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Keywords: Accessibility guidelines, tools, e-Government, web style guide, web testing and evaluation and assistive
technology
1. Introduction
This paper investigates the issue that make a
Many governments have realised the importance website accessible and explores the importance
of information and communication technology placed on web accessibility with respect to e-
(ICT) to improve the delivery of information and Government websites. It briefly examines
services to citizens and business. That is, they accessibility guidelines, evaluation methods and
have started to embrace the World Wide Web for analysis tools. Then, an adapted version of the
delivering information and services to all citizens ‘W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines’ will
and residents. The Web phenomenon has be used to evaluate web accessibility of E-
changed the way that people work and Government websites of Saudi Arabia and Oman
communicate. However, while the Web is an as two members of the GCC countries. The
exciting technological tool, it does require evaluation processes include testing each site
innovative design to make it accessible to manually as well as automatically using well-
everyone, including people with disabilities. known accessibility evaluation tools. A brief
evaluation study was conducted to discover the
In addition to the obvious reasons for making e- extent to which developed countries (e.g. UK) and
Government websites conform to accessibility developing countries (e.g. Saudi Arabia and
guidelines, the available statistics highlight the Oman) comply with an internationally accepted
importance of such effort. Exploring these accessibility guidelines. Additionally, an email
statistics, it was found that there are more than survey of the web designers of government
750 million people worldwide with disabilities websites in these two GCC countries was
(Computer Weekly, 2001). In the UK alone, there conducted exploring some accessibility issues of
are 1.7 million blind and partially sighted people such websites. Then the paper concludes by
(UK RNIB, 2002b). In Saudi Arabia, the total presenting recommendations, based on the
numbers of disabled citizens is 720,000, which evaluation findings, for improvements to usability
represents 4% of Saudi's population. In addition, and accessibility of e-Government websites.
the rate is expected to increase by 5% annually
(Riyadh city reporter, 2004). According to the
1995 census, the number of disabled people in
2. e-Government
Oman reached 31,510 (Social Development, Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
1995). however, the W3C estimates that more has fast become one of the main tools for
than 90% of all sites on the WWW are organisational success. This rapid movement of
inaccessible to disabled users (Boldyreff, 2002). ICT raises concerns amongst government
In particular to e-Government websites, 98% of e- agencies as to how to deal with technology in
Government websites are inaccessible (Toasaki, order to enhance the agencies’ service to the
2003). These statistics highlight the extent that of public and to improve the internal progress of the
effort needs to be expanded in order to allow the organisation (Atallah, 2001).
disabled people to gain full benefit of e-
Government websites.
Examining the effectiveness of tools such as the Assistive technology incorporates software or
WatchFire Bobby, W3C HTML Validator, and hardware that has been specifically designed to
UsableNet LIFT it was found that, although these assist people with disabilities in carrying out their
tools can help designers to identify a larger daily activities. Common software-based assistive
number of potential problems, it is not necessary technologies include screen readers, screen
that the designers will be effective in interpreting magnifiers, speech synthesizers, and voice input
and applying the guidelines (Ivory, and Chevalier, software that operate in conjunction with graphical
2002). desktop browsers (among the other user
agents). Hardware assistive technologies
3.3 Assistive technology include alternative keyboards and pointing
For a website to be accesible, it should support devices.
‘Assistive technology’ and ‘Haptic devices’, since
these tools and technologies are designed to help According to (Alliance for Technology Access,
disabled users. 1996) assistive access means that the system
infrastructure allows add-on assistive software to
transparently provide specialized input and output in concept but differ in approach based on the
capabilities. For example, screen readers allow structure of the country. In general, the main
blind users to navigate through applications, objectives focused on improving IT infrastructures,
determine the state of controls, and read text via supporting the country’s economy, E-Learning, E-
text to speech conversion. On-screen keyboards Government and E-Health, improving productivity
replace physical keyboards, and head-mounted at a low cost, setting up standards and guidelines
pointers replace mice. These are only a few of the for a national network, developing a security
assistive technologies that users may add on to framework and the preserving of the society’s
their systems. Interested readers can find a characteristics in a digital age.
wealth of information online (BrailleSurf4, 2003;
Ewers, 2003; IBM, 2003; Intelligent Systems In a previous study, firstly, one of the main issues
Research Group, 2003). investigated was to find out the progress made in
online government services in Saudi Arabia and
4. e-Government initiatives and Oman by adapting the United Nation e-
progress in Saudi Arabia and Oman Government stages model (Abanumy, Mayhew,
and Al-Badi, 2003). The study showed that only
Saudi Arabia and Oman have realised the 13 Saudi ministries have online presence and 8
importance of moving forward to the information Saudi ministries have no presence. In Oman, the
century. Therefore, e-Government initiatives were situation is similar to Saudi Arabia, 14 ministries
launched in both Saudi Arabia and Oman as a out of 22 ministries have online presence and 8
part of overall country information technology ministries have no presence. The evaluation
plans in 2001 and 1998 respectively. The national results are summarized in table 3.
