Week 1 Introduction to Steel

Structures

NICE, SCEE, NUST Lec. Ahmed Aseem

M.Eng (Structural), Aus

© Copyright NUST, NICE, SCEE

 Structural Steel – Advantages

Properties
• High Strength
• It has high strength per unit weight so it will have low structural weight (Dead Load) as compared to
Reinforced Concrete Members.
• Good for long span bridges, high rise buildings and clear span warehouses.

• Uniformity
• It has uniform properties through out the member length
• Therefore, It provides simplicity in design
 Structural Steel – Advantages

Properties
• Elasticity
• It behaves purely in Elastic manner before yielding i.e. Stress-strain relation is fairly linear before yielding
• Therefore, it observes Hooke’s Law
• F = K.X X = Strain/Displacement F= Stresses/Force K = Stiffness Constant
• Permanence
• Steel maintained properly lasts indefinitely.
• Ductility
“The property of material by which it can withstand extensive deformation without failure under high stresses is
known as ductility” Ref. Jack C. McCormac, Structural Steel Design
• Carbon makes steel stronger but less ductile – Hard and Brittle
• Low carbon Steel are highly ductile
• Enormous deflections at the point of failure before actual fracture occurs
 Structural Steel – Advantages

Properties
• Toughness
“The ability of material to absorb energy in large amount is known as toughness”
• Higher Stresses
• Higher Deflections
• Addition to Existing Structures
• Steel Structures can be extended by use of connection
• Addition can be made by
• Composite Structures
• Steel Structure Members can be used in composite structures such as composite beams, columns and floors
“Composite members have material composition made of Concrete and Steel”
• The strength of composite member is increased greatly
• Adaption to prefabrication
• Speed of erection
• Possible reuse after dismantling
• Scrape value
 Structural Steel – Disadvantages

Properties
• Corrosion
• Steel can be corroded and its strength is affected, needs painting
• Copper is anti-corrosive and should be used during steel making process
• Fire
• Strength reduces as temperature rise
• Good Heat Conductor, must be protected
• Fire resistant paint is required to improve the fire performance.

9/11/2001 World Trade Center

 Structural Steel – Disadvantages

Building Performance Study (BPS) Team by

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
concluded “extensive structural damage, including localized collapse
and that the resulting fires "further weakened the steel-framed structures”

9/11/2001 World Trade Center

 Structural Steel – Disadvantages

Properties
• Buckling
• Compression Members undergoes Buckling
• Higher Slenderness ratio tends the member to deflect in lateral deflection under axial load
• Fatigue
• Cycled variation of stresses reduce strength of steel members
 Stress – Strain Relationship (STEEL)

• Phase 1: Elastic Limit

 Stress and strain have linear relationship and are proportional
 Maximum Stress in material without being permanently deformed
• Phase 2: Yielding Limit
 Significant increase in elongation
 Stress is increased in non-linear manner
• Phase 3: Plastic Limit
 Stress remains constant but strain is increased significantly
 Strain before yielding is “elastic strain” and after yielding is “plastic strain” Stress-Strain Relation
• Phase 4: Strain Hardening
 Additional Stress required after plastic limit to produce further strains
 Huge deflections till it fractures
 Structural Design and Design Loads

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

• The objective of design should be the achievement of an acceptable probability that the
structure will perform satisfactorily for the intended purpose during the design life. With the
appropriate degree of safety, the structure should be able to sustain all the loads and
deformations during construction and its designed life and also have adequate resistance to
accidental loads and fire.

SERVICEABILITY !!
&
STRENGTH !!
 Introduction to Design Methods

1. ASD ( Allowable Stress Design) Method

2. LRFD (Load Resistance and Factor Design) Method

ASD METHOD
• Basic Principle
Required Strength < Available Strength
Maximum Applied < Allowable Stress
• Stress of the model is calculated and checked against “Allowable” stress (usually portion of the yield stress).
• For example:
Allowable tensile stress for gross steel cross section = 0.6 Fy.
This is equivalent of providing a safety factor of 1.67 (Fy/0.6Fy = 1.67).
• Allowable stress will be in Elastic Range
 ASD METHOD
ASD
• Service loads are not multiplied by any factors
• Service loads are summed up and largest value is selected, Ra
• Service loads must be less than nominal strength/safety factor
• Working Load Design
Required Strength Ra < 𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓,𝑹𝒏 = Allowable Strength
𝜴
𝛺 = Safety Factor
LOAD COMBINATIONS (Ref. ASCE 7-10, 2.4.1)
1. D D = Dead Load
2. D + L L = Live Load
3. D + (L or S or R)
r Lr = Roof Live Load
4. D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R) S = Snow Load
5. D + (0.6W or 0.7E) E = Earthquake Load
6a. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75(Lr or S or R) R = Rain Load
6b. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.7E) + 0.75S W = Wind Load
7. 0.6D + 0.6W
8. 0.6D + 0.7E
 LRFD METHOD
LRFD
• Service loads are multiplied by Load factor
• Loads are added to compute highest value, Ru
• Member shall resist factored loads
• Nominal strength of member Rn is reduced by using reduction/Resistance factors Φ

(Reduction Factor Φ ). (Nominal Strength of Member, Rn) > Factored Load, Ru

• As loads are factored, member is subjected to fail at load higher than working load
• Failure conditions are considered, Plastic Design
 LRFD METHOD

LOAD COMBINATIONS (Ref. ASCE 7-10, 2.3.2)

1. 1.4D
2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
4. 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
5. 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
6. 0.9D + 1.0W
7. 0.9D + 1.0E
 Structural Design and Design Loads

DESIGN LOADS
• Dead Loads
• Live Loads
• Roof Live Load
• Wind Load
 Categorization of Building

Reference
ASCE 7-10
Pg.2
 Safety and Load Factors

DEAD LOADS
Reference
ASCE 7-05
Pg.266
 Design Loads – Live Load

LIVE LOADS
Reference
ASCE 7-10
Pg.17
 Design Loads – Live Load

LIVE LOADS
Reference
ASCE 7-10
Pg.18
 Design Loads – Live Load

LIVE LOADS
Reference
ASCE 7-10
Pg.19
 Design Loads – Live Load

As per sec 4.7.1 (ASCE – 10), Except for roof uniform live loads, all other minimum uniformly
distributed live loads, Lo in Table 4-1, shall be permitted to be reduced in accordance with the
requirements of Sections 4.7.2 through 4.7.6.
Design Loads – Live Load
 Design Loads – Live Load

LIMITATIONS for Live Load Reduction

1. Live loads that exceed 100 lb/ft2 (4.79 kN/m2) shall not be reduced except Live loads for
members supporting two or more floors shall be permitted to be reduced by 20 percent.
(4.7.3 ASCE 7 - 10)
2. The live loads shall not be reduced in passenger vehicle garages. ( 4.7.4 ASCE 7 - 10)
3. Live loads shall not be reduced in assembly uses. ( 4.7.5 ASCE 7 - 10)
4. The tributary area, AT, for one-way slabs shall not exceed an area defined by the slab span
times a width normal to the span of 1.5 times the slab span. ( 4.7.6 ASCE 7 - 10)
AT > (Slab Span)*(1.5*Slab span)
 Design Loads – Roof Live Load

Ordinary flat, pitched, and curved roofs, and awning and canopies other than those of fabric
construction supported by a skeleton structure, are permitted to be designed for a reduced roof
live load (ASCE 7-10);
 Example – ASD & LRFD

Q.1

Determine the applied load to be considered using ASD Method by taking into account load
combinations?

Q.2

Compute it using LRFD Methods.

THANK YOU

© Copyright NUST, NICE, SCEE