Thesis Statement: Many Senior High

school students come late to school and

as aresult; academic subjects will be
affected as well as the grades, and they
will be able tomiss classes as it affects
their class performance that is why every
Senior High schoolstudent should
eliminate the cause regarding
tardiness.Topic
Outline:I.IntroductionII.What is Tardiness?

A. Causes of Tardiness

1.Going late to bed

2.Watching films and late-night movies
3.The habit of waking up late
4.Distance/location of school
5.Keeping friends of different status
6.Engagement in untimely domestic
chores or activities
7.Innate anxiety level
8.Family background
9.Cultural background
10.Religious background
11.Lack of functional and effective
punctuality policy
12.Too much body care and excessive
facial/body make-up

B.
The Advantages of Being on Time vs. Being
Late to School
1.Enjoy More Time to Prepare
2.Never Miss Important Information
3.Develop Positive Lifelong Habits
4.Disciplinary Consequences

C.Effects of Tardiness
1.Disrupted Routines
2.Social Criticism
3.Low Achievement
4.Responsibility
5.Respect
6.Discipline
7.School Work
8.Preparation
D.Ways to Reduce Tardiness
1.Motivate Them
2.Identify the Causes

E. Remedies to Tardiness

III.ConclusionIV.References

I. INTRODUCTION
II. Many Senior High school students come
late to school and as a result; academic
subjects will be affected as well as the
grades, and they will be able to miss
classes a sit affects their class
performance that is why every Senior High
school student should eliminate the cause
regarding tardiness. A tardy student
presents a lack of responsibility. Being
tardy all the time to classis a sign of
carelessness and a waste of time. Being
on time is not only a duty for students,
but also a part of good manners, respect
and reputation. Hence, student should
know how to value their time and do
their best not to be tardy at all times.
Tardiness is not much of an issue for
students nowadays; to them it seems to
be a normal thing. Nonetheless, some
 reasons that cause the tardiness among
students can tell whether it is being
committed or not or being peer pressured.
When students come to class late, it
can disrupt the fl ow of a lecture or
discussion, distract other students, impede
learning, and generally erode class morale.
Moreover, if left unchecked, lateness can
become chronic and spread throughout
the class because there are a number of
possible reasons students arrive to class
late,

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Lateness to school started long ago, every where in a way that cannot be
controlled in recent time. The problem of lateness has eaten deep into Nigeria
children the problem of pupils lateness to school has now turn to national
problem. Lateness merely means arriving after expected time.
Children commonly miss their school or coming lately because of their
usual habits, such as waking up late due to laziness: rushing of undone
assignment, unprepared bath, breakfast or meals, clothes, their pack lunch
etc. and waiting for companions or friends coming to school the bus is late;
and sometimes because of some problems in their parent that affects them
and interest in coming to school seeing their with misunderstandings. A
financial support is another too. Kids like having many delightful possessions.
They would be and seeing their class mates with something they don’t have or
sometimes they are ashamed of coming to school.
Oxford advanced learners dictionary defined lateness as arriving after the
expected arrange or usual time. It is after the right, fixed, usual or expected
time; therefore lateness is the opposite of early. The question now is what are
the factors responsible for pupil’s lateness to school.
Authorities have wonder why scholars come late to school. But they have
not been able to make deep research into this problem in a bid of providing
solutions and recommendation, which would help to cure the problem.
 This study will focus attention on the factors responsible for the pupil’s
lateness and an attempt to finding solution to this problem.
 
