-7 Hg2CO3 3,7 .10-15
Ca3(AsO4)2 3,2 .10-19 Hg2CrO4 2 .10-9
Ca3(PO4)2 2,1 .10-33 Hg2I2 5,3 .10-29
CaC2O4 2,3 .10-9 Hg2SO4 8,0 .10-7
CaC2O4 2,3 .10-9 HgBr2 8,0 .10-20
CaCO3 4,9 .10-9 HgCl2 7,5 .10-15
CaCrO4 1,2 .10-10 HgI2 2,6 .10-29
CaF2 1,5 .10-10 Hg(IO3)2 3,2 .10-13
CaS 5,8 .10-8 HgS 2,2 .10-52
CaSO4 7,1 .10-5 Hg2SO4 6,0 .10-7
Cd(OH)2 5,1 .10-15 HgSO4 6,0 .10-2
Cd3(PO4)2 2,5 .10-33 KBrO3 7,3 .10-2
CdC2O4 1,4 .10-8 Li2CO3 8,1 .10-4
CdCO3 6,0 .10-12 LiF 1,8 .10-3
CdS 1,4 .10-29 Li3PO4 2,4 .10-4
Co(OH)2 5,7 .10-15 Mg3(AsO4)2 2,1 .10-20
Co(OH)3 2,5 .10-43 Mg(OH)2 5,4 .10-12
Co3(PO4)2 2,0 .10-35 Mg3(PO4)2 9,9 .10-25
CoC2O4 4,1 .10-8 MgC2O4 4,8 .10-6
MgCO3 6,8 .10-6 PoS 6,2 . 10-29
MgF2 6,6 .10-9 RbBrO3 6,0 .10-3
MgNH4PO4 2,5 .10-13 Sb2S3 1,7 .10-93
Mn3(AsO4)2 1,9 .10-29 Sn(OH)2 5,1 .10-27
Mn(OH)2 2,0 .10-13 Sn(OH)4 1,0 .10-57
Mn(OH)3 1,0 .10-36 SnS 3,0 .10-28
MnC2O4 4,8 .10-6 SnS2 1 .10-70
MnCO3 2,2 .10-11 Sr(AsO4)2 4,1 .10-19
MnS 4,5 .10-14 Sr(OH)2 1,4 .10-4
Ni(OH)2 5,3 .10-16 Sr3(PO4)2 1 .10-31
Ni3(PO4)2 4,7 .10-32 SrC2O4 5,6 .10-2
NiCO3 1,4 .10-7 SrCO3 5,6 .10-10
Ni(CN)2 3,2 .10-23 SrCrO4 2.0 .10-5
NiS 1 .10-21 SrF2 2,5 .10-9
Pb3(AsO4)2 4,1 .10-36 SrSO4 3,4 .10-7
Pb(IO3)2 3,6 .10-13 TlBr 3,7 .10-6
Pb(OH)2 1,3 .10-20 TlBrO3 1,1 .10-4
Pb3(PO4)2 1 .10-54 TlCl 1,8 .10-4
PbBr2 6,4 .10-6 TlN3 1,9 . 10-4
PbC2O4 8,5 .10-10 Tl2SO4 3,6 .10-4
PbCl2 1,7 .10-5 Zn3(AsO4)2 1,1 .10-27
PbCO3 6,3 .10-14 Zn(OH)2 7,4 .10-17
PbCrO4 2,8 .10-13 ZnC2O4 1,3 .10-9
PbF2 2,7 .10-8 ZnCO3 1,2 .10-10
PbI2 8,3 .10-9 Zn(CN)2 7,9 .10-12
PbS 8,4 .10-29 Zn3(PO4)2 9,1 .10-33
PbSO4 1,8 .10-8 ZnS 2,7 .10-25
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS

The solubility product constant Ksp is a useful parameter for calculating the aqueous solubility of sparingly soluble compounds under various
conditions. It may be determined by direct measurement or calculated from the standard Gibbs energies of formation ΔfG° of the species involved at
their standard states. Thus if Ksp = [M+]m [A–]n is the equilibrium constant for the reaction

MmAn(s) 1 mM+(aq) + nA– (aq),

where MmAn is the slightly soluble substance and M+ and A- are the ions produced in solution by the dissociation of MmAn, then the Gibbs energy change
is

ΔG° = m ΔfG° (M+,aq) + n ΔfG° (A–,aq) -ΔfG° (MmAn, s)

