REPORT # 1 (cont.1.

2)

AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
OVER CONTEMPORARY PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SOURCES

CRIME, STATE & SOCIETY IN LATE COLONIAL

PHILIPPINES UNDER US OCCUPATION, 1900-1935

1. PRIMARY SOURCES

1.2. Census of the Philippine Islands (CPI), 1903/1918 & CPI

Bulletins, 1903

Year/vol Content Relevance

1903 CPI/Vol 1 Geography, History,
& Population
Introduction -Authority for and scope of census
-plan and organisation
-appointment and instruction of
census supervisors and enumerators
-enumeration of Christian and non-
Christian tribes
-results of census
-results of geography and history of
the Philippines
-some significant facts concerning
population, agriculture, education,
mortality, social statistics and
manufactures
-possible future effects of census
Geography -Physical formation (situation and
characteristics of archipelago,
harbors, area, mountains and rivers,
fauna and flora, forests, mineral
resources)
-Climate (influences affecting
climatological conditions,
temperature, water vapor,
movement of atmosphere
-Volcanoes and seismic centers
(situation and nature of archipelago,
active and dormant volcanoes,
historical geology, earthquakes,
observation of seismic disturbances,
volcanoes and earthquakes in
Mindanao and Visayas, in
 62

southeastern, central, and northern

Luzon, relative frequency of
earthquakes
-Elevations (alphabetical list of
principal elevations of PI)
-Islands of of Philippine archipelago
(summary of islands of PI -total area of PI, islands with are >
100 sq miles
History I. Discovery and Progress
De Tavera Pardo T H -Settlement and early history
-Immigration of Chinese
-Later History
-Slavery
-Local government
-the power of monastic orders
-Commerce and revenues
-Shipping
-Insular Trade
-Revenues
-Government
-Emancipation from Spain

II.The Judiciary
-Early government
-Oppression
-Courts of First Instance (CFI)
-Justices of the Peace or Municipal
Courts
-Special Courts

Population I.History of the Population -comparative population statistics

Barrows, David P -Christian or civilised tribes 1991,1735, 1800, 1845, 1903
-non-Christian tribes -nominal table over non-Christian
-Chinese and other foreign elementd tribes
in Filipino races

II.Characteristics of Civilised or
Christian tribes
-Extracts of early narratives and
reports
-Comments on recent translations of
clergymen
-Opinions of some of the American
Goverors and supervisors
-Governor Taft’s decription of
Filipino traits and customs

III.Characteristics of non-Christian
tribes
-Negritos
-Igorots -Igorot population data
-Ilongots
-Mangyans
-Tagbanuas
-Suabanons
-Bilans
-Bagobos and Mandayas
-Moros
Appendices I.An Act (467) to provide for taking
a census of the Philippine Islands;
 63

An Act (486) to amend census act

-other amendements to census act

II. Organisation of Philippine

Census (corresponding names of
employees: director, asst directors,
secretaries, chief clerks, disbursing
officers, american clerks in office of
director, special agents, native
clerks. Messengers and laborers,
officers of supervisors’ districts
1903 CPI/Vol 2 Population

Analysis of returns:
-Form of schedule -sample of schedules + diagram of
-Method of tabulation keyboard punch card
-Former censuses and estimates -summary of statistics (total, by ex,
-Comparison with population of birthplace, color, tribes, age,
other countries conjugal condition, literacy,
-Density occupation
-Center of Population -comparative summary table
-Distribution of Population ofprovincial population (civilised &
-Classification of Population by wild)
birthplace, color, sex, and conjugal -population censuses (total pop)
condition 1591-1903
-Literacy -comparative population stat. (Java
-School attendance vs PI); comparative data on pop and
-Occupations % annual increase in 19 countries
-population densities in provinces
(pop/sq mile)
-comparative pop density of various
countries
-population of foreign born (Mla &
provinces)
-q municipalities with persons of
foreign birth
-proportion of population by color
in provinces
-civilised/wild population & % of
total
-proportion of males/females to total
christian population, proportion of
each sex among the brown people,
comparative figures from other
countries, provinces with excess of
males and females respectively
-comparative age distribution (PI,
US, Cuba, Porto Rico), proportion
of children under 10 yrs of age by
province, proportion school age
ditto, proportion males of voting
age, persons over 65
-conjugal statistics (single,
proportion of male/femal among
single, among white and yellow
peoples, porportion of single to total
-proportion of married to total +
comparative intl figures
-literacy statistics & comparative
figures, by sex
 64

-occupational statistics (%
male/female gainfully employed in
PI, US, Porto Rico & Cuba = NB
30% highest rate of women
employed in PI!!; rate of employed
to total by age group, proportionof
wage and nonwage earners to total
pop, comparative data for 5
occupational groups: agriculture,
professional, domestic/service,
trade/transport, manufacturing in
US, PI & Cuba; proportion of
male/female in 5 groups; by age
group; diasaggregated data on
various wage occupations, p 115; by
race
-62 general tables (provincial data
for main categories designated)
1903 CPI/Vol 3 Mortality, Defective Classes,
Education, Families and
Dwellings
Mortality -Form of schedule
-Summary of statistics -summary of statistics (total deaths
-Discussion of earlier records by sex, nativity, color, conjugal
-Deaths in 1902 condition, age group, principal
-Classification of deaths causes of death, principal
-General tables occupations, month of death, 1902-
03)
-death rate and related variables,
Mla
-degrees of reliability of earlier
records 1876-1898 + provincial
breakdowns for corresponding years
Defective Classes -Summary -summary data defective classes
-Insane distribution by sex and defective
-Blind conditions; proportion defective
-Deaf class to total
-Deaf and Dumb -provincial statistics
-General Tables
Education I.Education under Spanish rule (del
Rosario Tomas)
-establishment of public instruction -primary schools in PI 1866, 1892
-secondary instruction -enrollments and graduations 1885-
-superior instruction 86
-recapitulation

II.Under the Americans

-School system prior to American
occupation
-schools under military adminis-
tration
-school system under Philippine
Commission
-purposes of the work undertaken in
Philippines
-interesting particulars of the
educational system

III.Schools
-Schedule
 65

-Summary of statistics -summary statistics: q schools

-classification of schools primary. Secondary, superior
-school buildings (public, private, religious), school
-teachers, pupils buildings (nipa, durable, owned,
-filipino students to US rented)
-sources of revenue
-expenditures

Families & Dwellings -Families -Summary statistics

-Dwellings
-Tenure
-General tables
1903 CPI/Vol 4 Agriculture, Social and Industrial
Statistics
Agriculture I.Products of Archipelago -Value of principal agricultural and
-Importance and extent other exports from PI 1854-1902 %
-Mla Hemp or Abaca of total value
-Sugar
-Tobacco
-Coconut
-Rice
-Indigo
-Dyewoods
-Cacao
-Miscellaneous products
-Domestic Animals
-Fruits, vegetables and fiber plants

II.Returns of the Census -corresponding tables

-the schedule
-collection and tabulationof data (see i.a. area and average size of
-agricultural lands farms and other parcels of land used
-number and size of farms for agriculture, classified by tenure,
-farm area province and commandancias
-color of farmer and tenure
-comparison of cultivated areas, by
years
-products
-domestic animals
-general tables
Social Statistics I.Schedule
-Q newspapers and periodicals by
II.Newspapers and periodicals place of publication and language
-early censorship of the press
-newspapers in 1902
-tables

III.Proprty values and taxes -value of property and amount of

-general statement taxes paid 1902, by province
-relative values and taxes, by
provinces and comandancias

IV.Public Libraries
-advisability of establishing pulic
libraries
-number of libraries

V.Hospitals -public civil hospitals, q patients

-Reasons for inadequate facilities treated and most common diseases,
-4 principal hospitals by province and municipality 1902
 66

-Number of hospitals and patients

VI.Churches
-Relative importance od Catholic
and Protestant churches
-Number, value and capacity of
churches

VII.Pauperism -q paupers by province or

commandancia

VIII.Criminals and Prisons -convicts and prisoners, by

-Number and nativity of convicts province, general nativity
-most common crimes -q prisoners commited and released
-penitentiaries 1902
-Bilibid prison -class of crimes
-prisoners’ length of sentence,
educational condition, sex, age, race
and conjugal condition, occupations

IX. Labor and Wages -daily and monthly wages paid in

-Causes of scarcity of laborers certain occupations
-the Filipinos as laborer
-Wage tables

X.Systems of measurement
-metric system
-lsit of weights and measures

Manufactures I.Development and Progress

-aptitude of people
-reasons for lack of enterprise
-conditions in 1810
-principal articles manufactured
Fisheries
-importance of industry, pearl
fisheries, moro fishing
-q and values of pina, jusi and
sinamay exported; hats
-provinces ranked according to:
total value of products (%capital,
employees, cost of materials, value
of products), average value of
production per establishment
-industries in the order of
importance (q establishments,
capital, total q employees, total
monthly average wage, cost of
materials purchased, value of
product)
-relative importance of provinces in
PI according to number of different
industries in each province

Currency and banking

-monetary standard
-ratio between American and
Mexican currency
-Number of banks
-Spanish Filipino banks
-banking statistics
 67

Insurance
I.Fire and marine
-list of companies and kind of
property each insures
-rates
-general tables

Commerce and Transportation

I.Commerce
-early restrictions
-customs duties
-tables showing growth of
commerce
-foreign and interisland shipping
facilities
II.Transportation
-conditions of roads
-means of transportation
-steam railroads
-Benguet electric railway
-street railways
III.Telegraphic lines
IV.Express companies
1903/CPI Bulletin 1 Population of the Philippines
-Introductory note (Sanger) -total population calssified as
civilised and wild, by provinces and
commandancias
-total population, classified as
civilised and wild, by islands
-civilised population of provinces
and commandancias, by
municipalities
-civilised population of provinces
and commandancias, by
municipalities and barrios
1903/CPI Bulletin 2 The Climate of the Philippines
Algue, Jose Rev. -Introductory note See CPI 1903/Vol 1, Geography
1903/CPI Bulletin 3 Volcanoes and Seismic Centers
Masó Saderra M Rev S.J. -Introductory note Ibid.
1918 Report of the Director of the
Ignacio, Villamor Census to Governor General of PI
Director, Census
-census personnel, organisation, -tabulation on changes in census
execution, problems personnel (due to resignation,
-divisions: incapacity, sickness, deaths,
a.administrative absence)
b.division of forms and archives -data on correspondence and
c.property division appointments
d.accounting division -q employees in Central Office and
e.compilation division distribution
f.computation division -distribution of employees by
g.statistical division province
h.translating and proof-reading -distribution of employees in
division administrative division by age
-financial condition of census
1918 CPI/Bulletin 1 Organisation of the Census of
Villamor, Ignacio 1918
Director, Census
-Census districts 1-5 -names and ranks
 68

--provincial advisory census board

--municipal advisory census boards
--special agents
--enumeration districts and
enumerators
1918 CPI/Vol 1 Geography, History and
selected extracts Climatology

Introduction
-Authority for and scope of census
-proclamation of governor general
-plan for taking of census
-assembly of census inspectors in
Mla
-instructions to enumerators and
difficulties in enumeration of non-
Christian Filipinos
-organisation of census office by
high gov officials
-permanency of census office
-scientific contributions to census
-altas of Philippines with
geographical sketches and historical
accounts
-weather and climate of Phil.
-results of census regarding
population, agriculture, education,
mortality, social statistics,
manufactures, and household
industries
-indications of prosperity and social
progress
-usefulness and necessity of census
data for constructive measures

Geographical sketches of provinces

(selected extracts)
-Albay (geography, historical -summary vital statistics
account)
-Bataan (ibid) -ibid
-Batangas (ibid) -ibid
-Bohol (ibid) -ibid
-Bulacan (ibid) -ibid
-Cagayan (ibid) -ibid
-Cavite (ibid) -ibid
-City of Manila (ibid) -ibid
-Iloilo (ibid) -ibid
-Isabela (ibid) -ibid
-Laguna (ibid) -ibid
-Nueva Ecija (ibid) -ibid
-Negros Occidental (ibid) -ibid
-Negros Oriental (ibid) -ibid
-Pampanga (ibid) -ibid
-Rizal (ibid) -ibid
-Samar (ibid) -ibid
-Tayabas (ibid) -ibid