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Lateness among school pupils is increasing and spreading. Everywhere is
a way that cannot be controlled in our societies. A close look at the factors
that are responsible for it, it’s the purpose of the study.
The importance of this can never be over liked in the process of learning
experience had shown that children who are habitual late comer never do well
in their academics, this is true because before their arrival it is very likely for
them missing some steps in the teaching/learning process. This will affect
their learning adversely.
Inspite of the efforts made by the teachers and the school authorities to
solve this problem. The children where still found indulging in late coming in
an attempt to know the factors responsible the teachers attributed it to the
parents while the parents hold the teacher to ransom. To some others, the
children themselves and the peers group influence are responsible.
With the result of this study, it is believed that solutions to this problem will
be provided as the factors responsible for the lateness are identified and
recommendations are made. The children will be better guided and ways of
overcoming their problems and like up to expectation as good children are
know.
In addition, this study will also help the nation as the children will now
develop the spirit of punctuality at school and becomes good citizen in their
future life.   
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that are responsible
for pupils lateness to school and re-address the problem by providing possible
suggestion, recommendation and solution, which relate to pupils lateness to
school. 
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1.    Does the distance between the pupils’ home and the school contribute
to lateness to school?
2.    Does lateness in waking up from sleep in the morning lead to lateness
to school?
3.    Does delay in preparation of food on time by parents contribute to
lateness to school?
4.    Does demand for needed school materials in the morning time lead to
lateness to school?
5.    Does lateness to school by teachers influence pupils lateness to
school?
 6.    Does inadequate punishment to lateness contribute to lateness to
school?
7.    Does waiting for friends to get prepared lead to lateness to school?
8.    Does hawking in the morning time before preparing to school lead to
lateness to school?
9.    Does playing on the way to school lead to lateness to school?
10. Does lack of performing well in school lead to lateness to school?
 
1.5 SIGNIFANCE OF STUDY
          On successful completion of this study pupils and parents will be
exposing to the various factors that are responsible for pupils lateness to
school and to the rightful measure necessary to eradicate this bad habit.
          This study will help to motivate parents to make the children come early
to school and this will in turn improve the academic performance of the
individual.
          Also it will enable the pupils to be discipline both at school and in future
life.
1.6 SCOPE
          This study is done within four (4) selected primary school in Ovia south  
West local government area of Edo state. The names of the selected schools
are: Ozolua model primary school, Iguobazuwa, Ezoti primary school Udo;
Okpon primary school, Obareti, and Okomu primary school Okomu
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
FACTORS: - This refers to the conditions that affect the behaviour and
development of the physical conditions that exist in the pupils learning
environment.
LATENESS: - This refers to pupils getting to class daily, below the normal
time schedule for the class.
PEER INFLUENCEL: - This refers to the bad company of children a child
associate with, which affect the way the child, behaves and thinks.
PARENTAL IGNORANCE: - This refers to the negative attitude of some
parents who negative attitude of some parents who back the knowledge and
importance of providing their children with education. This is because they are
not aware of fast changing world of science and technology in which they live.
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Tardiness in School: Reasons and Effects to StudentsThe school is considered as a

hub for transformational learning and life skills. Studentsare enrolled not only to
acquire knowledge and understanding of the world phenomenon but alsoto become
better citizens and human beings. In this regard, schools through their
curriculuminculcate the significance of social skills in the learners in order to aid
with the required skills to become responsible beings. On the other hand, the
students and families are equally heldresponsible for the learning they acquire from
the school and attitude and behavior that exhibittowards school and learning.
Hence, the students in the school are not only assessed for thedemonstration of
their intellectual capabilities but also their behavior (Malik et al., n.d.).One of the
m
ost recurring and the most “frustrating problem” that the schools are having
with their students nowadays is tardiness (Sprick and Daniels, 2007). It creates
problems, not justto the students but also to the teachers (Cowan Avenue
Elementary School Community, 2007).Common problem among students is that
they have a hard time getting up in the morning, whichresults to getting to school
on time a constant uphill battle. Thus, this study aims to know thecauses and ways
to avoid tardiness among students. What are the factors contributing to
student’s tardiness? How does tardiness can affect student’s behavior? What is
the impact of
tardiness in the academic performances of students?
As cited by Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011), “lateness” can be defined as the
 