The solubility product constant is calculated from the equation

ln Ksp = -Δ G°/RT

The first table below gives selected values of Ksp at 25°C. Many of these have been calculated from standard state thermodynamic data in References
1 and 2; other values are taken from publications of the IUPAC Solubility Data Project (References 3 to 7).
The above formulation is not convenient for treating sulfides because the S-2 ion is usually not present in significant concentrations (see Reference
8). This is due to the hydrolysis reaction

S-2 + H2O 1 HS– + OH–

which is strongly shifted to the right except in very basic solutions. Furthermore, the equilibrium constant for this reaction, which depends on the second
ionization constant of H2S, is poorly known. Therefore it is more useful in the case of sulfides to define a different solubility product Kspa based on
the reaction

MmSn(s) + 2H+ 1 mM+ + nH2S (aq)

Values of Kspa , taken from Reference 8, are given for several sulfides in the auxiliary table following the main table. Additional discussion of sulfide
equilibria may be found in References 7 and 9.

REFERENCES

1. Wagman, D.D., Evans, W.H., Parker, V.B., Schumm, R.H., Halow, I., Bailey, S.M., Churney, K.L., and Nuttall, R L., The NBS Tables of
Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982.
2. Garvin, D., Parker, V.B., and White, H.J., CODATA Thermodynamic Tables, Hemisphere, New York, 1987.
3. Solubility Data Series (53 Volumes), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979—1992.
4. Clever, H.L., and Johnston, F.J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 751, 1980.
5. Marcus, Y., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 1307, 1980.
6. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 631, 1985.
7. Clever, H.L., Johnson, S.A., and Derrick, M.E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 941, 1992.
8. Myers, R.J., J. Chem. Educ., 63, 687, 1986.
9. Licht, S., J. Electrochem. Soc.,135, 2971, 1988.

Compound Formula Ksp

Aluminum phosphate AlPO4 9.84⋅10-21


Barium bromate Ba(BrO3)2 2.43⋅10-4
Barium carbonate BaCO3 2.58⋅10-9
Barium chromate BaCrO4 1.17⋅10-10
Barium fluoride BaF2 1.84⋅10-7
Barium hydroxide octahydrate Ba(OH)2⋅8H2O 2.55⋅10-4
Barium iodate Ba(IO3)2 4.01⋅10-9
Barium iodate monohydrate Ba(IO3)2⋅H2O 1.67⋅10-9
Barium molybdate BaMoO4 3.54⋅10-8
Barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2 4.64⋅10-3
Barium selenate BaSeO4 3.40⋅10-8
Barium sulfate BaSO4 1.08⋅10-10
Barium sulfite BaSO3 5.0⋅10-10
Beryllium hydroxide Be(OH)2 6.92⋅10-22
Bismuth arsenate BiAsO4 4.43⋅10-10

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SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued)
Compound Formula Ksp