Preface to list of geographic names

1918 CPI/Vol 2 Population and Mortality
 69
Population I.Schedules 1 and 8
Villamor, Ignacio II.Census 1918 and former censuses
Director, Census III.Density of population
IV.Race
V.Sex
VI.Civil Status
VII.Instruction
IX.Literacy
X.Age
XII.Occupations
XII.Defective Classes
XIII.Families and Dwellings
The non-Christian peoples
I.Pygmies (racial affinities, general
characteristics, geographical
distribution)
II.Indonesians (ibid)
III.Malays (A.pagan Malays:
Tinggians, Bontoks, Igorots,
Ifugaos; B.Mohammedan Malays:
historical background, general
culture groups, the groups.
Mortality Statistics
I.Schedule (the form)
II.Progress of vital statistics
-registers in early days
-the Phil Revolution and the vital
statistics
-the present statistical office
III.General death rates
IV.Summary of results
V.Comparative mortality rates
VI.Mortality of employees in civil
service
VII.Influence of tropical climate
Summary of statistics
-total population Schedules 1 & 8
-nativity, gender, race, citizenship,
religion, age group, civil status,
instruction, occupation, families,
dwellings, defectives
-% increase/decrease in pop/
province
-relative importance of provinces
according to pop
-christian pop and q + % increase
between censuses, 1877, 1887,
1903, 1918
-comparative data on area and
population of other countries
-total and provincial pop, tot areas
and pop/sq mile
-distribution of foreign residents in
Mla + provincial data
-gender, gender to race, to nativity,
to citizenship, to province
-civil status (single, married,
consensually married, widowers &
widows) 1903/18 + % increase
-religious affiliation & gender
-literacy & school statistics
-age groups & gender, % of total
-occupations (groups of occupations
= 5 classes: agric, professional,
domestic/services, trade/transport,
manufacturing) by gender
-defective classes (insane, blind,
deaf, deaf-mute, invalid): total,
gender, difference of defectives
1903/18, classification in order of
importance, gender
-families and dwellings: average q
for each, total q, 1903/18; by
province
General Tables 1-46
-mortality rates 1904-1918, trend of
mortality
-deaths by nationality, by sex, by
age, marital condition, months of
occurrence, age and cause of death,
by month and cause of death
-rise of mortality rates
-comparative death scale (oriental,
Anglo-Saxon, Latin)
-mortality of employees, Americans
& Filipinos 1914-18
 70

1918 CPI/Vol 3 Agriculture, Medicinal Plants,

Buencamino, Felipe Sr Forests Lands and Proper Diet
Director
Agriculture
-inclusion of statistics on agriculture
in the census
-schedule
-lands of PI in general -q farms, area in hectares, hectares
-other classification of farms by under cultivation
area etc
-plants, cattle, poultry
-resume
-General tables
-medicinal plants
-forests
-public lands -tables 1-82
-considerations on a proper diet

Medicinal Plants

Philippine Forests

Public Lands -tables 1-19

-brief sketch of the law on the
disposition of public lands

Considerations on a Proper Diet

-the proper diet
 71
1918 CPI/Vol 4 Social and Judicial Statistics,
Buencamino, Felipe Manufactures, and Household
Director, Census Industries
Part I.Social Statistics
-Schedule # 5 Social statistics
-publications (periodicals, books
and pamphlets
-libraries (public, semi-public)
-free dispensaries, centers for care
of children and charitable
institutions
-hospitals, sanatoriums, patients
registered in 1918, and most
common diseases
-agricultural credit cooperative
associations
-clubs and civic associations
-churches
-pauperism
-wages
-real property
Part II.Judicial Statistics
(Villamor, Ignacio)
-Schedule
--same as 1907-1913: 11 groups of
crimes penalised by Penal Code and
Acts of Phil Commission and Phil
Legislature:
1.Crimes against state
2.against public order
3.falsification and forgery
4.against reputation
5.against persons
6.gainst property
7.against public morals
8.committed by oublic officials in
the exercise of their duties
9.against personal liberty and
security
10. against public health
11.miscellaneous crimes;
--against above classes of crimes the -condition of criminal docket of SC
following vairables were
enumerated:
-cases (filed, dismissed, decided,
pending, appealed)
-sex
-conjugal condition
-age
-instruction
-place
-in state of intoxication
-recidivism
-period of commission of crimes
-decision of court (dismissal,
acquittal, conviction, cases pending) provincial jails
-sentence
-Social statistics: General tables 1-
19 on the 10 major subheadings
under part I on social statistics. See
particularly:
-q paupers by province
-average value of daily wages in
most common trades, by provinces
-assessed value of real property, and
their taxes, by provinces
-statement of revenue collections
and expenditures of provincial
governments
-consolidated income and
expenditures of the Philippine gov.
Judicial statistics: General Tables 1-
104: see specially the ff:
-condition of criminal dockets of
different CFIs
-registered q of accused in CFI
-tables 3-14: q persons accused of
offenses in each of noted 11
categories of crime (NB errrant
public officials, Table 6)
-regional and provincial breakdown
of cases according to criminal
category
-natinoality of accused
-sex of accused
-age of accused
-q witnesses summoned and those
who appeared to testify in criminal
cases before CFI
-condition of civil dockets of several
CFI
-classification of appelants
according to judgements of of CFI
-amount stolen in different
municipalities according to cases of
theft filed in jutice of peace courts
-amount obtained by swindling in
several municipalities according to
cases of swindling filed in justice of
peace courts
-q preliminary investigations made
by justice of peace courts
-sex, nationality, age, occupation of
prinsoners confined in insular and
-crimes committed by prisoners
-duration of imprisonment

1.3. Penal Code (PC) 1904, 1911, 1932
1904/An Act Providing a Penal 1911/The Penal Code of the
Code in the Philippine Islands, Philippine Islands
A Law Proposed to be
Enacted by the Philippine
Commission
Part I. Crimes and Punishments
Title I.General Provisions
1.Preliminary provisions and
definitions
2.Crimes and misdemeanors
3.Persons liable for crimes and
misdemeanors
4.Civil liability for crimes and
misdemeanor
5.Circumstances which exempt
from criminal liaility
6.Penalties and their execution in
general
7.Extinction of criminal liability
Title II.Offenses against the State
8.Treason, rebellion, sedition
9.Offenses against the executive
power
10.offenses against trhe legislative
power
11.offenses against the judicial
power
12.offenses against the elective
franchise
13.offenses against public officials
14.falsification of official seals and
signatures
15.counterfeiting of money
16counterfeiting of instruments of
credit, bank notes, postage stamps,
and other stamped articles whose
sale is reserved to the state
17.falsification of public documents
18.false swearing and denunciation
19faithlessness in the custody of
prisoners and jail delivery
20.faithlesseness in the custody of
documents
21.disobedience and refusal of
cooperation and abandonment of
office
22.misappropriation of public funds
23.offenses of lawyers
24.unauthorised sale, purchase, or
possession of firearms, ammunition,
or explosives
25.offenses against the postal
service
72
Book I: General Provisions
regarding felonies and
misdemeanors, the persons liable,
and the penalties
Title I: Felonies and misdemeanors,
and the circumstances which
exempt from, mitigate, or aggravate
criminal liability
1.felonies and misdemeanors
2.circumstances which exempt from
criminal liability
3.circumstances which mitigate
criminal liability
4. circumstances which aggravate
criminal liability
5.provisions common to the two
preceding chapters
Title II.Perons liable for felonies
and misdemeanors
1.persons criminally liable for
felonies and misdemeanors
2.persons civilly liable for felonies
and misdemeanors
Title III.Penalties
1.penalties in general
2.classification of penalties
3.duration and effect of penalties
-duration of penalties
-effects of penalties according to
respective character
-penalties in which other accessory
penalties are inherent
4.applicationof penalties
-rules for application of penalties to
principals in a consummated,
frustrated, or attempted crime; and
to accomplices and accessories
-rules for application of penalties
with regard to mitigating and
aggravating circumstances
-provisions common to last two
preceding sections
5.Execution and service of penalties
-general provisions
-principal penalties
-accessory penalties
Title IV.Civil Liability
1932/An Act Revising the
Penal Code and other Penal
Laws: “The Revised Penal
Code.”
Preface (Mariano A Albert, see also
his “The Law on Crimes,” 1924):
describes the slow process of
revising the old Spanish Penal Code
of 1887, which had defied revision
until 1932.
Book I.General Provisions
regarding date of enforcement and
application of provisions of this
code, and regarding the offenses, the
persons liable and the penalties
Article 1.Time when act takes effect
Notes & comments:
-historical sketch
-criminal law defined (power to
define and punish crimes)
-characteristics of criminal law
-rules of construction
-repeal of penal laws (effect of
repeal of penal laws in general; and
of the repeal of the repealing
statute)
Art. 2.Application of provisions
Title I (or Chapter I?)Felonies and
circumstances which affect criminal
liability
Art. 3
1.felonies
Art. 4. Criminal liability
Art. 5.Duty of court in connection
with acts which should be repressed
but which are not covered by the
law, and in cases of excessive
penalties.
Art. 6.Consummated, frustrated, and
attempted felonies
Article 7.When light felonies are
punishable
Art. 8.Conspiracy and proposal to
commit felony
Art. 9.Grave felonies and light
felonies
Article 10.Offenses not subject to
the provisions of this Code

Title III.Offenses against Persons
26.Homicide
27.infanticide and abortion
28.duelling and prize fighting
29.assaults with intent to kill or
commit other serious offenses
30.assault and battery
31.sequestration and illegal
detention
32.abandonment and neglect of
children
33.threats and acts of compulsion
34.rape, seduction, and abduction
35.adultery
36.offenses against morality and
decency
37.illegal marriage
38.offenses against the civil status
of persons
39.libel and slander
Title IV.Offenses against Property
40.housebreaking and other
unlawful entry
41.robbery and usurpation
42.brigandage
43.piracy and other offenses upon
the high seas
44.revelation of secrets
45.extortion
46.larceny
47.embezzlement
48.false pretenses and cheats
49.fraudulent bankruptcy
50.frauds in the organisation or
management of corporations and
partnerships
51.fraudulent issue of documents of
title to merchandise
52.falsification of seals, marks,
documents, and signatures of other
than public officials and unfair
competition
53.false weights and measures
54.arson and other malicious
destruction of property
55.malicious mischief to property
Title V.Offenses against Public
Welfare
56.gambling
57.offenses against public health
and safety
58.violating sepulture and the
remains of the dead
59.unlawful combinations and
monopolies
60.vagrancy
Part II.Criminal Procedure
73
Title V.Penalties incurred by those
who evade service of sentence and
those who, while serving sentence,
commit some other crime..
1.penalties incurred by those who
evade service of sentence
2.penalties incurred by those who,
after having been convicted by final
judgement, which has not been
served, or while serving such
sentence commit another offense
VI.Extinction of criminal liability
Book II.Crimes and Penalties
Title I.Crimes against the external
security of the state
-crimes of treason
-crimes that endanger the peace or
independence of the state
-crimes against international law
-crimes of piracy
-general provisions
Title II.Crimes against the
fundamental laws of the state
1.crimes of “Lese majesté, against
the cortes, the council of ministers,
and against the form of
government..
-crimes of Lése majesté
-crimes against the cortes and its
members and against the council of
ministers
-crimes against the form of
government
-provisions common to the three
preceding sections
2.Crimes committed on the occasion
of the exercise of the rights
guaranteed by the fundamental laws
of the state
-crimes committed by private
individuals
-crimes committed by public
officials
-crimes against religion and worship
-provisions common to the last three Chapter 2: Classification of
preceding sections
Title III.Crimes against public order imposed (scale principal/accessory
1.rebellion
2.sedition
3.provisions comon to the two next Chapter 3. Duration and effect of
preceding chapters
4.assaults upon person in authority
and their agents, resistance and
disobedience thereto
Chapter 2: Justifying circumstances
which exempt from criminal
liability
Art.11.Justifying circumstances
(subsections 1-6)
Art.12.Circumstances which exempt
from criminal liability (subsections
1-7)
Chapter 3.Circumstances which
mitigate criminal liability
Art.13.Mitigating circumstances
(subsections 1-10)
Chapter 4.Circumstances which
aggravate criminal liability
Art.14. Aggravating circumstances
(subsections 1-21)
Chapter 5.Alternative circumstances
Art.15. Their concept (relationship:
when mitigating and when
aggravating, intoxication, degree of
instruction)
Title II. Persons Criminally Liable
for Felonies
Art.16. Who are criminally liable
Art.17. Principals (subsections 1-2)
Art.18. Accomplices
Art.19. Accessories
Art.20. Accessories who are exempt
from criminal liability
Title III. Penalties
Chapter 1. Penalties in general
Art.21. Penalties that may be
imposed
Art.22. Retroactive effect of penal
laws
Art.23. Effect of pardon by the
offended party
Art.24. Measures of prevention or
safety which are not considered
penalties
penalties
Art.25. Penalties which may be
penalties)
penalties
Section 1: Duration of penalties
Art.27. Reclusion perpetua
 74