information technology plan for each country
focused on ICT as a tool to reform public
organizations, therefore, the objectives are similar
Table 3: Online presence for Saudi Arabia and Oman ministries
Saudi’s Ministries Oman’s Ministries
Stage Reached
Number % Number %
No presence 8 38% 8 36%
Emerging presence 0 0 0 0
Enhanced presence 3 14% 7 32%
Interactive presence 10 48% 5 23%
Transactional presence - - 2 9%
Seamless - - - -
Adapted: (Abanumy et al., 2003)
Another important issue investigated was to reasons behind that. As the ‘W3C WCAG’
evaluate the usability of e-Government websites guidelines (W3C, 2002b) are comprehensive and
on these two countries. The usability issues that cover many elements, the evaluation was
were examined were the adherence to culture of restricted to the conformance to an "A" rating.
the target audience, information quality, website That is, ensuring that all priority 1 checkpoints are
performance, design consistency and page layout. met. e-Government website evaluation for Saudi
The findings clearly showed that these issues Arabia and Oman has progressed through five
were not seriously considered in either country. stages as follows:
The obtained results do indeed show that both transition to accessible e-Government websites.
governments’ websites failed accessibility tests Also it should work on spreading awareness of
performed above, thus rejecting hypothesis 2. equal opportunity for all clients, e.g. disabled as
well as non-disabled visitors to websites. Based
5.5 Stage 5: on the work described in this paper, the authors
would like to recommend the following issues as
Finally to explore the reasons behind the lack of critical initial steps forwards.
accessibility/usability of e-Government websites in
these two GCC countries an email survey was Website development requires different IT
sent to the webmasters of the government’s expertise in terms of accessibility, usability,
websites asking them what are the aspects that security, user interface design …etc. therefore the
hinder and the aspects that enable governments need to speed up the process of
accessibility/usability of the government websites acquiring such skills by focusing on IT institutions
in question. to increase the number of students who have
enough education on new technologies. Also,
The response rate was 37% and the results were institutions should teach up to date technologies.
as follows:
Government should either adapt the existing web
70% of the respondents believe that the problem accessibility guidelines or develop its own
of inaccessible websites is due to the “lack of guidelines that are appropriate for their context.
awareness of the importance of accessibility of Also, government should set a policy for web
websites”, whereas 65% of them believe that it is accessibility together with an enforcement
due to the fact that there is “no accessibility policy procedure e.g. make the accessibility of
in the country”. As a solution to this problem, government websites a compulsory requirement.
between 60-80% of the respondents articulated An incentive or reward for those who
that accessibility could be achieved by accommodate website accessibility may promote
implementing at least some of the following good web accessibility.
strategies: training the IT personnel on web site
accessibility; increase management awareness Considering website accessibility at the beginning
regarding the importance of web accessibility; of the website development process will reduce
follow existing guidelines across government the cost associated as opposed to doing that at a
websites or provide funds to build new web later stage.
accessibility guidelines and not the least develop
web accessibility policy. In general, governments need to understand the
obstacles to making e-Government’s websites
Clearly, having policies that can be enforced was accessible and should adopt the appropriate
an issue that was endorsed by the majority of solution to improve it. They have to spread the
surveyed webmasters. Also it was understood that awareness of the importance of accessible sites
the lack of accessibility of government sites was by developing appropriate and enforceable
due to the fact that there was no requirement for policies.
accessibility defined by the site owner. Therefore,
this results conformed that hypothesis 3 was true. It is important to understand that all e-Government
endeavours are critically dependent on the
6. Conclusion accessibility of its integral websites. If a website is
This was in-depth evaluation process yet it not accessible to the intended target users, it will
showed, with no doubt, that the government not be successful.
websites in these two GCC countries (Saudi
Arabia and Oman) still need considerable efforts Finally, organisations caring for disabled people
to become accessible websites at all. have a responsibility to spread the awareness
amongst government organisations for making e-
It also revealed that there exists a wealth of Government websites accessible. The successful
accessibility resources and accessibility implementation of e-Government website
guidelines that are usable and coherent; yet lack accessibility would enable disabled peoples to get
of awareness impedes their use. It seems that the involved directly in the community thus making it
governments in this part of the world have not yet better for all.
grasped the importance of providing services for
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