“situationwhere an individual arrives after the proper, scheduled or usual time
(Oxford Advance Learners’
Dictionary, 5th ed., 1995) Furthermore,
Lauby (2009) puts it as a term used to describe “peoplenot showing up on time”
and Breeze et al. (2010)
 contributed by saying that,
the term “classtardiness” has been defined as students not attending lecture on
time, missing out initial time
from the first period and primarily not being present in the time set. In most
schools, a student isconsidered tardy when he/she is not present when the school
bell rings. Breeze et al. (2010) also
added that, lateness is synonymous with “tardiness”, which implies being slow to
act or slow to
respond, thus not meeting up with proper or usual timing. It is obvious therefore
that, latenesscould be seen as a system of network breakdown, a situation of not
meeting up with programme,a function of time, time is the criteria and
determinant of lateness. Having therefore known themeaning of lateness, the
causes of lateness should be highlighted.Reasons for being late in class and
other factors affecting the punctuality if a studentvary. There had been some
theories that pointed out that tardiness is caused by the personality ofa person.
Santillano (2010) stated that psyc
hological theorists considered some “personality
traits, including low self-
esteem and anxiety” as triggering factors of tardiness. She alsomentioned that
while some theorists considered tardiness as an “inborn quality” since our
beingearly or late is “partially biologically determined”, which she also agreed,
other experts also believed that some people are “chronically tardy” for the reason
that they consciously and
unconsciously get good things from it. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011) attribute
lateness or tardiness to a lot of factors orcauses. Going late to bed and waking up
late next morning are the most common. The authorsadded social networking and
film-watching late at night can cause tardiness. The student mayforget that he/she
needs to be in school the next day. Ledoux, as cited by Pimentel and
Quijada(2011)
, said that lack of sleep causes neural malfunctions and further affects a person’s
behavior.In the study’s case, it is a student’s punctuality that is affected.
Sometimes, it is not solel
y the
students’ fault why they keep on being late in coming to class. The distance
between thestudent’s home and school or solely the school’s location is also
considered by Nakpodia and
Dafiaghor (2011) as a possible cause for tardiness. Not just because it takes more
time to get toschool, but according to the authors, the student is susceptible to more
distractions andhindrances along the way. In some cases, individuals are obsessed
by their appearance to thedetriment of timely engagements in school. Oghuvbu
(2008) agreed to this when he opined that

 
Tardiness
4
 
“lateness is common among females more than males”. This could be as a result of
the fact that,
females require more time for their body and facial care and make up.Another
factor that could affect the punctuality of a student is the response of the
teachers to tardy students. Sprick and Daniels (2007) stated that the range of
the teachers’response was “from ignoring them to sending them to office”. This
variation could lead the
students to confusion as to how important it is to be on time in going to class.
Individuals are
likely to be more punctual, if they perceive obvious “rule of law” in terms of
punctuality
(Clackmannanshire Council Online, 2010). Lack of a firm and consistent policy on
punctualityalso encourages students to come late at school since there are no
consequences attached tolateness or tardiness. Another reason is the lack
of motivation. Students who come to school ontime are not given incentives or
rewards. Also, responses to tardiness are lenient, that is nothing
is done until the tenth strike or more. Another reason is “giving the student the
impression thatthey won’t be missing anything if they are late” since in some
classes, no important activities or
instructions and no lessons are being done for first few minutes.
 
Apart from the above mentioned causes, as mentioned by Malik et al.,
(n.d.), nutrition isan important cause of both tardiness and absenteeism. Studies on
the relationship between dietand the defined research problem have directly
identified nutrition as the source behind tardiness.In the first place, and as Taras
(2005) reports that malnutrition has an adverse effect on bothcognitive functioning
and energy levels. Students who suffer either form of malnutritiongenerally tend
towards high tardiness and absenteeism rates. The reason is very simple that they
don’t have the energy to come to school on time. That means, that apart from the
fact that they
do not have the physical energy required to do their school work, they lose
whatever motivationthey have. (Taras, 2005).These causes of tardiness will lead to
serious effects.According to Zeiger (n.d.), students who are frequently tardy have
higher rates ofsuspension and other disciplinary measures. Thus, tardiness causes
students to feel disconnectedwith school, leading to behavior problems
and dropouts. Zeiger added that when students aretardy, they negatively impact
their teachers and other students. Teachers are often required toallow tardy
students to make up work, which often requires them to restructure their lessons
orre-teach missed material. Tardiness also takes other students' attention away
from a teacher'slesson, leading to more behavior problems and missed
instruction. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor empasizes that lateness or tardiness is not just
the problem ofthe late student but it affects the surrounding people. A student
coming late in class distracts the
rest of the students and disrupts the flow of the teacher’s discussion. It is even a
burden to the
student/s whom the late students ask for what to catch up with. Showing up late to
class canaffect other people losing respect for you (Fuller, n.d.). The rest of the
effects given by Nakpodiaand Dafiaghor are about the welfare of the whole school,
its productivity and revenue.As mentioned by Fuller, students who are late
to classes may fall behind in theirclassroom work. For instance, if a student misses
the first part of a lecture, he may miss the notesthat he will need to study for an
upcoming exam. Some teachers do not accept late home works,so they will not
permit a student to turn in a homework assignment if he is tardy. This can resultin
an incomplete or failing grade for the work.Synder (2011) added that, habitual
lateness to class is typically a sign of devaluation andcontempt for teachers and
other students who have arrived to class punctually. Even moreimportant, it is
most likely a sign of devaluation and contempt for one’s own education,
albeitunconscious, since the student’s habitual lateness will necessarily curtail his
or her time in class
and cause the student to forfeit important opportunities for learning.Knowing the
possible effects of tardiness or lateness, it is necessary for solutions to beexecuted.
Due to the fact that tardiness has been giving negative effects on the
studentsnowadays, the most important thing to do is to develop a firm, consistent
and functional policy
 