5.contempts, insults, injurias, and Art.28. Computation of penalties

Title VI.General Provisions threats against persons in authority, Art.29. One-half of the period of the
61.Preliminary provisions and and ditto against their agents and preventive imprisonment deducted
definitions other public officers from term of imprisonment
62.local jurisdiction of offenses 6.public disorders
63.prosecution of offenses 7.provisions common to 3 preceding Section 2: Effects of the penalties
64.preliminary examination chapters according to their respective nature
65.rights of the accused Art.30. Effects of the penalties of
66.challenges Title IV.Forgery and counterfeiting perpetual or temporary absolute
67.assessors 1.forgery of the royal signature or disqualitification
stamp, the signature of ministers, Art.31. Effects of penalties of
Title VII.The Trial seals and marks perpetual or temporary special
68.arraignment -forgery of royal signature or stamp disqualification
69.demurrers and pleas and signature of a minister Art.32. Effects of penalties of
70.the hearing -counterfeiting of seals and marks perpetual temporary special
71.reopening of the trial 2.counterfeiting of coind disqualification for the exercise of
72.judgement 3.falsification of bank notes, the right to suffrage
73.appeals documents of credit, stamped paper, Art.33. Effects of penalties of
74.hearing in the Supreme Court postage stamps, and other stamped suspension from any public office,
75.trials in justices and municipal paper, the sale of which is reserved professional or calling, or the right
courts to the state of suffrage
4.falsification of documents Art.34. Civil interdiction
Title VII.Evidence and other -falsification of public, official, and Art.35. Effects of bond to keep the
Provisions commercial documents and peace
76.evidence telegraphic dispatches Art.36. Pardon; its effects
77.arrests -falsification of private documents Art.37. Costs-what are included
78.bail -falsification of passports, Art.38. Pecuniary liabilities, order
79.search warrants certificates of residence and other of payment
80.insolvency certificates Art.39. Subsidiary penalty (rules 1-5
81.fees and costs 5.provisions common to the 4 next with illustrations)
82.execution and judgement preceding chapters
83.repealing, continuing, and other 6.fraudulent concealment of Section 3. Penalties in which other
final provisions property or business, false accessory penalties are inherent
testimony, and false accusation and Art.40. Death, its accessory
complaint penalties
7.usurpation of authority, rank, Art.41. Reclusión perpetua and
titles, and the improper use of reclusion temporal, their accessory
names, uniforms, insignia, and penalties
decorations Art.42. Prision mayor, its accessory
penalties
Title V.Breach of burial laws and Art.43. Prision correccional, its
violation of sepulture and offenses accessory penalties
of public health Art.44. Arresto, its accessory
1.breach of burial laws and penalties
violation of sepulture Art.45. Confiscation and forfeiture
2.offenses against public health of the proceeds or instruments of the
crime
Title VI.Gambling and raffles
Chapter 4: Application of Penalties
Title VII.Crimes committed Section 1: Rules for the application
bypublic officers or employees on of penalties to the persons
the occasion of the performance of criminally liable and for the
their official duties graduation of the same
1.misconduct of judges, other public
officials, and lawyers Art.46. Penalty to be imposed upon
2.infidelity in the custody of principals in general
prisoners Art.47. In what cases the death
3.infidelity in the custody of penalty shall not be imposed
documents Art.48. Penalty for complex crimes
4.revelation of secrets Art.49. Penalty to be imposed upon
 75
5.disobedience and refusal of
assistance
6.anticipation, prolongation, and
abandonment of the duties of public Art.50. Penalty to be imposed upon
office
7.usurpation of power; unlawful
appointments
8.offenses against chastity
9.bribery
10.malversation of public funds
11.frauds and illegal exactions
12.transactions prohibited to
government employees
13.general provisions
Title VIII.Crimes against persons
1.parricide
2.murder
3.homicide
4.provisions common to 3 preceding attempted crime
chapters
5.infanticide
6.abortion
7.physical injuries
7.general provisions
9.dueling
Title IX.Crimes against Chastity
1.adultery
2.rape and unnatural crimes
3.crimes of public scandal
4.seduction and corruption of
minors
5.abduction
6.provisions common to preceding of penalties with regard to
chapters
Title X.Crimes against honor
1.calumny
2.insults
3.general provisions
Title XI.Crimes against the civil
status of persons
1.simulation of births and
usurpation of civil status
2.illegal marriages
Title XII.Crimes against liberty and penalty is not composed of three
security
1.illegal detentions
2.kidnapping of minors
3.abandonment of children and
exploitation of child labor
4.trespass to the dwelling
5.coercion and threats
6.discovery and revelationof secrets a person under 18 years of age
Title XIII.Crimes against property
1.robbery
the principals when the crime
committed is different from that
intended (illustrations)
principals of a frustrated crime
Art.51. Penalty to be imposed upon
principals of attempted crimes
Art.52. ….upon accomplices in
consummated crime
Art.53. ….upon accessories to the
commission of a consummated
felony
Art.54. ….upon accomplices in a
frustrated crime
Art.55. ….upon accessories of a
frustrated crime
Art.56. …..upon accomplices in an
attempted crime
Art.57. …..upon accessories of an
Art.58. Additional penalty to be
imposed upon certain accessories
Art.59. Penalty to be imposed in
case of failure to commit the crime
because the means empoloyed or the
aims sought are impossible.
Art.60. Exception to the rules
established in arts. 50-57
Art.61. Rules fro graduating
penalties (with illustrations)
-Tabulation of the provisions of this
Chapter 4.
Section 2: Rules for the application
mitigating and aggravating
circumstances, and habitual
delinquency
Art.62. Effect of the attendance of
mitigating or aggravating
circumstances and of habitual
delinquency (subsections 1-5)
Art.63. Rules for the application of
the indivisible penalties
Art.64. Rules for the applicationof
penalties which contain 3 periods
Art.65. Rules in cases in which the
periods
Art.66. Imposition of fines
Art.67. Penalty to be imposed when
not all the requisites of exemption
of the fourth circumstance of article
12 are present.
Art.68. Penalty to be imposed upon
Art.69. Penalty to be imposed when
the crime committed is not wholly
excusable
 76
2.theft
3.usurpation
4.frauds
-absconding, fraudulent bankruptcy
or insolvency
-swindling and other deceits
5.machinations to alter the price of
things
6.pawnshops
7.arson and other crimes involving
destruction
8.malicious mischief
9.general provisions
Title IV.Restless imprudence
Book III.Misdemeanors and
penalties therefor
Title I.Misdemeanors against public periods)
order
Title II.Misdemeanors against
general interest of towns
Title III.Misdemeanors against
persons
Title IV.Misdemeanors against
property
Title V.Provisions common to
misdemeanors
Final Provision
Appendix to Penal Code
General Table of duration of
penalties .. and division into degrees minor delinquents
(1-58 penalties)
Penal Acts and provisions of
Philippine Commission and Phil.
Legislature 1900-1911
-banking institutions..
-cruelty to animals; transportation
-sale of intoxicating liquors, Mla
-municipalities
-provincial government act
-common carriers
-notaries public
-the Mla charter
-rinderpest, disposal of dead bodies its burial
-oath of allegiance
-Libel Law
-treason, insurrection and sedition
-bureau of printing
-compulsary vaccination
-practice of medicine
-the customs administrative act
-customs, coastwise trade
-practice of medicine
-stamping of counterfeit coin
Art.70. Successive service of
sentences; exception (scale in order
of gravity: death, reclusion
perpetua, reclusion temporal, prision
mayor, prision correccional, arresto
mayor, arresto menor)
Art.71. Fine
Art.72. Preference in the payment of
civil liabilities
Art.73. Presumption in regard to the
imposition of accessory penalties
Art.74. Penalty higher than
reclusion perpetua in certain cases
Art.75. Increasing or reducing the
penalty fine by one or more degrees
Art.76. Legal period of duration of
divisible penalties (table showing
duration of divisible penalties and
the time included in each of their
Art.77. When penalty is a complex
one composed of 3 distinct penalties
Chapter 5: Execution and Service of
Penalties
Section 1: General Provisions
Art.78. When and how a penalty
shall be executed except by virtue of
a final judgement
Art.79. Suspension fo the execution
and service of penalties in case of
insanity
Art.80. Suspension of sentence of
Section 2: Executionof principal
penalties
Art.81. When and how the death
penalty is to be executed
Art.82. Notification and execution
of the sentence and assistance to the
culprit
Art.83. Suspension of the execution
of the death sentence
Art.84. Place of execution and
persons who may witness the same
Art.85. Provision reltive to the
corpse of the person executed and
Art.86. Reclusion perpetua,
reclusion temporal, prision mayor,
prision correccional and arresto
mayor
Art.87. Destierro
Art.88. Arresto menor
Title IV. Extinction of Criminal
Liability and of Civil Liability
Resulting from Crime
 77
-cockpits and gambling therein
-land registration act
-brigandage
-vagrancy
-military reservations
-prize fighting
-practice of dentistry
-practice of pharmacy
-constabulary
-fraudulent enlistment in the
constabulary
-trademarks
-mutual benefit societies
-chinese registration
-intoxicating liquors, military
reservations
-deposit of government moneys
-locust board and regulations
-buoys and beacons
-public land act
-coinage and currency
-witnesses, military court
-litherage, harbor business, vessels
-large cattle, registration
-forestry
-surra-marking animals
-internal revenue law
-native liquors, sailors and soldiers
-special provinces
-dead bodies; burials; cemeteries
-corporation law
-district health officers
-leper colony, stock farm
-explosive and poisons; fishing
-chattel mortgage law
-public highways, bridges etc
-weights and measures
lottery tickets and advertisements
-fertilizers, regulations
-gambling and horse races
-timber and forest products,
exemptions
-election law
-bonded civil servants
-toll roads and bridges
-intoxicating liquors, non-Christian
tribes
-practice of medicine and pharmacy
-pure food act
-bodies of diceased, scientific
investigation
-flag law
-perjury
-civil service act
-segregation of lepers
-municipalities; fire protection
-misappropriationof public funds
-seamen; arrest and return of
deserters
-counterfeiting
Chapter 1: Extinction of Criminal
Liability
Section 1.Total extinction of
criminal liability
Art.89. How criminal liability is
totally extinguished (subsections 1-
7)
Art.90. Prescription of crimes
Art.91. Computation of prescription
of offenses
Art.92. When and how penalties
prescribe
Art.93. Computation of the
prescription of penalties
Art.94. Partial extinction of criminal
liability
Art.95. Obbligation incurred by
person granted conditional pardon
Art.96. Effect of commutation of
sentence
Art.97. Allowance for good conduct
Art.98. Special time allowance for
loyalty
Art.99. Who grants time allowances
Title V. Civil Liability
Chapter 1: Persons civilly liable for
felonies
Art.100. Civil liability of person
guilty of felony
Art.101. Rules regarding civil
liability in certain cases
Art.102. Subsidiary civil liability of
innkeepers, tavernkeepers and
proprietors of establishments
Art.103. Subsidiary civil liability of
other persons
Chapter 2: What civil liability
includes
Art.104. What is included in civil
liability
Art.105. Restitution, how made
Art.106. Reparation, how made
Art.107. Indemnification, what is
included
Art.108. Obligation to make
restoration, reparation for damages,
or indemnification for consequential
damages and action to demand the
same
Art.109. Share of each person
civilly liable
Art.110. Several and subsidiary
liability of principals, accomplices,
and accessories of a felony,
preference in payment
Art.111. Obligation to make
 78
-disturbance of legislative bodies
-gambling
-danger animal diseases
-opium law
-crime against chastity, etc, public
prosecution
-board of rate regulation; public
service corporations
-arms and ammunition
-the accounting act
-protection of animal life
-telegraphic messages
-the agricultural bank
-purchase of real property at tax sale
by government employee
-insolvency law
-toll road, Mt Province
-Baguio charter
-enlisted service, Bureau of
Navigation
General Orders, No 58 Series of
1900, Office of US military
governor (amending provisions in
pre-existing criminal code of
procedure)
-prosecution of offenses
-rights of accused at trial
-arraignment and counsel
-demurrers and pleas
-the trial
-reopening of the trial
-appeals
-records of trials
-trials in justices’ courts. Appeals
-evidence and proof
-bail
-writ of habeas corpus
-search warrants
-rights of persons injured by the
offense
-miscellaneous and transitory
provisions
Some additional provisions of law
relating to criminal procedure:
-provincial jails and prisoners
-abolishment of garrote
-confinement of minors
-conditional pardons
-parole of prisoners
-subsidiary imprisonment
-costs and fees, criminal cases
restitution in certain cases
Chapter 3: Extinction and survival
of civil liability
Art.112. Extinction of civil liability
Art.113. Obligation to satisfy civil
liability
Book II: Crimes and Penalties
Title I: Crimes Against National
Security and the Law of Nations
Chapter 1: Crimes against national
security
Section 1: Treason and espionage
Art. 114. Treason
Art.115. Conspiracy and proposal to
commit treason, penalty
Art.116. Misprision of treason
Art.117. Espionage
Section 2: Provoking war and
disloyalty in case of war
Art.118. Inciting to war or giving
motives for reprisals
Art.119. Violation of neutrality
Art.120. Correspondence with
hostile country
Art.121. Flight to enemy’s country
Section 3: Piracy and mutiny on the
high seas
Art.122. Piracy in general on the
high seas
Art.123. Qualified piracy
Title II. Crimes against the
fundamental laws of the state
Chapter 1: Arbitrary dentention or
expulsion, violation of dwelling,
prohibition, interruption, and
dissolution of peaceful meetings and
crimes against religious worship
Section 1: Arbitrary detention and
expulsion
Art.124. Arbitrary detention
Art.125. Delay in delivery of
detained persons to the proper
judicial authorities
Art.126. Delaying release
Art. 127. Expulsion
Section 2: Violation of domicile
Art.128. Violation of domicile
Art.129. Search warrants
maliciously obtained and abuse in
the service of those legally obtained
79