Bismuth iodide BiI3 7.71⋅10-19


Cadmium arsenate Cd3(AsO4)2 2.2⋅10-33
Cadmium carbonate CdCO3 1.0⋅10-12
Cadmium fluoride CdF2 6.44⋅10-3
Cadmium hydroxide Cd(OH)2 7.2⋅10-15
Cadmium iodate Cd(IO3)2 2.5⋅10-8
Cadmium oxalate trihydrate CdC2O4⋅3H2O 1.42⋅10-8
Cadmium phosphate Cd3(PO4)2 2.53⋅10-33
Calcium carbonate (calcite) CaCO3 3.36⋅10-9
Calcium fluoride CaF2 3.45⋅10-11
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 5.02⋅10-6
Calcium iodate Ca(IO3)2 6.47⋅10-6
Calcium iodate hexahydrate Ca(IO3)2⋅6H2O 7.10⋅10-7
Calcium molybdate CaMoO4 1.46⋅10-8
Calcium oxalate monohydrate CaC2O4⋅H2O 2.32⋅10-9
Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 2.07⋅10-33
Calcium sulfate CaSO4 4.93⋅10-5
Calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4⋅2H2O 3.14⋅10-5
Calcium sulfite hemihydrate CaSO3⋅0.5H2O 3.1⋅10-7
Cesium perchlorate CsClO4 3.95⋅10-3
Cesium periodate CsIO4 5.16⋅10-6
Cobalt(II) arsenate Co3(AsO4)2 6.80⋅10-29
Cobalt(II) hydroxide (blue) Co(OH)2 5.92⋅10-15
Cobalt(II) iodate dihydrate Co(IO3)2⋅2H2O 1.21⋅10-2
Cobalt(II) phosphate Co3(PO4)2 2.05⋅10-35
Copper(I) bromide CuBr 6.27⋅10-9
Copper(I) chloride CuCl 1.72⋅10-7
Copper(I) cyanide CuCN 3.47⋅10-20
Copper(I) iodide CuI 1.27⋅10-12
Copper(I) thiocyanate CuSCN 1.77⋅10-13
Copper(II) arsenate Cu3(AsO4)2 7.95⋅10-36
Copper(II) iodate monohydrate Cu(IO3)2⋅H2O 6.94⋅10-8
Copper(II) oxalate CuC2O4 4.43⋅10-10
Copper(II) phosphate Cu3(PO4)2 1.40⋅10-37
Europium(III) hydroxide Eu(OH)3 9.38⋅10-27
Gallium(III) hydroxide Ga(OH)3 7.28⋅10-36
Iron(II) carbonate FeCO3 3.13⋅10-11
Iron(II) fluoride FeF2 2.36⋅10-6
Iron(II) hydroxide Fe(OH)2 4.87⋅10-17
Iron(III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3 2.79⋅10-39
Iron(III) phosphate dihydrate FePO4⋅2H2O 9.91⋅10-16
Lanthanum iodate La(IO3)3 7.50⋅10-12
Lead(II) bromide PbBr2 6.60⋅10-6
Lead(II) carbonate PbCO3 7.40⋅10-14
Lead(II) chloride PbCl2 1.70⋅10-5
Lead(II) fluoride PbF2 3.3⋅10-8
Lead(II) hydroxide Pb(OH)2 1.43⋅10-20
Lead(II) iodate Pb(IO3)2 3.69⋅10-13
Lead(II) iodide PbI2 9.8⋅10-9
Lead(II) selenate PbSeO4 1.37⋅10-7
Lead(II) sulfate PbSO4 2.53⋅10-8
Lithium carbonate Li2CO3 8.15⋅10-4
Lithium fluoride LiF 1.84⋅10-3
Lithium phosphate Li3PO4 2.37⋅10-11
Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 6.82⋅10-6
Magnesium carbonate trihydrate MgCO3⋅3H2O 2.38⋅10-6
Magnesium carbonate pentahydrate MgCO3⋅5H2O 3.79⋅10-6
Magnesium fluoride MgF2 5.16⋅10-11
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 5.61⋅10-12
Magnesium oxalate dihydrate MgC2O4⋅2H2O 4.83⋅10-6