Tardiness
5
 
that addresses late students. There must be defined sanctions and penalties for
latestudents. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011) stated that school administrators must
lead byexample. They should be punctual in their own meetings and classes to
avoid students to thinkthat being late is just alright since even the authoritative
persons are doing it. They should as wellteach it and integrate it in every lesson.
The effort on the remedy on lateness or tardiness doesnot start and end with
the school. It must begin with the parents of the students and thegovernment must
take part as well. Transportation must be improved in order to avoid
studentsgetting stuck in traffic or encountering other obstacles down the streets.

 
1|
P a   g e
Abstract
G e n e r a l l y , c l a s s t ar d i n e s s i s d ef i n e d a s s t u d e n t s n o t a t t e n d i n g
lecture on time
a n d not being present in the time set. After attending lectures for a period 
of time, students startg e t t i n g   t o   k n o w   t h e   l e c t u r e s   a r e   c o n d u c t e d 
a n d   t h e r e f o r e   a s s u m e   t h a t   t h e r e   w i l l   b e   n o constructive activities
happen for the first few minutes of the lecture. Class tardiness influencesthe
students themselves as well as others. As generally known, students who
possess regular attendance tend to achieve better results as success is related to
one’s punctuality. Students whoare late to class will also cause disruption to
other students. Indeed, many previous researchesi n d i c a t e d
t h a t   c l a s s   t ar d i n e s s a m o n g   t h e   s t u d e n t s   i s   a   c o m m o n   p h e n o m e n o n .
S o m e   o f   t h e researches mentioned that students who are tardy tend to achieve
lower grades compare to
othersa n d   s l e e p   l a t e   i s   t h e   m a i n   r e a s o n .    h e r e f o r e ,   t h i s   r e s e a
r c h   w i l l   f u r t h e r   i n v e s t i g a t e   t h e  phenomenon of class tardiness among t
he Schools of !arkana subdivision. hroughout,conducting this research
"uantitative method which is a set of "uestionnaire will be used.
 he result will indicate the class tardiness among the !arkana subdivision schools.
Introduction
he
tardiness implies a situation where an individual is coming, occurring or
remaininga f t e r c o r r e c t , u s u a l o r e # p e c t e d t i m e .  h u s , t h e t e r m
$ c l a s s t ar d i n e s s % h a s b e e n d e f i n e d a s students not attending lecture on
time, missing out initial time from the first period and primarilynot being present
in the time set. &ne of the ma'or causes of lateness is going to bed late
becausei t   c o u l d   r e s u l t   i n   w a k i n g   u p   l a t e   a n d   i n s u f f i c i e n t  
r e s t   f o r   t h e   l e s s o n   o n   t h e   n e # t   d a y . ()akpodia*+aflaghor, -
/ 0aren, -1.2esides, lateness is caused by innate an#iety level of an
individual, here are no positive incentives to be on time as students assume that
there will beno constructive activities happen for the first five minutes of the class.
he lack of functional andeffective punctuality policy too causes tardiness.
As there are no immediate conse"uences
for  being tardy and nothing will happen .(Sprick* +aniels1.3any researchers have 
indicated thatclass tardiness is a serious issue.  he  amount of
time actually spent in the classroom is crucialelement of students academic
success . Students who possess regular attendances to school tendto achieve higher
grades compared to those students who are fre"uently absent (as cited in
4ones, --51. Students are forced to abstain from the chances to
learn. 6hen they are absent fromschool, arrive late, or cut class. student will
find it arduous to pick up what is being taught in theschool in his absence unless he
engages in off campus productively (6heat 7781. he learningof students who
go to class on time is also regularly interrupted by tardy or fre"uently
absentstudents who cause class disruptions and intervene with other students
chances to learn (+inkes/eCampus.net/ 3ar9ano/ Shupe/ :.S. +epartment of
;ducation, )ational Center for
;ducationalS t a t i s t i c s 1 .   S t u d i e s   h a v e   s h o w n   t h a t   o n e   o f   t h e   g r e a
t e s t   c o n c e r n   a m o n g   s t a k e h o l d e r s   i n educationist tardiness issue.
Problem Statement
 