Art.130. Searching domicile without

witnesses

Section 3: Prohibition, interruption

of peaceful meetings
Art.131. Prohibition, interruption,
and dissolution of peaceful meetings

Section 4: Crimes against religious

worship
Art.132. Interruption of religious
worship
Art.133. Offending the religious
feelings

Title III: Crimes Against Public

Order

Chapter 1: Rebellion, sedition and

disloyalty
Art.134. Rebellion or insurrection,
how committed
Art.135. Penalty for rebellion or
insurrection
Art.136. Conspiracy and proposal to
commit rebellion or insurrection
Art.137. Disloyalty of public
officers or employees
Art.138. Inciting to rebellion or
insurrection
Art.139. Sedition, how committed
Art.140. Penalty for sedition
Art.141. Conspiracy to commit
sedition
Art.142. Inciting to sedition

Chapter 2: Crimes against popular

representation

Section 1: Crimes against legislative

bodies and similar bodies
Art.143. Acts tending to prevent the
meeting of the legislature and
similar bodies
Art.144. Disturbance of proceedings

Section 2: Violation of
parliamentary immunity
Art.145. Violation of parliamentary
immunity

Chapter 3: Illegal assemblies and

associations
Art.146. Illegal assemblies
Art.147. Illegal associations

Chapter 4: Assault upon, and

resistance and disobedience to
persons in authority and their agents
Art.148. Direct assaults
80

Art.149. Indirect assaults

Art.150. Disobedience to summons
issued by a legislative body or
committee, and refusal to testify
before same
Art.151. Resistance and
disobedience to a person in
authority or the agents of such
person
Art.152. Persons in authority, who
shall be deemed as such

Chapter 5: Public disorders

Art.153. Tumults and other
disturbances of public order,
tumultuous disturbance or
interruption liable to cause
disturbance
Art.154. Unlawful use of means of
publication
Art.155. Alarms and scandals
Art.156. Delivering prisoners from
jails

Chapter 6: Evasion and service of

sentence
Art.157. Evasion of service of
sentence
Art.158. Evasion of service of
sentence on the occasion of
disorders, conflagrations,
earthquakes, or other calamities
Art.159. Other cases of evasion of
service of sentence

Chapter 7: Commission of another

crime during service of penalty
imposedfor another previous offense
Art.160. Commission of another
crime during service of penalty
imposed for another previous
offense

Title IV. Crimes Against Public

Interest
Chapter 1: Forgeries
Section 1: Forging the seal of the
government of the PI, the signature
or stamp of the chief executive
Art.161 Counterfeiting the great seal
of the government of the PI, forging
the signature or stamp of the chief
executive
Art.162. Using forged signature or
counterfeit seal or stamp

Section 2: Counterfeiting coin

Art.163. Making and importing and
uttering false coins
Art.164. Multilation of coins,
81

importation and utterance of

mutilated coins
Art.165. Selling of false or
mutilated coin, without connivance

Section 3: Forging treasury or bank

notes, obligations and securities;
importing and uttering fales or
forged notes, obligations and
securities
Art.166. Forging treasury or bank
notes or other documents payable to
bearer; importing and uttering such
false or forged notes and documents
Art.167. Counterfeiting, importing
and uttering instruments payable to
bearer
Art.168. Illegal possession and use
of false treasury or bank notes and
other instruments of credit.
Art.169. How forgery is committed

Section 4: Falsification of
legislative, public, commercial and
private documents, and wireless,
telegraph, and telephone messages
Art.170. Falsification of legislative
documents
Art.171. Falsification of public
officer, employee or notary or
ecclesiastic minister (subsections 1-
8)
Art.172. Falsification by private
individuals and use of falsified
documents (subsections 1-2,
paragraph 2)
Art.173. Falsification of wireless,
cable, telegraph and telephone
messages, and use of said falsified
messages

Section 5: Falsification of medical

certificates, certificates of merit or
service and the like
Art.174. False medical certificates,
false certificates of merit or service
Art.175. Using false certificates

Section 6: Manufacturing,
importing, and possession of
instruments or implements intended
for the commission of falsification

Art.176. Manufacturing and

possession of instruments or
implements for falsification

Chapter 2: Other falsities

Section 1: Usurpation of authority,
rank, title, and improper use of
82

names, uniforms and insignia

Art.177. Usurpation of official
functions
Art.178. Using fictitious name and
concealing tru name
Art.179. Illegal use of uniforms or
insignia

Section 2: False testimony

Art.180. False testimony against a
defendant
Art.181. False testimony favorable
to the defendant
Art.182. False testimony in civil
cases
Art.183. False testimony in other
cases and perjury in solemn
affirmation
Art.184. Offering false testimony in
evidence

Chapter 3: Frauds
Section 1: Machinations,
monopolies and combinations
Art.185. Machinations in public
auctions
Art.186. Monopolies and
combinations in restraint of trade

Section 2: Frauds in commerce and

industry
Art.187. Importation and disposition
of falsely marked articles or
merchandise made of gold, silver, or
other precious metals or their alloys
Art.188. Substituting and altering
trademarks and tradenames
Art.189. Unfair competition and
fraudulent registration of trademark
or tradename

Title V Crimes relative to opium

and other prohibited drugs

Art.190. Possession, preparation and

use of prohibited drugs, and
maintenance of opium dens
Art.191. Keeper, watchman and
visitor of opium den
Art.192. Importation and sale of
prohibited drugs
Art.193. Illegal possession of opium
pipe or other paraphernalia for the
use of any prohibited drug
Art.194. Prescribing opium
unnecessarily for a patient

Title VI. Crimes Against Public

Morals
83

Chapter 1: Gambling and betting

Art.195. What acts are punishable in
gambling
Art.196. Importation, sale and
possession of lottery tickets or
advertisements
Art.197. Betting in sport contests
Art.198. Illegal betting on horse
races
Art.199. Illegal cockfighting

Chapter 2: Offenses against decency

and good customs
Art.200. Grave scandal
Art.201. Immoral doctrines, obscene
publications and exhibitions
Art.202. Vagrants and prostitutes,
penalty

Title 7: Crimes committed by public

officers

Chapter 1: Preliminary provisions

Section 1: Dereliction of Duty
Art.203. Who are public officers

Chapter 2: Malfeasance and

misfeasance in office
Art.204. Knowingly rendering
unjust judgement
Art.205. Judgement rendered
through negligence
Art.206. Unjust interlocutory order
Art.207. Malicious delay in the
administration of justice
Art.208. Prosecution of offenses;
negligence and tolerance
Art.209. Betrayal of trust by an
attorney or solicitor, revelation of
secrets

Section 2: Bribery
Art.210. Direct bribery
Art.211. Indirect bribery
Art.212. Corruption of public
officials

Chapter 3: Frauds and Illegal

exactions and transactions
Art.213. Frauds against the public
treasury and similar offenses
Art.214. Other frauds
Art.215. Prohibited transactions
Art.216. Possession of prohibited
interest by a public officer

Chapter 4: Malversation of public

funds or property
Art.217. Malversation of public
funds or property, presumption of
84

malversation
Art.218. Failure of accountable
officer to render accounts
Art.219. Failure of responsible
public officer to reder accounts
before leaving the country
Art.220. Illegal use of public funds
or property
Art.221. Failure to make delivery of
public funds or property
Art.22. Officers included in the
preceding provisions

Chapter 5: Infidelity of public

officers
Section 1: Infidelity in the custody
of prisoners
Art.223. Conniving with or
consenting to evasion
Art.224. Evasion through
negligence
Art.225. Escape of prisoner under
the custody of a person not a public
officer

Section 2: Infidelity in the custody

of documents
Art.226. Removal, concealment or
destruction of documents
Art.227. Officer breaking seal
Art.228. Opening of closed
documents

Section 3: Revelation of secrets

Art.229. Revelation of secrets by an
officer
Art.230. Public officer revealing
secrets of private individuals

Chapter 6: Other offenses or

irregularities by public officers
Section 1: Disobedience, refusal of
assistance and matreatment of
prisoners
Art.231. Open disobedience
Art.232. Disobedience to order of
superior officer when said order was
suspended by inferior officer
Art.233. Refusal of assistance
Art.234. Refusal to discharge
elective office
Art.235. Maltreatment of prisoners

Section 2: Anticipation,
prolongation and abandonment of
the duties and powers of public
office
Art.236. Anticipation of duties of a
public officer
Art.237. Prolonging performance of
85

duties and powers

Art.238. Abandonment of office or
position

Section 3: Usurpation of powers and

unlawful appointments
Art.239. Usurpation of legislative
powers
Art.240. Usurpation of executive
functions
Art.241. Usurpation of judicial
functions
Art.242. Disobeying request for
disqualification
Art.243. Orders or requests by
executive officers to any judicial
authority
Art.244. Unlawful appointments

Section 4: Abuses against chastity

Art.245. Abuses against chastity,
penalties

Title VIII. Crimes Against Persons

Chapter 1: Destruction of Life

Section 1: Parricide, murder,
homicide
Art.246. Parricide
Art.247. Death or physical injuries
inflicted under exceptional
circumstances
Art.248. Murder
Art.249. Homicide
Art.250. Penalty for frustrated
parricide, murder or homicide
Art.251 Death caused in a
tumultuous affray
Art.252. Physical injuries inflicted
in a tumultuous affray
Art.253. Giving assistance to
suicide
Art.254. Discharge of firearms

Section 2: Infanticide and abortion

Art.255. Infanticide
Art.256. Intentional abortion
Art.257. Unintentional abortion
Art.258. Abortion practiced by the
woman herself or by her parents
Art.259. Abortion practiced by a
physician or midwife and
dispensing of abortives

Section 3: Duel
Art.260. Responsibility of
participants in a duel
Art.261. Challenging to a duel

Chapter 2: Physical injuries

86

Art.262. Mutilation
Art.263. Serious physical injuries
(subsections 1-4, paragraphs 2-3)
Art.264- Administering injurious
substances or beverages
Art.265. Less serious physical
injuries
Art.266. Slight physical injuries and
maltreatment

Title IX. Crimes Against Personal

Liberty and Security

Chapter 1: Crimes against liberty

Section 1: Illegal detention
Art.267. Serious illegal detention
Art.268. Slight illegal detention
Art.269. Unlawful arrest

Section 2: Kidnapping of minors

Art.270. Kidnapping and failure to
return a minor
Art.271. Inducing a minor to
abandon his home

Section 3: Slavery and servitude

Art.272. Slavery
Art.273. Exploitation of child labor
Art.274. Services rendered under
compulsion in payment of debts

Chapter 2: Crimes against security

Section 1: Abandonment of helpless
persons and exploitation of minors
Art.275. Abandonment of persons in
danger and abandonment of one’s
own victim
Art.276. Abandoning a minor
Art.277. Abandonment of minor by
person entrusted with his custody;
indifference of parents
Art.278. Exploitation of minors
Art.279. Additional penalties for
other offenses

Section 2: Trespass to dwelling

Art.280. Qualified trespass to
dwelling
Art.281. Other forms of trespass

Section 3: Threats and Coercion

Art.282. Grave threats
Art.283. Light threats
Art.284. Bond for good behavior
Art.285. Other light threats
Art.286. Grave coercions
Art.287. Light coercions
Art.288. Other similar coercions
Art.289. Formation, maintenance
and prohibition of combination of
87

capital or labor through violence or

threats

Chapter 3: Discovery and

Revelations of secrets
Art.290. Discovering secrets
thorugh seizure of correspondence
Art.291. Revealing secrets with
abuse of office
Art.292. Revelation of industrial
secrets

Title X. Crimes Against Property

Chapter 1: Robbery in general

Art.293. Who are guilty of robbery
Section 1: Robbery with violence
against or intimidation of persons
Art.294. Robbery with violence
against or intimidation of persons,
penalties (subsections 1-5)
Art.295. Robbery with physical
injuries, committed in an
uninhabited place and by a band
Art.296. Definition of a band and
penalty incurred by members
thereof
Art.297. Attempted and frustrated
robbery committed under certain
circumstances
Art.298. Execution of deeds by
means of violence and intimidation

Section 2: Robbery by the use of

force upon things
Art.299. Robbery in an uninhabited
house or public building or edifice
devoted to worship (subsections 1-4,
paragraph B, subsections 1-2
Art.300. Robbery in an uninhabited
place and by a band
Art.301. What is an uninhabited
house, public building or bldg
dedicated to religious worship and
their dependencies
Art.302. Robbery in an uninhabited
place or in a private bldg.
Art.303. Robbery of cereals, fruits
or firewood in an uninhabited place
or private bldg.
Art.304. Possession of picklocks or
similar tools
Art.305. False keys

Chapter 2: Brigandage
Art.306. Who are brigands, penalty
Art.307. Aiding and abetting a band
of brigands