© 2000 CRC Press LLC


SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued)
Compound Formula Ksp

Magnesium phosphate Mg3(PO4)2 1.04⋅10-24


Manganese(II) carbonate MnCO3 2.24⋅10-11
Manganese(II) iodate Mn(IO3)2 4.37⋅10-7
Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate MnC2O4⋅2H2O 1.70⋅10-7
Mercury(I) bromide Hg2Br2 6.40⋅10-23
Mercury(I) carbonate Hg2CO3 3.6⋅10-17
Mercury(I) chloride Hg2Cl2 1.43⋅10-18
Mercury(I) fluoride Hg2F2 3.10⋅10-6
Mercury(I) iodide Hg2I2 5.2⋅10-29
Mercury(I) oxalate Hg2C2O4 1.75⋅10-13
Mercury(I) sulfate Hg2SO4 6.5⋅10-7
Mercury(I) thiocyanate Hg2(SCN)2 3.2⋅10-20
Mercury(II) bromide HgBr2 6.2⋅10-20
Mercury(II) iodide HgI2 2.9⋅10-29
Neodymium carbonate Nd2(CO3)3 1.08⋅10-33
Nickel(II) carbonate NiCO3 1.42⋅10-7
Nickel(II) hydroxide Ni(OH)2 5.48⋅10-16
Nickel(II) iodate Ni(IO3)2 4.71⋅10-5
Nickel(II) phosphate Ni3(PO4)2 4.74⋅10-32
Palladium(II) thiocyanate Pd(SCN)2 4.39⋅10-23
Potassium hexachloroplatinate K2PtCl6 7.48⋅10-6
Potassium perchlorate KClO4 1.05⋅10-2
Potassium periodate KIO4 3.71⋅10-4
Praseodymium hydroxide Pr(OH)3 3.39⋅10-24
Radium iodate Ra(IO3)2 1.16⋅10-9
Radium sulfate RaSO4 3.66⋅10-11
Rubidium perchlorate RbClO4 3.00⋅10-3
Scandium fluoride ScF3 5.81⋅10-24
Scandium hydroxide Sc(OH)3 2.22⋅10-31
Silver(I) acetate AgCH3COO 1.94⋅10-3
Silver(I) arsenate Ag3AsO4 1.03⋅10-22
Silver(I) bromate AgBrO3 5.38⋅10-5
Silver(I) bromide AgBr 5.35⋅10-13
Silver(I) carbonate Ag2CO3 8.46⋅10-12
Silver(I) chloride AgCl 1.77⋅10-10
Silver(I) chromate Ag2CrO4 1.12⋅10-12
Silver(I) cyanide AgCN 5.97⋅10-17
Silver(I) iodate AgIO3 3.17⋅10-8
Silver(I) iodide AgI 8.52⋅10-17
Silver(I) oxalate Ag2C2O4 5.40⋅10-12
Silver(I) phosphate Ag3PO4 8.89⋅10-17
Silver(I) sulfate Ag2SO4 1.20⋅10-5
Silver(I) sulfite Ag2SO3 1.50⋅10-14
Silver(I) thiocyanate AgSCN 1.03⋅10-12
Strontium arsenate Sr3(AsO4)2 4.29⋅10-19
Strontium carbonate SrCO3 5.60⋅10-10
Strontium fluoride SrF2 4.33⋅10-9
Strontium iodate Sr(IO3)2 1.14⋅10-7
Strontium iodate monohydrate Sr(IO3)2⋅H2O 3.77⋅10-7
Strontium iodate hexahydrate Sr(IO3)2⋅6H2O 4.55⋅10-7
Strontium sulfate SrSO4 3.44⋅10-7
Thallium(I) bromate TlBrO3 1.10⋅10-4
Thallium(I) bromide TlBr 3.71⋅10-6
Thallium(I) chloride TlCl 1.86⋅10-4
Thallium(I) chromate Tl2CrO4 8.67⋅10-13
Thallium(I) iodate TlIO3 3.12⋅10-6
Thallium(I) iodide TlI 5.54⋅10-8
Thallium(I) thiocyanate TlSCN 1.57⋅10-4
Thallium(III) hydroxide Tl(OH)3 1.68⋅10-44
Tin(II) hydroxide Sn(OH)2 5.45⋅10-27

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TeamLRN
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS (continued)
Compound Formula Ksp

Yttrium carbonate Y2(CO3)3 1.03⋅10-31


Yttrium fluoride YF3 8.62⋅10-21
Yttrium hydroxide Y(OH)3 1.00⋅10-22
Yttrium iodate Y(IO3)3 1.12⋅10-10
Zinc arsenate Zn3(AsO4)2 2.8⋅10-28
Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 1.46⋅10-10
Zinc carbonate monohydrate ZnCO3⋅H2O 5.42⋅10-11
Zinc fluoride ZnF2 3.04⋅10-2
Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2 3⋅10-17
Zinc iodate dihydrate Zn(IO3)2⋅2H2O 4.1⋅10-6
Zinc oxalate dihydrate ZnC2O4⋅2H2O 1.38⋅10-9
Zinc selenide ZnSe 3.6⋅10-26
Zinc selenite monohydrate ZnSeO3⋅H2O 1.59⋅10-7

Sulfides

Compound Formula Kspa

Cadmium sulfide CdS 8⋅10-7


Copper(II) sulfide CuS 6⋅10-16
Iron(II) sulfide FeS 6⋅102
Lead(II) sulfide PbS 3⋅10-7
Manganese(II) sulfide (green) MnS 3⋅107
Mercury(II) sulfide (red) HgS 4⋅10-33
Mercury(II) sulfide (black) HgS 2⋅10-32
Silver(I) sulfide Ag2S 6⋅10-30
Tin(II) sulfide SnS 1⋅10-5
Zinc sulfide (sphalerite) ZnS 2⋅10-4
Zinc sulfide (wurtzite) ZnS 3⋅10-2

© 2000 CRC Press LLC


DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES

The data in this table are presented as values of pKa, defined as the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant Ka for the reaction

BH 1 B– + H+

Thus pKa = –log Ka , and the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] can be calculated from

Ka =
[H ] [B ]
+ –

[BH]
In the case of bases, the entry in the table is for the conjugate acid; e.g., ammonium ion for ammonia. The OH– concentration in the system

NH3 + H2O 1 NH4+ + OH–

can be calculated from the equation

K b = K water / K a =
[OH ] [NH ]

4
+

[NH 3 ]
where Kwater = 1.01 × 10–14 at 25 °C. Note that pKa + pKb = pKwater.