2|
P a   g e
his research e#plores the relationship between school and work tardiness in high
schoolstudents. School personnel, school boards, parents, and employers
who e#amine this data willhave a better understanding of school tardiness,
related school deviant behaviors, and punctualityin a work setting.
Literature Review
 
!iterally, the term $tardiness% implies a situation where an individual is late in
happeningor arriving $(&#ford Advanced !earners +ictionary ,--1%. he
term tardiness is synonymouswith $lateness% which implies arriving after
the e#pected, arranged or usual time $(&#fordAdvanced !earners
+ictionary,  -  -1%. 2esides,  ardiness as coming, occurring or
remainingafter correct, usual or e#pected time.  herefore, the term
$class tardiness% has been viewed asstudents coming late, not attending
lecture on time, missing out initial time from the first periodand primarily not
being present on time.%( 3alik et al., n.d.1%. 3any researchers have
developedchecklists of $deviant% school behaviors which are associated
with poor school performance. ardiness and e#cessive absences as part of
criteria which predict the like dropping out of
school$(3i9ell  78<1%.e#cessive absences and tardiness constituted the
=rd most common reason for student failure in school. $(!igon and
4ackson  7881%. !ow attendance and habitual
tardinessw e r e   a m o n g   t h e   c o m m o n   c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s   of   l o w > a c h i e v i n g  
high school students.%(Cuellar, 7 7  1 % . ! o w   a c h i e v e m e n t  
correlated with chronic absenteeism in high school students
. $(;stcourt7851%. 3any school interventions to improve student performance
use tardiness andabsences as indicators of success or failure of the intervention. ?
owever, the relationships
amongt a r d i n e s s ,   a b s e n c e s ,   a n d   g r a d e s   a n d   d r o p p i n g > o u t   o r   
   s c h o o l   f a i l u r e   a r e   c o m p l e # .  h e  phenomenon of class tardiness in t
he literature has been viewed as students coming late, notreaching school on
time, missing out initial time from the first period and primarily not
being present in the time set by the school. ;ducational psychologists took a great
interest to find thecauses of and solutions to, tardiness and subse"uently
worked a lot to get the most accuratefindings.  hey were more focused
about discovering the root causes behind tardiness so
thatt h i s   pr o b l e m   i s   a d d r e s s e d   a p p r o pr i a t e l y .    h e r e   a r e   m a n y   r e a s o
n s   f o r   t h e   s t u d e n t s   t o   s h o w tardiness in the school, few reasons are
directly related to the student that is students are nottaking their
breakfast on time, students are de>motivated to come to the school and
the youngones who find it e#tremely difficult to get up early in the morning.
6hereas a few are not relatedto the students, but fall on others like family members,
van drivers and others who do not supportstudents to be on time. @esearchers
view tardiness as a form of absence because this is howstudents miss a part
of their class. ardiness is defined as $coming, occurring or remaining after the
correct, usual or e#pected time/ delayed $(ree +ictionary1%. herefore
tardiness can broadly be defined as missing time over a course of a school day.
or that reason researchers reckon it asa chronic problem as two of the classes
which the researchers have taken into
consideration, havea r o u n d   s i #   s t u d e n t s   w h o   t u r n   u p   l a t e   e v e r y   o t
her day and show signs of lethargy and