Chapter 3: Who are liable for theft

88

(subsections 1-3)
Art.309. Penalties
Art.310. Qualified theft
Art.311. Theft of the property of the
National Library and National
Museum

Chapter 4: Usurpation
Art.312. Occupation of real property
or usurpation of real rights in
property
Art.313. Altering bounderies or
landmarks

Chapter 5: Culpable insolvency

Art.314. Fraudulent insolvency

Chapter 6: Swindling and other

deceits
Art.315. Swindling (estafa)
(subsections 1-3, distinction from
theft etc)
Art.316. Other forms of swindling
(subsections 1-6)
Art.317. Swindling a minor
Art.318. Other deceits

Chapter 7: Chattel Mortgage

Art.319. Removal, sale or pledge of
mortgaged property

Chapter 8: Arson and other crimes

involving destruction
Art.320. Destructive arson
Art.321. Other forms of arson
(subsections 1-7)
Art.322. Cases of arson not included
in the preceding articles
Art.323. Arson of property of small
value
Art.324. Crimes involving
destruction
Art.325. Burning one’s own
property as a means to commit
arson
Art.326. Setting fire to property
exclusively owned by the offender

Chapter 9: Malicious Mischief

Art.327. Whoa re liable for
malicious mischief
Art.328. Special cases of malicious
mischief
Art.329. Other mischiefs
Art.330. Damages and destruction
to means of communication
Art.331. Destroying or damaging
statues, public monuments or
paintings
89

Chapter 10: Exemption from

criminal liability in crimes against
property
Art.332. Persons exempt from
criminal liability

Title VII (XI?) Crimes Against

Chastity

Chapter 1: Adultery and

concubinage
Art.333. Who are guilty of adultery
Art.334. Concubinage

Chapter 2: Rape and acts of

lasciviousness
Art.335. When and how rape is
commited
Art.336. Acts of lasciviousness

Chapter 3: Seduction, corruption of

minors and white slavery
Art.337. Qualified seduction
Art.338. Simple seduction
Art.339. Acts of lasciviousness with
the consent of the offended party
Art.340. Corruption of minors
Art.341. White slave trade

Chapter 4: Abduction
Art.342. Forcible abduction
Art.343. Consented abduction

Chapter 5: Provisions relative to

preceding chapters of Title XI
Art.344. Prosecution of the crimes
of adultery, concubinage, seduction,
abduction, rape and acts of
lasciviousness
Art.345. Civil liability of persons
guilty of crimes against chastity
Art.346. Liability of ascendants,
guardians, teachers, or other persons
entrusted with the custody of the
offended party

Title XII. Crimes Against the Civil

Status of Persons

Chapter 1: Simulation of births and

usurpation of civil status
Art.347. Simulation of births,
substitution of one child for another
and concealment or abandonment of
a legitimate child
Art.348. Usurpation of civil status

Chapter 2: Illegal marriages

Art.349. Bigamy
Art.350. Marriage contracted

1.3. Civil Code (CC) 1932, 1948 & Code of Civil Procedure, 1921
1921/The Code of Civil
Procedure of the Philippine
Islands (Act 190)
As amended up to the close of
special session of the Philippine
Legislature, March 1920
Part I
Chapter 1, secs 1-12: General and
preliminary provisions
Chapter 2, secs 13-37: Lawyers,
90
1932/ The Civil Code
An English translation of the
Spanish Civil Code with
subseuent laws enacted by the
Phil. Legislature affecting the C
Code, Vols 1-4
Sinco, Vicente & Capistrano,
Francisco
Preliminary Title
Laws, their effect, and general rules
for their application
against provisions of laws
Art.351. Premature marriages
Art.352. Performance of illegal
marriage ceremony
Title XIII. Crimes Against Honor
Chapter 1: Libel
Section 1: Definition, forms and
punishment of the crime
Art.353. Definition of libel
Art.354. Requirement for publicity
Art.355. Libel by means of writings
or similar means
Art.356. Threatening to publish and
offer to prevent such publication for
a compensation
Art.357. Prohibited publication of
acts referred to in the course of
official proceedings
Art.358. Slander
Art.359. Slander by deed
Section 2: General provisions
Art.360. Persons responsible
Art.361. Proof of the truth
Chapter 2: Incriminatory
machinations
Art.363. Incriminating innocent
person
Art.364. Intriguing against honor
Title XIV. Quasi Offenses
Sole Chapter: Criminal negligence
Art.365. Imprudence and negligence
Title XV. Final Provisions
Art.366. Application of laws
enacted prior to this Code
Art.367. Repealing clause
1948/ Report of the Code
Commission on the Proposed
Civil Code of the Philippines
Creation of Code Commission
How and when proposed civil code
was prepared
 91

their qualifications and duties Book I. Persons 1.Nature of project of civil code
Chapter 3, secs 38-50: Prescription;
time of commencing action Title I.Spaniards and foreigners -a general view
Chapter 4, secs 51-88: Proceedings Title II. Birth and extinction of civil -new rights and causes of action
in courts of justice of the peace personality -different or contrary solutions
1.Natural persons -clarification of present provisions
Procedure in Courts of First 2.Juridical persons -certain subjects ommitted
Instance in Actions Title III.Domicile -language of proposed code
Title IV.marriage -extent of changes
Chapter 5, secs 89-113: Pleadings Chapter 1.General provisions
Chapter 6, secs 114-122: Parties to Section 1: Forms of marriage 2.Fundamental principles, principal
actions -the New Marriage Law reforms and new subjects
Chapter 7, secs 123-152: Various -Marriage requisites
proceedings in CFIs -causes for annulment of marriage A.Fundamental principles
Chapter 8, secs 153-161: Assessors -authority to solemnize marriages- -liberalisation of women’s rights
in CFIs regulations and fees -social justice
Chapter 9. Special Remedies -penal provisions -consolidation of the family
-secs 162-172: injunctions -final provisions (family as institution, family home,
-173-180: receivers Section 2: Provisions common to the family council, other provisions
-181-196: partition of real estate both forms of marriage for family cohesion)
-197-216: usurpation of office or Section 3: Proof of marriage -Filipino customs
franchise, etc Section 4: Rights and obligations -equity above strict legalism
-217-221: Certiorari proceedings between husband and wife -democracy as a way of life
-222-225: mandate Section 5: Effects of annulment of -human personality exalted
-226-230: prohibition marriage and divorce
-231-240: contempt Chapter 2. Canonical marriage B.Principal reforms and new
-241-253: eminent domain Chapter 3. Civil marriage subjects (37 new subjects =
-254-261: foreclosure of mortgage Section 1: Capacity of the individualising character vis-à-vis
-262-272: manual delivery of contracting parties social relations)
personal property Section 2: Celebration of marriage -silence or ambiguity of the law
Chapter 10 Section 3: Annulment of marriage -human relations
-273-347: Rules of evidence Section 4: Divorce -state indemnity for conviction of an
-348-352: Affidavits and -the Divorce Law (Act No 2710) innocent person
depositions Title V. Paternity and Filiation -civil liability arising froma crime
-353-369: depositions Chapter 1: Legitimate children -independent civil actions created
-370-376: perpetuation of testimony Chapter 2: Proofs of filiation of and fostered
Chapter 11 legitimate children -the promise of marriage
-377: Venue of actions Chapter 3: Legitimated children -rights and obligations between
Chapter 12 Chapter 4: Illegitimate children husband and wife
-378-380: Proceedings when judge Title VI. The support of relations -the system of absolute community
is disqualified or diabled Title VII. Parental Authority -the regime of separate property
Chapter 13 Chapter1: General provisions -funerals
-381-383: Witnesses Chapter 2: Effects of parental -substitute parental authority
Chapter 14 authority in respect to the persons of -care and education of children
-384-388: duties of the clerk of CFI the children -use of surnames
Chapter 15 Chapter 3: the effects of parental -easement against nuisance
-389-401: Process, preliminary authority in respect to the property -lateral and subjacent support
process of the children -nuisance
Chapter 16 Chapter 4: Manner of terminating -intellectual creation
-402-411: Subpoenas, and parental authority -form of wills
compelling attendance of witnesses Chapter 5: Adoption -probate during life of testator
Chapter 17 Title VIII. Absence -modified system of legitime
-412-423: Arrest of defendant Chapter 1: Provisional measures in -reforms in interstacy
Chapter 18 cases of absence -“reservas” abolished
-424-442: Attachment of Chapter 2: Declaration of absence -quieting of title
defendant’s property Chapter 3: the administration of the -reformation of instruments
Chapter 19 property of the absentee -natural obligations
-443-473: Final process, execution. Chapter 4: Presumption of death of -estoppel
The execution and proceedings the absentee -trusts
thereon. Chapter 5: Effects of absence upon -unenforceable contracts

Chapter 20
-474-486: Proceedings
supplementary to the execution
Chapter 21
-487-495: Costs in the several
courts
Chapter 22
-496-512: Proceedings in Supreme
Court. General procedure of the
Supreme Court, and procedure on
bills of exceptions
Chapter 23
-513-519: Proceedings in SC in the
exercise of its original jurisdiction
Chapter 24
-520-521: The clerk of the SC and
his duties
Part II. Special Proceedings
Chapter 25
-522: Power of judge or court in
special proceedings
-523-524: Bankruptcy
Chapter 26
-525-550: Proceedings in habeas
corpus
Chapter 27
-551-581: Guardians, their
appointment, duties, powers, and
accounts
(-551-558: Guardians of minors
-559-581: Guardianship of persons
of unsound mind)
Chapter 28
-582-595: Trusts, trustees and
proceedings in relation thereto.
Trusts and trustees.
Chapter 29
-596-598: Estates of deceased
persons. Summary settlement of
estates
Chapter 30
-599-613: Jurisdiction over estates
of deceased persons
Chapter 31
-614-663: Wills and the allowances
thereof, and duties of executors
(641-648: Executors and
administrators, who may act, and
their bonds; 649-663: Death,
removal etc of executors or
administrators)
Chapter 32
-664-667: General duties of
executors and administrators
-668-685: Inventory, appraisal and
account
Chapter 33
-686-701: Claims against estat. How
92
eventual rights of the absentee -uniform sales law
Title IX. Guardianship -the “Pacto de Retro” problem
Chapter 1: General provisions -Commercial Code provisions on
Chapter 2: Testamentary certain contracts abolished
guardianship -extraordinary diligence of common
Chapter 3: Legal guardianship carriers
Section 1: Guardianship of minors .uniform partnership acts
Section 2: Guardianship of insane -lessening litigation
and deaf-mutes -other quasi-contracts
Section 3: Guardianship of -damages (actual or compensatory,
prodigals moral, nominal, temperate or
Section 4: Guardianship of persons moderate, liquidated, exemplary or
under interdiction corrective)
Chapter 4: Guardianship by -rules of court
appointment
Chapter 5: Protutors 3.Other Imortant Changes
Chapter 6: Persons disqualified to Recommended
be guardians and protutors, and
their removal A.Preliminary title
Chapter 7: Exemptions from B.Book I (recommendations in 37
guardianship and protutorship issues)
Chapter 8: Bonds of guardians -natural persons
Chapter 9: the performance of -marriage
guardianship -divorce
Chapter 10: Accounts of the -property relations between husband
guardianship and wife
Chapter 11: Registration of -donations by reason of marriage
guardianship -conjugal partnership
Title X.The Family Council -paternity and filiation
Section 1: the formation of family -legitimated children
council -other illegitimate children
Section 2: procedure in the family -support
council -parental authority
Title XI. Emancipation and majority -adoption
Chapter 1: Emancipation -absence
Chapter 2: Majority -emancipation
Title XII. The Civil Registry -civil registry
-An Act to establish a Civil Register
(Act 3753) C.Book II (recommendations in 7
issues)
Book II. Property, Ownership, and -ownership
its Modifications -accession
-co-ownership
Title I. Classification of property -some special properties
Chapter 1: Immovable property -possession
Chapter 2: Movable property -usufruct
Chapter 3: Property in relation to -easements or servitudes
the person to whom it belongs
Title II. Ownership D.Book III. (recommendations in 4
Chapter 1: Ownership in general issues)
Chapter 2: Right of Accession
Section 1: Right of accession with -occupation
respect to what is produced by -donation
property
Section 2: Right of accession with -succession
respect to immovable property
Section 3: Right of accession with --testamentary capacity
respect to movable property --nature of the act of making a will
Chapter 3: Fixing of boundaries and --wills
placing of monuments --holographic wills
 93