All values refer to dilute aqueous solutions at zero ionic strength at the temperature indicated. The table is arranged alphabetically by compound
name.

REFERENCE

1. Perrin, D. D., Ionization Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution, Second Edition, Pergamon, Oxford, 1982.
Name Formula Step t/°C pKa

Aluminum(III) ion Al+3 25 5.0


Ammonia NH3 25 9.25
Arsenic acid H3AsO4 1 25 2.26
2 25 6.76
3 25 11.29
Arsenious acid H2AsO3 25 9.29
Barium(II) ion Ba+2 25 13.4
Boric acid H3BO3 1 20 9.27
2 20 >14
Calcium(II) ion Ca+2 25 12.6
Carbonic acid H2CO3 1 25 6.35
2 25 10.33
* woe tenure
Chlorous acid HClO2 25 1.94
Chromic acid H2CrO4 1 25 0.74 i
2 25 6.49
Cyanic acid HCNO 25 3.46
Germanic acid H2GeO3 1 25 9.01
2 25 12.3
di um aide
Hydrazine N2H4 25 8.1
.

Hydrazoic acid HN3 25 4.6


Hydrocyanic acid HCN 25 9.21
Hydrofluoric acid HF 25 3.20
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 25 11.62
Hydrogen selenide H2Se 1 25 3.89
2 25 11.0
Hydrogen sulfide H2S 1 25 7.05
2 25 19
Hydrogen telluride H2Te 1 18 2.6
2 25 11
Hydroxylamine NH2OH 25 5.94
Hypobromous acid HBrO 25 8.55

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DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued)
Name Formula Step t/°C pKa
Hypochlorous acid HClO 25 7.40
Hypoiodous acid HIO 25 10.5
Iodic acid HIO3 25 0.78
Lithium ion Li+ 25 13.8
Magnesium(II) ion Mg+2 25 11.4
Nitrous acid HNO2 25 3.25
Perchloric acid HClO4 20 -1.6
Periodic acid HIO4 25 1.64
Phosphoric acid H3PO4 1 25 2.16
2 25 7.21
3 25 12.32
Phosphorous acid H3PO3 1 20 1.3
2 20 6.70
Pyrophosphoric acid H4P2O7 1 25 0.91
2 25 2.10
3 25 6.70
4 25 9.32
Selenic acid H2SeO4 2 25 1.7
Selenious acid H2SeO3 1 25 2.62
2 25 8.32
Silicic acid H4SiO4 1 30 9.9
2 30 11.8
3 30 12
4 30 12
Sodium ion Na+ 25 14.8
Strontium(II) ion Sr+2 25 13.2
Sulfamic acid NH2SO3H 25 1.05
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 2 25 1.99
Sulfurous acid H2SO3 1 25 1.85
2 25 7.2
Telluric acid H2TeO4 1 18 7.68
2 18 11.0
Tellurous acid H2TeO3 1 25 6.27
2 25 8.43
Tetrafluoroboric acid HBF4 25 0.5
Thiocyanic acid HSCN 25 -1.8
Water H2O 25 13.995

aim
© 2000 CRC Press LLC
DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES

This table lists the dissociation (ionization) constants of over 1070 organic acids, bases, and amphoteric compounds. All data apply to dilute aqueous
solutions and are presented as values of pKa, which is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the equilibrium constant Ka for the reaction

HA 1 H+ + A-
i.e.,
Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]

where [H+], etc. represent the concentrations of the respective species in mol/L. It follows that pKa = pH + log[HA] - log[A-], so that a solution with
50% dissociation has pH equal to the pKa of the acid.
Data for bases are presented as pKa values for the conjugate acid, i.e., for the reaction

BH+ 1 H+ + B

In older literature, an ionization constant Kb was used for the reaction B + H2O 1 BH+ + OH- . This is related to Ka by

pKa + pKb = pKwater = 14.00 (at 25°C)

Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order.

REFERENCES

1. Perrin, D.D., Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution, Butterworths, London, 1965; Supplement, 1972.
2. Serjeant, E.P., and Dempsey, B., Ionization Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution, Pergamon, Oxford, 1979.
3. Albert, A., “Ionization Constants of Heterocyclic Substances”, in Katritzky, A.R., Ed., Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Academic
Press, New York, 1963.
4. Sober, H.A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968.
5. Perrin, D.D., Dempsey, B., and Serjeant, E.P., pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases, Chapman and Hall, London, 1981.
6. Albert, A., and Serjeant, E. P., The Determination of Ionization Constants, Third Edition, Chapman and Hall, London, 1984.
7. Budavari, S., Editor, The Merck Index, Twelth Edition, Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.