3|
P a   g e
d i s e n g a g e m e n t   f r o m   s c h o o l .    h e   f a m i l i a r   f a c e s   a r e   l i n e d   u p 
e v e r y   m o r n i n g   o u t s i d e   t h e attendance office with no concern or
emotion on their faces whenever the researchers pass by.  his attitude
can even become more adverse when the students re>promoted from their
middleschool to high school. :npunctuality in the middle school can develop into
high school
latenessw h e r e   t h e   e a r l y   s l o w   d i s e n t a n g l e m e n t   e v o l v e s   i n t o   l a t
e r   t r u a n t   a t t i t u d e .   ; d u c a t i o n a l  psychologists, stated that school
tardiness and absenteeism accelerate if the students are notcommitted to their
school. In an earlier study, reached at the same conclusion, vigorously statingthat if
students do not at home in their school environments, they prefer to be absent or
tardy atschool. $(Birkpatrick, Cronsone and ;lder --1%.
Definition of terms
Punctuality 
:
 

Arriving or doing something at the e#pected or planned tim
e .   0 u n c t u a l i t y   i s   t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c   of   b e i n g   a b l e
t o   c o m p l e t e   a   r e " u i r e d   t a s k   or   f u l f i l l   a n   o b l i g a t i o n   b e f o r e   or    previ
ously designated time.
Attendance
:
2eing present at something, like work or school.
Habitual:
+oing something regularly or repeatedly.
Punishment:
0unishment is the act of inflicting a conse"uence or penalty on someone
as a result of their wrongdoing, or the conse"uence or penalty itself.
Research Objectives
First, you can’t fix a problem that isn’t understood fully. A teacher in one school might know
the reasons and ramifications behind tardiness in their school fully but not comprehend the
reasons for another school’s issues. Rural schools have tardiness issues that differ greatly
from those in the inner city. So to fully understand the issue it must be seen from both the
micro and macro views.

Issues such as 1) is the parents who create tardiness or students, 2) is it intentional tardiness
on the part of either the parent or the student, 3) it is functional - meaning the parent
cannot get the child to school because their car has issues, or the parent works early shift
and is not there to get the child off to the bus, the child has been banned from using the bus
due to behavior and either has to walk or get a parental ride, 4) does the child have an issue
with anxiety or other condition that makes being in a crowded hall a problem (you would be
amazed at how many kids are late for this reason), and many, many other considerations. In
middle and high school, many tardies are from class to class, not getting to school for first
hour. These tardies can have tons of different reasons. Restroom breaks . . . with a 2,000
student middle school this isn’t a four minute passing period possibility. Many students
view passing as social time, etc.

The second part is studying what the ramifications of tardiness are. Again, they vary greatly.
In many classrooms the most important part of a class is the first 15 minutes. For instance,
in my classroom the first thing we do is discuss the objectives, describe what we will be
doing that day and any assignments that will be given. My students write everything in a
planner (as required by our school). We then do a “big picture” introduction to the lesson
that includes all of the major “stuff” we will be learning that day. So, if a student misses this
they are several steps behind. It is also a huge distraction to some classrooms for students to
come in late. Others, not so much. Some students are more of a distraction than others. . .
etc. Some students actually use tardiness as an attention seeking tool. Sometimes tardies are
intentional, sometimes just lack of time management, and others incidental to things
outside the student’s control. Try being a girl and dealing with menstrual issues during a
four minute passing.

The third issue to study is what can be done to fix the problem. This again cannot be done
on a blanket, macro level. You can’t implement consequences to punish the student if the
parents are the issue. You certainly can’t punish a whole busload of kids that are tardy often
in the winter in rural country because the bus cannot get to them until the roads have been
plowed. Are their structures that can be implemented in an inner city school that helps
those students who’s parents are unwilling or unable to get their child ready for school? In
my old middle school, we rearranged class schedule so that students had an elective first
hour so that the disruption to their core education was minimized. (Of course we don’t tell
the student that is why or they would just miss their first class altogether :))

The psychology of educational tardiness is vast. On the surface it seems like an easy fix -
punish kids who are tardy and they will stop. Nope, not so easy.

Thanks for the great question.