allowed. Chapter 4: the right to enclose the --ordinary wills

Chapter 34
-702-708: Suits by and against
executor and administrator
Chapter 35
-709-713: Property embezzled or
secreted, or fraudulently conveyed
Chapter 36
-714-726: Sale of estate
Chapter 37
-727-733: From what estates debts
to be paid
Chapter 38
-734-745: payment of debts
-746-749: contingent claims
Chapter 39
-750-752: Escheats
Chapter 40
-753-764: distribution of estate
Chapter 41
-765-772: adoption and custody of
minors
Chapter 42
-773-783: Appeals in special
proceedings
Part III
Chapter 43
-784: Forms
-785-794: Fees
Chapter 44
-795-796: Final provisions
Appendices
A.Rules of court (for both SC and and receive donations
CFIs)
B.Judiciary Act 136
C.The Judiciary Reorganisation Act Chapter 4: Revocation and
2347
D.Stenographers’ Duties, Act 2383
E.Eminent Domain Act 294
F.Military Reservation Act 665
G.Railroad expropriation act 1258,
amended 1592
H.Expropriation Procedure Act
2826
I.Authentication of Documents Act
2103
J.Change of Name Act 1386
K.Tha Naturalisation Law Act 2927
L.Insane Persons Act 2122
M.Department of Mindanao
Accessors and Procedures Act 2520
N.Cadastral Act (secs 19-24) 2259
O.Registration of Patents and
Patent-rights act 2235 (sec 5)
rural tenements
Chapter 5: Unstable bldgs and trees --qualification of witness to a will
about to fall
Title III. Co-Ownership of Property --interpretation of wills
Title IV. Special Properties
Chapter 1: Waters (Sections 1-5)
Chapter 2: Minierals
Chapter 3: Intellectual property
-the Copyright Law (Act 3134)
Title V. Possession
Chaper 1: Possession of the kinds
thereof
Chapter 2: Acquisition of
possession
Chapter 3: Effects of possession
Title VI. Usufruct, Use and
Habitation
Chapter 1: Usufruct (sections 1-4) --institution of heirs
Chapter 2: Use and habitation
Title VII. Servitudes
Chapter 1: Servitudes in general
(sections 1-4)
Chapter 2: Legal servitudes
(Sections 1-7)
Chapter 3: Voluntary servitudes
Title VIII. The Registry of Property--shares of the heirs in legal or
Book III. The Different Modes of
Acquiring Ownership
Title I. Occupation
Title II. Donations
Chapter 1: Nature of donations
Chapter 2: Persons who can make
Chapter 3: effects and limitations of inheritance
donations
reduction of donations
Total q articles = 656
--joint andmutual wills
--safeguard in the execution of wills
--heir, devisee and legatee
--married woman as testatrix
--incorporation by reference
--revocation of wills
--republication and revival of wills
--law that governs the validity of
wills
--wills executed in foreign countries
--succession
--substitution of heirs
--legitime
--legal or intestate succession
--abolition of “reservas”
--substitution of heirs
--legitime of compulsary heirs in
testamentary succession
--grounds for disinheritance
--legacies and devises
--order of payment of legacies and
devises
intestate succession
--right of representation
--right of accretion
--precautions when a widow is left
pregnant
--capacity to succeed by will or
intestacy
--incapacity to succeed
--acceptance and repudiation of
--executors and administrators
--payment of debts and
distributionof estate
--collation
--co-ownership and the right to
demand partition
-Prescription
E.Book IV
-obligations
--extinguishment of obligations
--compensation
-contracts
--consent
--cause of contracts
--form of contracts
--defective contracts
--exceptional consequences of void
contracts
94

-sales

-lease
--contract for a piece of work

-partnership
-agency
-loan
-deposit
-aleatory contracts
-compromise and arbitration
-guaranty

-mortgage and pledge

--mortgage
--antichresis
--chattel mortgage

-obligations without an agreement

--quasi-contracts
--quasi-delicts

concurrence and preference of

credits

4.Transitional provisions

5.Repealing clause

6.Suggested procedure in
discussion of project

7.Conclusion
 95

2. SECONDARY SOURCES

2.1. REPRINTED ACCOUNTS IN SERIAL SOURCE

2.1.1. Blair & Robertson (1907) The Philippine Islands 1493-1898
Volume (1-51)/Coverage Contents Relevance
VIII/1591-1593 Preface **Reconstruction of pre-US period
Documents of 1591
-collection of tributes in PI
-liberty of the Indians (decree of
Gregory XIV)
-articles of contract for conquest of
Mindanao
-Ordinance forbidding Indians to
wear Chinese stuff
-Account of encomiendas
-letter to Felipe II
-the fortificationof Mla
-investigations at Mla concerning
trade with Macao

Documents of 1592
-opinions of the religious
community on the war with
Zambales
-letter of congratulation to the
bishop, clergy and people of PI
-letter to Felipe II
-rules for the Manila Hospital
-expedition to Tuy
-two letters to Felipe II
-an embassy from Japan. Hideyoshi
and others
-3 letters to Felipe II
-Luzon menaced by Japanese

Documents of 1593
-letter to governor Dasmarinas,
Felipe II, Madrid
-2 royal decrees, Felipe II, Madrid

XL/1690-1691 Preface **Reconstruction of pre-US period

Documents of 1691
-events at Manila, 1690-91
-bibliographical data
Appendix: Ethnological description
of the Filipinos
-Native races and their customs
(Colin Francisco 1663)
-Natives of southern islands
(Combes Francisco 1667)
-letter on the Filipinos (de San
Agustin Gaspar, 1720)
-The native peoples and their
customs (de San Antonio Juan
Francisco, 1738)
LI/1801-1840 Preface: Outline of events in PI **Reconstruction of pre-US period

LII/1841-1898 (final volume)
2.2. CONTEMPORARY MONOGRAPHS, ACCOUNTS (journals,
periodicals, travelogues)
Yr/Author/Title
1846/Mallat, Jean/The
Philippines,History, Geography,
Customs
96
(1801-40) drawn from accounts of
an English naval officer, a Spanish
official and a merchant familiar
with commerce of the Orient and
Americas.
Documents of 1801-1840
-Events in Filipinas, 1801-1840
(Montero y Vidal)
-Remarks on the PI, 1819-22 (an
Englishman, Calcutta 1828)
-Reforms needed in PI (Pizarro
Manuel Bernaldez; 1827)
-Bibliographic data
Appendix:
-Representation of Filipinas in
Cortes (various sources)
-List of archbishops of Mla, 1581-,
1898 (various sources)
Preface **Reconstruction of pre-US period
Documents of 1841-1898
-Internal political condition of the
Philippines (Sinibaldo de Mas,
1842)
-Matta’s report (Juan Manuel de la
Matta, 1843)
-The Philippines 1860-1898: some
comment and bibliographic notes
(James Leroy 1907)
-Events in the Liga Filipina (Jose
Rizal, 1892)
-the friar memorial of 1898 (Manuel
Gutierrez et al, 1898)
-Bibliographic data
Appendix: Agriculture in Filipinas
(Joseph Basco y Vargas et al)
Content Relevance
I.Discovery of PI **Reconstruction of pre-US period
II.Continuationof discovery of PI
III.State of the country before
discovery
IV.History of the PI from the death
of Legaspi until today
V.Geography
VI.Climate
VII-IX.Natural History -Mla: prices of principal objects of
X.The city of Manila and its consumption
surroundings -data on population and tribute-
XI-XV. Geography of the provinces payers by pueblo & province

1899/Ireland, Alleyne/Tropical
Colonisation- An introduction to
the study of the subject
(cc)
97
(description of 35 provinces) -list of salaries of mayors + payment
XVI. Civil and Judiciary for trading rights, by province
Government
-governor general
-assessor
-civil fiscal
-the Real Acuerdo
-salary of governor general
-alcaldes mayores
-gobernadorcillos
-civil guards
-cabezas de barangay
-the bilangos (prisoners)
-special administration of province
of Tondo
-Ayuntamiento of Mla
-judiciary administration, it is
defective -Table: criminal cases at the
-delays in criminal trials audencia of PI 1837-41 (Year,
-the Real Audencia crimes and torts:
-fiscals rebellion/conspiracy, murder.
-trial by the White Cock for Theft/fraud, arson, seditious
Buddish Chinese meetings/notices, falsehood/perjury,
XVII:Ecclesiastical government and immorality and scandal,
pious work, public feasts and injury/matreatments, total causes +
ceremonies condemnations or punishments)
XVIII. Military government
XIX. Finances
XX. Physical aspect and customs of
the Indios
XXI. Physical aspect and customs
of savage races
XXII. Mores of the sons of the
country, mestizos and Chinese
XXIII. Mores of whites in Mla
XXIV. Idioms in the PI
XXV. Public instruction; state of
the sciences, arts and letters
XXVI. Agriculture
XXVII. Industry
XXVIII-XXX. Commerce
General consideration..
Preface: 3 central questions **nature, form, and history of
addressed by this monograph in imperialism, Age of Empire.
relation to s-c tropical colonization:
-government; labor mobilisation’s
relevance for tropical colonial
development; relation between
tropical colony and sovereign state
(periphery-metropole)
I.Introductory (definition of terms:
colony, dependency
II.Forms of government in tropical
colonies
III.Trade and the Flag -trade statistics: diagrams showing
value in pounds of total imports int
UK from British colonies and
possessions; total exports from
 98

British colonies and possessions

(1856-1895); exports and
manufactures of UK to British
colonies and possessions (same
years); total imports into ditto
(years: ibid); total imports into UK
and the sahre of US; total exports of
produce and manufactures of UK
showing share of US (yrs: ibid);
comparative import/exports data,
UK and US (1878-97); Value of
imports into UK from British
colonies and possessions; value of
exports of produce and
manufactures of the UK to British
colonies and possessions (1893-97);
value in francs of special import and
export trade of France and share of
French colonies and possessions;
trade of some of French colonies in
1897; value in pounds sterling of
total imports/exports of Jamaica and
proportion in each yr of trade with
France and England; value in
pounds sterling of total
imports/exports of Mauritius and
annual proportion of trade with
France and England (1878-97);
summary of diagrams 1-9.

IV. The earlier aspects of the labor

problem in the Tropics
-analyses the impact of
Emancipation and anti-slavery acts
on labor mobilisation in the colonies
resulting i.a. in the collapse of labor
supply; how then to mobilise free
labor, what incentives?

V.The indentured labor system in -comparative data of mean

the British colonies population, average value of annual
exports and exports per capita in
some colonies, 1882-91;
comparative figures on the number
of immigrants introduced into
British Guiana, those returning to
India, value of money and jewelry
taken back to India by returning
immigrants, and number of
immigrants who have commuted,
indentured population (male/female)
on the estates, number of east indian
depositors in government savings
bank, total amount to their credit,
death rate per 1000 of indentured
immigrants vs colony in general
(1878-97);

VI.The solution of the labor

problem by the Dutch

1900/Sawyer, Frederick/The
Inhabitants of the Philippines
1905/Willis, Henry Parker/
Our Philippine Problem: A Study -Phil question a special phase of
of American Colonial Policy
(cc)
99
-Dutch solution to labor problem in
Java = culture system in 1808,
which was gradually relaxed since
1871 by Dutch government.
VII. The colonial problem of the US
(comparative account for Hawaii,
Puerto Rico and Philippines)
Appendix: Bibliographic list of
works on the subject of colonies and
colonization
**description of pre-US judicial
system in PI, with anecdotal data on
crime
Chapter II. Spanish government -distribution of population by
-slight sketch of organisation province, 1877
-distribution of population
-collection of taxes
-the stick
Chapter IV. Courts of Justice
-Alcaldes; Audencia, Guradia Civil,
do not hesitate to shoot, Talas
Chapter V. Tagal Crime and -gives an interesting account of two
Spanish Justice criminal cases: one involving a
-The murder of a Spaniard crime of passion (Juan de la Cruz),
-promptitude of courts another, a class crime (the murder of
-case of Juan de la Cruz, 12 years in the Swede, Alfred Olsen), both
prison waiting trial illustrating how the wheels of
-Piratical in Luzon, culprits never justice grind exceedingly slow in the
tried; several die in prison PI.
Chapter I: The Philippine Problem
imperialism
-early realtions to Phil.
-views of different reasoners
-President McKinleys original view
-Affairs in Phil
-controversies with natives
-protocol of Aug 13 1898
-conduct of Americans
-the Paris Conference
-President McKinley’s proclamation
-outbreak of war; early policy;
progress of war; reaction in public
opinion; demand for independence;
President’s Roosevelt’s attitude
Chapter II: The Beginning of Civil
Government
-reasons for establishing civil gov;
composition of commission; why
this form of gov was chosen;
military character of rule
-Civil Government Act; its
provisions concerning the
 100

commission; mode of legislation in

the Phil.; relations between
governor and other members;
powers of governor; effect of
possible native Assembly; amount
of legislation; attitude of
community

Chapter III: The Phil Civil Service

-organisation of civil service board;
changes in membership; work
accomlished; character of
examinations
-relative numbers of American and -table: q and salaries of Phil civil
Filipino employees; tabular view, service employees, Americans:
hanges in relative numbers; alleged Filipinos in various agencies, 1901-
preference for Filipinos; working of 1903
present system; distribution of
places; character of civil employees;
their competence, high salaries;
overorganisation; inadequacy of the
system

Chapter IV: Local Government

-creation of provincial governments;
unsatisfactory conditions;
establishment of municipalities;
analysis of municipal code and
proviccial code; location of
electoral franchise; real seat of
power; authority of “provincial
board”; control by commission;
practical working of local
government; theoretical defects; Mr
Ireland’s view; the proposed
Assembly; opinions of Filipinos;
home rule the real need