Mol. Form. Name Step t/°C pKa Mol. Form. Name Step t/°C pKa

CHNO Cyanic acid 25 3.7 C2H4N2 Aminoacetonitrile 25 5.34


CH2N2 Cyanamide 29 1.1 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 25 13.57
CH2O Formaldehyde 25 13.27 C2H4OS Thioacetic acid 25 3.33
CH2O2 Formic acid 25 3.75 C2H4O2 Acetic acid 25 4.756
CH3NO2 Nitromethane 25 10.21 C2H4O2S Thioglycolic acid 25 3.68
CH3NS2 Carbamodithioic acid 25 2.95 C2H4O3 Glycolic acid 25 3.83
CH4N2O Urea 25 0.10 C2H5N Ethyleneimine 25 8.04
CH4N2S Thiourea 25 -1 C2H5NO Acetamide 25 15.1
CH4O Methanol 25 15.5 C2H5NO2 Acetohydroxamic acid 8.70
CH4S Methanethiol 25 10.33 C2H5NO2 Nitroethane 25 8.46
CH5N Methylamine 25 10.66 C2H5NO2 Glycine 1 25 2.35
CH5NO O-Methylhydroxylamine 12.5 2 25 9.78
CH5N3 Guanidine 25 13.6 C2H6N2 Ethanimidamide 25 12.1
C2HCl3O Trichloroacetaldehyde 25 10.04 C2H6O Ethanol 25 15.5
C2HCl3O2 Trichloroacetic acid 20 0.66 C2H6OS 2-Mercaptoethanol 25 9.72
C2HF3O2 Trifluoroacetic acid 25 0.52 C2H6O2 Ethyleneglycol 25 15.1
C2H2Cl2O2 Dichloroacetic acid 25 1.35 C2H7AsO2 Dimethylarsinic acid 1 25 1.57
C2H2O3 Glyoxylic acid 25 3.18 2 25 6.27
C2H2O4 Oxalic acid 1 25 1.25 C2H7N Ethylamine 25 10.65
2 25 3.81 C2H7N Dimethylamine 25 10.73
C2H3BrO2 Bromoacetic acid 25 2.90 C2H7NO Ethanolamine 25 9.50
C2H3ClO2 Chloroacetic acid 25 2.87 C2H7NO3S 2-Aminoethanesulfonic 1 25 1.5
C2H3Cl3O 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol 25 12.24 acid 2 25 9.06
C2H3FO2 Fluoroacetic acid 25 2.59 C2H7NS Cysteamine 1 25 8.27
C2H3F3O 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol 25 12.37 2 25 10.53
C2H3IO2 Iodoacetic acid 25 3.18 C2H7N5 Biguanide 1 11.52
C2H3NO4 Nitroacetic acid 24 1.48 2 2.93
C2H3N3 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 20 1.17 C2H8N2 1,2-Ethanediamine 1 25 9.92
C2H3N3 1H-1,2,4-Triazole 20 2.27 2 25 6.86

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DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued)