Chapter V: The Legal and Judicial

System
-System of law analysed
-revision of Spanish code
-careless work
-reasons for change
-main points of peculiarity
-Habeas Corpus
-organisation of courts, jurisdiction,
native opinion of the bench, defects
of mode of appointment; lack of
public opinion; some worthy
judges; modes of control; kinds of
testimony admitted in court
-oppression of constabulary spies
-demand for jury system
-political necessities
-complaints of lawyers
-recent prosecutions as example of
methods
-Ricarte inssurection; two verdicts;
disturbed conditions
 101

Chapter VI: The Constabulary and

Maintenance of Order
-Original enlistment of natives; the
scouts; the constabulary; really a
military force; requirement of local
enlistment; use of scouts with
constabulary; disturbed conditions
in the islands; official attitude; real
character of ladrones; legislation; an
era of persecution; reconcentration; -q persons affected by
its effects; conditions in Bilibid reconcentration policy
prison; policy of extreme severity; -growth in prison population 1903
case of Simeon Ola; inefficiency of -q prisioners in Bilibid by crime
constabulary; bad practices; torture; (sentenced, detained)
failure to punish delinquents;
refusal to trust natives; unruly
elements among constables; review
of charges

Chapter VII: The Control of Public

Opinion
-Ignorance of Americans as to Phil
affairs; attitutde of US
administrators; the Senate inquiry;
ineffective methods; absence of
reliable news sources in Mla; nature
of dispatches; various methods of
control; restrictions on Mla press;
sedition and libel acts; absence of
jury trials; restrictions on words and
letters of civil employees; influence
over the pulpit; control of the stage;
absence of freedom of assembly;
Mr. Tafts meeting; the Sandico
meeting

Chapter VIII: Political Parties

-Difficulty of organising parties; the
Federal party, reasons for its
existence, its platform, desire for
statehood
-Mr Taft’s interpretation
-attempted revision
-the national party, its apparent
decadence, real strenght
-other parties, labor unions
-ultimate objective of all parties the
same
-ideas of “independence”, Mr Taft’s
position
-relations desired with the US
-practical demands
-Mabini’s opinion

Chapter IX: The Church Problem

-original character of church -landholdings of 3 religious orders
problem; agrarian problems; the and provincial distribution
friar lands; necessity of purchase;
negotiations; congressional
 102

legislation; change of policy in

Rome; friar land act; failure to solve
problem; relation to church as such;
concessions of US representatives;
desire for American priests; origin
of schism; basis of new Phil
Catholic Church; political charges;
economic questions; legal status of
new church; some recent cases of
dispute; work of Protestants, their
influence; hostility of Catholics;
unfortunate character of religious
complications

Chapter X: American Education in

the Phil. -cost of bureau of education and
-the education act; corps of breakdown
American teachers; Dr Atkinson’s
work, difficulties of the teachers;
classification of schools;
educational budget; serious
troubles; civil service system for
teachers; lack of equipment;
unwisdom of teaching in English;
the native dialects; circular of
bureau on school attendance;
political functions of teachers; the
lines of reform

Chapter XI: Social Conditions

-General social situation
-character of Americans in islands
-attitude towards natives
-the color line, race prejudice
-the liquor business
-opium smoking
-origin of licensed prostitution
-suppåort of inspection by gov., evil
effects
-work of sanitation; Board of Health
-epidemic and other diseases; lepers
and insane; poor hospital
accomodations
-success and failure of Americans

Chapter XII: Economic Legislation

-Motives in taking the Phil.; change -gross import and duties collected
in commercial outlook; revisionof 1900-03
tariff by Commission; commercial
sections of the Treaty of Paris; Phil
tariff of 1901; revenues secured;
demand for modification;
enforcement of Dingley rates; 14
diamond tings’ case; tariff on Phil
products; Phil tariff debate in
Congress; commercial policy; minor
tariff provisions; unsatisfactory
situation; original navigation policy;
modification by Commission; the
Frye Bill, bad effects, present
 103

position, need for sound currency;

Mr Conant’s report; action by
Congress; the “International
Exchange Commission”, the
character of new system; banking;
corporation law; general survey

Chapter XIII: The business

Situation
-importance of foreign trade; -average annual foreign trade
detailed analysis of imports; an (imports/exports/total) + excess of
anomalous situation; demands of exports/imports, 1880-1904
the Army; character of exports; -imports of Phil by classes of
trade with US; sanguine articles
expectations of trade; criticism -exports of Phil by destination and
thereon; the Phil as a market for articles (6 and other countries)
goods; Americans in business in 1899-1904
Mla; retail trade; reasons for lack of
success; export situation; capital
engaged in various industries; trade
in American notion of trade
prospects

Chapter XIV: Rural and

Agricultural Conditions
-Popular view as to Phil agriculture; -rice importation 1893-1904
bad conditions in rural districts;
congressional relief fund; views of
officials; location of distress;
traveller’s impressions; bad roads;
condition of pop.; shortage of rice;
statements of provincial treasurers;
present situation; condition of
bldgs; lack of capital and credit;
land registration, land taxes, high
agricultural wages, increase in
prices; loss of carabaos; government
experiments; lines of relief;
prospects in some staples; hekp
exports and cultivation; obstacles to
enlarging hemp market; competing
products; the future

Chapter XV: The Exploitation of

the Philippines
-exploitation one chief object;
elements of problem; desires of
Commission; provisions of Civil
Gov Act; failure to build roads;
Public Land Act, ill success thus
far; effect of agricultural
development on natives;
exaggerated notion of land areas;
forestry policy; mining situation;
franchise policy; guarantees of
interest; lack of local capital; city
franchises; proposed railway
development, real reason for
railway policy; dissatisfaction with
Filipino labor, itrs true quality,
 104

some representative instances;

Chinese immigration; proper lines
of development

Chapter XVI: Income and Outgo

-Original condition of the treasury; -Table: condition of Phil Treasury
progressive decline of surplus; 1898-1905 (receipts, expenditures,
average annual cost of surplus or deficit, apparent gross
government;outlay for education, surplus, actual and free balance)
for public works; division of costs -data on expenditures; loans and
between islands and US; spanish repayments
income; -provincial trasure debts to insular
-comparative cost of administration government (by province)
-spanish taxes reatined by -comparative Spanish and American
Americans; certain reductions; internal revenues
provincial finance
-new Internal Revenue Law,
probable results
-financial relations with the US
-Army and Navy officers in the civil
service
-the post office
-American civil employees in
insular service
-economic and fiscal policies
contrasted

Chapter XVII: The Future

-two phases of Philippine problem
-impossibility of colonisation
-chance for investment;
opportunities in Oriental trade;
possible field for governmental
experience; military and naval
status of the Phil; dictates of self-
interest
-natives’ capacity for rule, their
experience, some testimony, alleged
difficulties, time of possible action
-relation of the US to any
independent Phil. Government
-attitude of US people
-necessary changes if US retains
control Appendices:
-Free trade, cheap transportation, 1.comparative statement of civil
economical gov., probabalities of emplyees in PI 1903 (by nationality,
exploitaiton salary; breakdown by bureau and
-pressing character of Philippine provincial service); municipal
problem service of Mla
1906/Foreman, John/The Chapter XI **character description of
Philippines -Domesticated natives, origin, native/Oriental social-psychology
character deceitfulness, selective theft, and
imitativeness contrasts with later
statements by Sanger (1903):
natives no race of criminals.
However “under the eye of his
master he (the native) is the most
tractable of all beings … tries to do
just as he is told … follow his
superior like a faithful dog.” (native
 105

aversion to discipline)
Chapter XXVII: End of war of
independence and after
-notorious outlaws
-brigands of the old and new type
-some cases of fiendishness
-Montalon and Felizardo outlaw
bands
-Guards of Honor
-the Pulahan in gloomy Samar,
noble American sacrifices to duty in
Samar
-Army and constabulary statistics -constabulary and army data on:
troop deployment, casualties,
captured arms, 1899
-Seditiopus plays
-landowner conducive to order

Chapter VIII. The Chinese

Chronological table of leading

events: 1494-1906
1909/Villamor, Ignacio/ Introductory: Special Report of the Criminal statistics
Criminality in the Philippine Attorney General on Criminality in 1.persons accused of crimes against
Islands the PI/Criminal statistics state
(cc) 2.persons accused of crimes against
Remarks on the most common public order
crimes 3.-“- falsification/forgery
-questions submitted to provincial 4.Crimes committed by public
fiscals officers in the performance of their
-classification of crimes duties
6.persons accused of crimes against
Crimes against public order the person
-summary reports by province of 7….against the reputation
provincial fiscals 8…. against public morals
9…. Against property
Vagrancy 10….of miscellaneous crimes
-conditions in PI 11.Cases disposed of by the SC
-mendicity or pauperism 12.registered q of persons accused
-decline of vagrancy in each court
-causes of this crime 13.provincial classification of
-Manila (other crimes committed by persons accused of the crime
vagrants bandolerismo
-Number of cases, annual average 14……crime against vagrance
-ratio to total population 15…….against property
--- robbery
Crimes against Property --- theft
-annual average (explanation for --- estafa
growth in certain provinces) --- unlawful entry and detainer
-gross total for last 5 years (in --- arson
selected provinces) --- damages
-robbery and theft, estafa, unlawful 16.provincial classification of
entry and detainer, damages and persons accused of crimes against
arson the person
--- parricide
Crimes against the Person --- murder
-discussion of each category under --- manslaughter
this rubric + suide cases --- personal injuries
--- assault and battery
Crimes against public morals --- infanticide
 106

-discussion of each category --- abortion

--- prize fights
Miscellaneous crimes --- illegal extortion
-violation of opium law, internal 17.provincial classification of
revenue law, illegal cockfights, persons accused of crimes against
pintacasis, game laws, unfair public morals
competition and fraudulent use of --- adultery
trade-marks --- rape and unchaste practices
--- abduction
Causes and remedies for most --- seduction
common crimes --- bigamy
-specification of causes of and 18.Provincial classification of
suggestionof remedies for crimes persons accused of robbery
against property, the person, public 19….theft
morals, illegal marriage, gambling 20….estafa
etc 21….parricide
-education a remedy for these 22….murder
crimes 23….manslaughter
24….personal injuries
Conclusion relative to criminality in 25….adultery
PI 26….rape
-rate of crimes committed 27….abduction
-ratio of persons accused, convicted 28….seduction
-crimes punished with arresto 29. misdemeanors and violations of
mayor, by special laws Manily city ordinances
(bandolerismo, vagrancy) 30.nationality of persons accused of
-decrease in the q criminals and crimes in PI
reasons 31.classificationof foreign prisoners
-criminality in 1903 (political in Bilibid
crimes) 32.distribution of suicide cases by
-growth in criminality during later provinces during the last 5 yrs
years 33.suicide cases in Mla, ibid
-crimes against state, amnesty 34.provincial classification of Bilib
proclamation prisoners
-crimes committed by public 35.occupation of prisoners prior to
officials confinement
-conjugal conditions, importance on 36…..according to instruction
criminality 37.classification of persons accused
-illiteracy in connection with of crimes during the past regime
criminality according to instruction
-habitual criminals (recidivists): 38.classification according to sex
enactment of law defining and 39.conjugal condition of prisoners
providing for penalty 40.classification of recidivists
-criminality among women 41.q juvenile offenders, received
-juvenile offenders and their classification according to
-Bilibid prison inmates, their sex
number by occupation or trade, 42.authorities making the
offenses committed commitments
43.crimes committed by juvenile
Appendix A. offenders
-Influence of food on criminality 44.province orcountry of origin of
-questions to and answers of certain juvenile offenders
physicians 45.occupation of juvenile offenders
-climatological influence on before confinement
criminality (action of heat on human 46.q criminal cases filed in CFI,
organism, fall of temperature classified annually
47.quinquennial groups of the most
Appendix B. common crimes during the past
-list of namesof provincial fiscals regime
who submitted reports 48…during the present regime

1910/Villamor, Ignacio/
Penologia Estadistica Criminal
(cc)
107
-names of physicians requested to
express opinion
-names of clerks of courts who
submitted reports of criminal cases
in respective districts
Villamor: incmbent fiscal general,
office of Justice
Appendix A Penologia, Sumario
-introduccion
Prision de Bilibid
-regimen interior
-trato a los presos
-classificacion de los presos
-sitio de encarcelamiento de jovenes
delincuentes
-aptitud para el trabajo y buena
conducta de los presos
-disciplina de la prision
-procediemiento para la impocision
del castigo
-alicientes para la buena conducta
-instruccion industrial que se da a
los presos
-educacion moral de los presos
-sanidad
-alimentacion de los presos
-aspecto correcional de la prision
-organizacion cuasi-militar
Colonia Penal de Iwahig
-regimen interior de la colonia
Hospicio de San Jose y escuelas
reformatorias
49.q persons accused of different
crimes in CFI
50.General classification of persons
according to their sentence
51.provincial classification of
persons accused according to
sentence
52.females accused of crimes
53.criminal cases filed, classified by
districts
54.persons sentenced to suffer
capital punishment and whose
sentences were affirmed by the Phil
SC
Appendix B Statistical Tables
(NB figures refer to 1907-09 unless
otherwise specified)
1.registered q persons accused of
offenses against the state 1907-09
2.persons accused of crimes against
public order 1907-09
3.-“- falsification/forgery, ibid
4.Crimes committed by public
officers in the performance of their
duties, ibid
5.persons accused of crimes against
the person
6.persons accused of crimes against
personal liberty and security
7….against the reputation
8…. against public morals
9…. Against property
10….of miscellaneous crimes
11.registered q accused in each
court
12.provincial classification of
persons accused of the crime
bandolerismo
13……. vagrancy
14…….against property
--- robbery
--- theft
--- estafa
--- unlawful entry and detainer
--- arson
--- damages
15.provincial classification of
persons accused of crimes against
the person
--- parricide
--- murder
--- manslaughter
--- personal injuries
--- assault and battery
--- infanticide
--- abortion
108