Mol. Form. Name Step t/°C pKa Mol. Form. Name Step t/°C pKa

C6H6O4S 4-Hydroxybenzene- 25 9.11 C6H10O2 Cyclopentanecarboxylic 25 4.99


sulfonic acid acid
C6H6O6 cis-1-Propene-1,2,3- 25 1.95 C6H10O3 Ethyl acetoacetate 25 10.68
tricarboxylic acid C6H10O4 3-Methylglutaric acid 25 4.24
C6H6O6 trans-1-Propene-1,2,3- 1 25 2.80 C6H10O4 Adipic acid 1 18 4.41
tricarboxylic acid 2 25 4.46 2 18 5.41
C6H6S Benzenethiol 25 6.62 C6H11NO2 2-Piperidinecarboxylic 1 25 2.28
C6H7BO2 Benzeneboronic acid 8.83 acid 2 25 10.72
C6H7N Aniline 25 4.87 C6H11NO3 Adipamic acid 25 4.63
C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 25 6.00 C6H11NO4 2-Aminoadipic acid 1 25 2.14
C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine 25 5.70 2 25 4.21
C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 25 5.99 3 25 9.77
C6H7NO 2-Aminophenol 1 20 4.78 C6H11N3O4 N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine 1 25 3.225
2 20 9.97 2 25 8.09
C6H7NO 3-Aminophenol 1 20 4.37 C6H11N3O4 Glycylasparagine 1 25 2.942
2 20 9.82 2 18 8.44
C6H7NO 4-Aminophenol 1 25 5.48 C6H12N2 Triethylenediamine 1 3.0
2 25 10.30 2 8.7
C6H7NO 2-Methoxypyridine 20 3.28 C6H12N2O4S2 L-Cystine 1 1
C6H7NO 3-Methoxypyridine 25 4.78 2 2.1
C6H7NO 4-Methoxypyridine 25 6.58 3 8.02
C6H7NO3S 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic 25 2.46 4 8.71
acid C6H12O2 Hexanoic acid 25 4.85
C6H7NO3S 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic 25 3.74 C6H12O2 4-Methylpentanoic acid 18 4.84
acid C6H12O6 β-D-Fructose 25 12.27
C6H7NO3S 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic 25 3.23 C6H12O6 α-D-Glucose 25 12.46
acid C6H12O6 D-Mannose 25 12.08
C6H8N2 N-Methylpyridinamine 20 9.65 C6H13N Cyclohexylamine 25 10.64
C6H8N2 o-Phenylenediamine 1 20 4.57 C6H13N 1-Methylpiperidine 25 10.38
2 20 0.80 C6H13N 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine 26 10.20
C6H8N2 m-Phenylenediamine 1 20 5.11 C6H13NO N-Ethylmorpholine 25 7.67
2 20 2.50 C6H13NO2 L-Leucine 1 25 2.33
C6H8N2 p-Phenylenediamine 1 20 6.31 2 25 9.74
2 20 2.97 C6H13NO2 L-Isoleucine 1 25 2.32
C6H8N2 Phenylhydrazine 15 8.79 2 25 9.76
C6H8O2 2,4-Hexadienoic acid 25 4.76 C6H13NO2 L-Norleucine 1 25 2.34
C6H8O2 1,3-Cyclohexanedione 25 5.26 2 25 9.83
C6H8O4 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3- 5.1 C6H13NO2 6-Aminohexanoic acid 1 25 4.37
dioxane-4,6-dione 2 25 10.80
C6H8O6 L-Ascorbic acid 1 25 4.04 C6H13NO4 N,N-Bis(2-hydroxy- 2 20 8.35
2 16 11.7 ethyl)glycine
C6H8O7 Citric acid 1 25 3.13 C6H13N3O3 Citrulline 1 25 2.43
2 25 4.76 2 25 9.69
3 25 6.40 C6H14N2 cis-1,2-Cyclohexane- 1 20 9.93
C6H8O7 Isocitric acid 1 25 3.29 diamine 2 20 6.13
2 25 4.71 C6H14N2 trans-1,2-Cyclohexane- 1 20 9.94
3 25 6.40 diamine 2 20 6.47
C6H9NO6 Nitrilotriacetic acid 1 20 3.03 C6H14N2 cis-2,5-Dimethyl- 1 25 9.66
2 20 3.07 piperazine 2 25 5.20
3 20 10.70 C6H14N2O2 L-Lysine 1 25 2.16
C6H9NO6 L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid 1 25 1.7 2 25 9.06
2 25 3.2 3 25 10.54
3 25 4.75 C6H14N4O2 L-Arginine 1 25 1.82
4 25 9.9 2 25 8.99
C6H9N3 4,6-Dimethylpyrimi- 20 4.82 3 25 12.5
dinamine C6H14O6 D-Mannitol 18 13.5
C6H9N3O2 L-Histidine 1 25 1.80 C6H15N Hexylamine 25 10.56
2 25 6.04 C6H15N Diisopropylamine 25 11.05
3 25 9.33 C6H15N Triethylamine 25 10.75

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DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES (continued)

Mol. Form. Name Step t/°C pKa Mol. Form. Name Step t/°C pKa


interne work !
C13H16ClNO Ketamine 7.5 C18H33ClN2O5S Clindamycin 7.6
C13H19NO4S 4-[(Dipropylamino)- Z 5.8 C18H39N Octadecylamine 25 10.60
sulfonyl]benzoic acid C19H10Br4O5S Bromophenol Blue 4.0
C13H21N 2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine 3.58 C19H14O5S Phenol Red 7.9
C13H29N (Tridecyl)amine 25 10.63 C19H16ClNO4 Indomethacin 4.5
C14H12F3NO4S2 Perfluidone 2.5 C19H17N3O4S2 Cephaloridine 3.2
C14H12O2 α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid 25 3.94 C19H20N2O2 Phenylbutazone 4.5
C14H12O3 α-Hydroxy-α-phenyl- 25 3.04 C19H21N Protriptyline 8.2
benezeneacetic acid C19H21NO3 Thebaine 15 6.05
C14H18N4O3 Trimethoprim 6.6 C19H22N2O Cinchonine 1 5.85
C14H19NO2 Methylphenidate 8.9 2 9.92
C14H21N3O3S Tolazamide 25 3.6 C19H22N2O Cinchonidine 1 5.80
C14H22N2O3 Atenolol 9.6 2 10.03
C14H31N Tetradecylamine 25 10.62 C19H22N2O2 Cupreine 6.57
C15H10ClN3O3 Clonazepam 1 1.5 C19H22O6 Gibberellic acid 4.0
2 10.5 C19H23N3O2 Ergometrinine 7.3
C15H11I4NO4 L-Thyroxine 1 25 2.2 C19H23N3O2 Ergonovine 6.8
2 25 6.45 C20H14O4 Phenolphthalein 25 9.7
3 25 10.1 C20H21NO4 Papaverine 6.4
C15H14O3 Fenoprofen 7.3 C20H23N Amitriptyline 9.4
C15H15NO2 Mefenamic acid 4.2 C20H23N7O7 Folinic acid 1 3.1
C15H15N3O2 Methyl Red 1 2.5 2 4.8
2 9.5 3 10.4
C15H17ClN4 NeutralRed 6.7 C20H24N2O2 Quinine 1 25 8.52
C15H19NO2 Tropacocaine 15 4.32 2 25 4.13
C15H19N3O3 Imazethapyr 1 2.1 C20H24N2O2 Quinidine 1 20 5.4
2 3.9 2 20 10.0
C15H21N3O2 Physostigmine 1 6.12 C20H26N2O2 Hydroquinine 5.33
2 12.24 C21H14Br4O5S Bromocresol Green 4.7
C15H26N2 Sparteine 1 20 2.24 C21H16Br2O5S Bromocresol Purple 6.3
2 20 9.46 C21H18O5S CresolRed 8.3
C15H33N Pentadecylamine 25 10.61 C21H21NO6 Hydrastine 7.8
C16H13ClN2O Valium 3.4 C21H22N2O2 Strychnine 25 8.26
C16H14ClN3O Chlorodiazepoxide 4.8 C21H23ClFNO2 Haloperidol 8.3
C16H16N2O2 Lysergic acid 1 3.44 C21H31NO4 Furethidine 7.48
2 7.68 C21H35N3O7 Lisinopril 1 2.5
C16H17N3O4S Cephalexin 1 5.2 2 4.0
2 7.3 3 6.7
C16H19N3O4S Cephradine 1 2.63 4 10.1
2 7.27 C22H18O4 o-Cresolphthalein 9.4
C16H22N2 Lycodine 1 3.97 C22H22FN3O2 Droperidol 7.64
2 8.08 C22H23NO7 Noscapine 7.8
C16H35N Hexadecylamine 25 10.61 C22H25NO6 Colchicine 20 12.36
C17H17NO2 Apomorphine 1 7.0 C22H25N3O Benzpiperylon 1 6.73
2 8.92 2 9.13
C17H19NO3 Piperine 18 12.22 C22H33NO2 Atisine 12.2
C17H19NO3 Morphine 1 25 8.21 C23H26N2O4 Brucine 1 6.04
2 20 9.85 2 11.07
C17H20N4O6 Riboflavin 1 1.7 C24H40O4 Deoxycholic acid 6.58
2 25 9.69 C24H40O5 Cholic acid 6.4
C17H20O6 Mycophenolic acid 4.5 C25H29I2NO3 Amiodarone 25 6.56
C17H23NO3 Hyoscyamine 21 9.7 C25H41NO9 Aconine 9.52
C17H27NO4 Nadolol 9.67 C26H43NO6 Glycocholic acid 4.4
C18H19ClN4 Clozapine 1 3.70 C26H45NO7S Taurocholic acid 1.4
2 7.60 C27H28Br2O5S Bromothymol Blue 7.0
C18H21NO3 Codeine 8.21 C27H38N2O4 Verapamil 8.6
C18H21N3O Dibenzepin 8.25 C29H32O13 Etoposide 9.8
C18H32O2 Linoleic acid 7.6 C29H40N2O4 Emetine 1 5.77
2 6.64

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