--- prize fights

--- illegal extortion
16.provincial classification of
persons accused of crimes against
public morals
--- adultery
--- rape and unchaste practices
--- abduction
--- seduction
--- bigamy
17.Provincial classification of
persons accused of crimes against
property
18.Provincial classification of
persons accused of crimes against
the person
19.Provincial classification of
persons accused of crimes against
public morals
20.Misdemeanors and violations of
Manila city ordinances
21. nationality of persons accused of
crimes in PI
22. suicide cases in Mla
23.suicide cases in city of Mla
24.classification of persons accused
according to sex
25.persons accused of the most
common crimes
26……according to sentence
27.females accused of crimes
28.classification of accused found
guilty by different CFIs according to
sentence 1903-04 to 1908-09
29. CFI cases according to age
30……………………… to age
31……………. to instruction
32……………. instruction
33……………..conjugal condition
34……………..conjugal condition
35……place of commission of
crime and by reason of intoxication
36…… ibid
37……..by reason of recidivism
38……..ibid
39………juveniles between 8-18
found guilty in different CFIs,
according to the place of
confinement under Act 1438
40………ibid
41………according to profession
42. Criminal cases filed in each
court
43.Reports from clerks of CFI
outside Mla
44. cases in CFI according to crimes
committed
45.cases registered in CFIs 1903/04,
1908/09
46.condition of criminal dockets of
109

CFIs
47.period of commission of crimes
48.provincial classification of
criminal cases appealed to the SC
49.disposition of cases in SC
50.Criminal cases decided by SC
1903/04 & 1908/09
51.persons sentenced to capital
punishment and whose sentences
affirmed by SC
52.classification of recidivists
53.q juvenile offenders and
classification by by sex
54.authorities making commitments
55.crimes committed by juvenile
offenders
56.provinces or country of origin of
juvenile offenders
57.occupations of juvenile offenders
58. classification of foreign
prisoners in Bilibid
59.nativity of Filipino prisoners
60.occupation prior to commitment
61.classification of prisoners in
Bilibid
62.conjugal conditions of prisoners
63.changes in prison population
64.distribution of insular prisoners
65.age of prisoners when received
for confinement
66.changes in prison population
relative to court by which prisoners
were commited
67…….relative to length of
sentences of prisoners in
confinement
68.q convicts punished
69.changes in prison pop relative to
crimes for which commitments were
made
70. provincial prisoners
71.q prisoners in provincial jails
72.classification of prisoners in
provincial jails
73.statistical report on criminal
cases of courts of justices of the
peace (1905-09)
74.Table of averages and
proportions of the cases tried in the
courts of justices of peace based on
figures from 73.
75……ibid
76……ibid
77.Preliminary investigations made
before the Justice of Peace Courts
not recorded in the office of the
clerks of the CFIs
78.Persons wanted by all courts
1910 according to Bureau of
Constabulary
 110

79.q legitimate children born in PI

1914/Worcester, Dean Conant/
The Philippines Past and Present
Vols 1-2
(cc)
1915/Kelly, Amzy B Attorney’s account of a case in
judicial criminality (trial, conviction practical workings of colonial
(cc) and execution of General Mariano
Noriel, Mayor Luis Landas and
Roman Malabanan in January 27
1915) in which he dcondemns the
acts of 3 US chief executives: W
Cameron Forbes, Newton Gilbert
and Francus Burton Harrison.
1903/04 & 1907/08
80.q illigetimate children, ibid
81.Comparative statistical table of
murders and homicides registered in
US and PI 1903/04
82………. of prisoners in US and PI
1904
83……….of crimes against the
person commited in Spain and PI
84……..crimes against property
commited in Spain and PI
85……..crimes against public
morals in Spain and PI
86………cases registered in courts
of Japan and PI
87………persons accused of crimes
in Japan and PI
88………persons convicted of
crimes in ibid.
**a case in point reflecting the
criminal procedures

1.Synopsis of the Noriel case

2.Preliminary case no. 408:
Prelimnary investigation, justice of
the peace court of Bacoor, Cavite;
US versus Gregorio Buendia and
Hermogenes Asuncion and others
for “Assasination” (1909)
3. US versus Gregorio de Guia and
Hermogenes Asuncion; Criminal
case No. 1666; the beginning of the
trial at CFI, Cavite
4.Criminal Case No. 1713: US
versus Gregorio Buendia, CFI,
Cavite (1910)
5.No.1666 Again, Diddling,
Piddling and Perjury, first new trial,
Gregorio de Guia (1910),
“Corruption of witness defense”
6.”The Delay Defense” or Seducing
Higher Authority
7.Fifth Century Justice: CFI
Criminal case No. 1713, US versus
Gregorio Buendia for “Murder”
(1911)
8. Again No.1666 Back to the de
Guia case (1911) CFI Cavite

1917/Elliot, Charles/
The Philippines, to the End of the
Commission Government: A
Study in Tropical Democracy
1919/de los Angeles, Sixto/Aspecto This is an anthropometric study of
General de la Criminalidad en
Filipinas
111
9.The missing links discovered
1915 or scraping the bottom and
digging the rascals out, ocular
inspection by justice of peace
Francisco of Bacoor, Cavite and
Criminal case No 403 preliminary
investigation of Gregorio de Guia
10.Carefulness of Carelessness
11.Clearing the path of obstacles
and preparing the way to make
effective, easy and certain the
conviction of innocent men by
misuse of courts, chief executives,
the press, Bilibid prison and the
army
12.Beacon lights of God’s eternal
truth. Proclaiming the innocent,
crying out for the right, denouncing
the wrong and exposing the guilty
-Introduction **good thumbnail description of
early US bureaucracy
Chapter VI. The Commssion
government and its administration -apart from descriptions of
bureaucratic organisation the ff are
noteworthy:
Chapter VIII.Defense and Public -changes in judicial system by
Safety-Army and Navy organic law, tenure of office of
-cooperation of civil and military justices, personnel of SC,
authorities jurisdiction, CFIs, no juries, native
-the navy, status of army judges, reorganisation law ,
-cost of military establishment injurious to service, the official
-defense from external enemies language Spanish retained in the
-moral effect of army presence courts, probable decline of English
-relations with civil government
-detailed army officers
-organisation of native troops
-the scouts
-the constabulary
-the municipal police
-seditious movements
Datos estadisticos: (1916/17)
criminality with profuse use of -defectos capitales de nuestro
statistics on par with Villamor’s sistema actual
seminal 1909 work Datos officiales
-poblacion carcelaria de Filipinas en
Capitulo II. Aspecto general de la general
criminalidad en Filipinas -cifras de mortalidad carceleria,
general
Capitulo III. Los Criminales -poblacion carceleria de Bilibid
Filipinos (anthropometrical data) -promedios diarios y sus
fluctuaciones
Capitulo IV. Causas especificas del -criminlaidad por provincias
crimen en Filipinas -clases de condena
-constitucion mental de los filipinos -clases de delito
-el amok de los malayos -edad y estado conyugal de los
-la insensibilidad moral presos
-la inclinacion al vicio del juego -defunciones y sus causas
-la supersticion -enfermedades
-el alcoholismo y el vicio de opio -ocupaciones y criminalidad
-el pauperismo -abortos e enfanticidos

1919/Cunningham, Charles
Henry/ The Audencia in the
Spanish Colonies-As illustrated
by the Audencia of Manila
(cc)
1924/Villamor, Ignacio/
Crime and Moral Education
(cc)
112
-valor monetaria de las perdidas
Capitulo VI. Conclusiones ocasionadas por el crimen en
(see i.a. en lo que concierne a la Filipinas
administracion de justicia criminal, -muertes por suicidio y homicidio
regimen penitenciario..) -datos comparativos (1902/1917)
Preface/Introduction
1.Audencias of Spanish colonies -comparative table over various
2.establishment of Audencia in Mla Spanish audencias, by q salas,
(1583-98) fiscals, magistrates, salary of regent
in pesos and total budget in pesos
3.the judicial functions of Audencia -figures showing q crimnal cases
-i.a. cases involving natives, official tried in tribunal 1710-1822
favoritism
4.the judicial functions of Audencia:
the residencia
-i.a. procedures, conduct of trial, a
typical case, reforms
5.the semi-judicial and
administrative functions of
Audencia
-i.a. conflicts of jurisdiction
6.Audencia and governor general:
general relations
7.Audencia and governor: military
jurisdiction
8.Audencia and governor:conflicts
of jurisdiction
-i.a. excesses of magistrates, private
trade
9.Audencia and governor: the ad
interim rule
10.Audencia and church: the royal
patronage
11.Audencia and church:
ecclesiastical jurisdiction
Villamor: incumbent associate
justice of the Supreme Court of PI:
In the foreword of Associate Justice
of SC Thomas Street, we find
General Sangers adage that
Filipinos as a race have no
inclination to crime. Here we find
Villamor again defending this thesis
as he had done in earlier works with
the help of criminal statistics (which
superficially did reflect rising
frequencies, but which he claims
had been more a function of new
legislations)!!
Crime and Moral Education: Criminal statistics:
Introduction -annual average q cases, accused,
Sections: convicted, 1903-07, 1908-12
1.Criminality in the Philippines -average q cases of common crimes
since 1870-1908 (person, property, chastity), ibid.
2.Present state of delinquency in PI -average q for crimes against person
only, ibid.
-average q for crimes against
 113
3.Influence of hereditary tendencies
on criminal acts
4.Propensity to crime
5.Causes of criminality, crimes
against public order
6.Crimes against Property
7.Crimes against the Person
8.Suicide
9.Crimes Against Chastityu
10.Special Crimes
11.Election Frauds and their
remedies
12.Exemplarity of Punishment
13.Prisons and Reformation of
Criminals
-Bilibid Prison (internal
government, treatment of prisoners,
classification of prisoners, fitness
for work and good conduct of
prisoners, prison discipline,
procedure for imposition of
punishment, inducement to good
conduct, moral education of
property only, ibid.
-average q for crimes against
chastity only, ibid.
-proportion of different crimes,
different groups fo crimes for every
10000, ibid.
-q crimes according to sex, ibid.
-influence of education: % accused
according to level of instruction,
ibid.
-according to civil status, ibid
-according to age group, ibid
-q recidivists, ibid
-all cases filed with justice of peace
courts 1909-12 by sex (infringement
of commission and legislature laws,
penal code and municipal
ordinances)
-influence of local conditions:
crimes produced by aggressive
tendencies by province and crimes
against person; ration per 10000
(still unpublished 1910-12 figures)
-crimes produced by acquisitive
tendencies (provinces, crimes
against property, ratio per 10000,
ibid.
-crimes produced by sexual
tendencies (ibid)
-influence of sex on crimes (crimes
against person)
-influence of age on crimes (ibid)
-influence of education on crimes
(ibid)
-influence of profession on crimes
(ibid & property crimes, crimes
against chastity)
-on prisons see also Villamor’s
Penologia Estadistica Criminal
(1910)
Appendix A Statistical Data
1.q persons accused of offenses
 114
prisoner, health conditions,,
corrective aspect of the prison,
quasi-military organisation,
Corregidor prisons and provincial
jails, place of confinement of
juvenile offenders, San Ramon
Penal colony (Zamboanga), Iwahig
Penal Colony (Palawan)
14.Remedies against Criminality
Appendix B: Justice and the
Witnesses: description of criminal
procedure; comparative cases
against the state 1908-1913, annual
average, ratio per 10000
2…………public order, iid
3………...falsification and forgery
4.Crimes committed by public
officers in exercise of their duties,
ibid
5.persons accused of crimes against
the person, ibid
6.persons accused of crimes against
public morals, ibid
7….against the reputation, ibid
8…. against property, ibid
9…..against personal liberty and
security, ibid
10.q persons accused of crimes, ibid
11.general classification of persons
accused in different CFIs, ibid
12.nationality of persons accused in
CFI, ibid
13.classification of persons accused
in criminal cases decided by SC,ibid
14………cases registered in
different CFIs according to crimes
commited, ibid.
15.general classification of cases
registered in diff CFIs according to
crime committed, ibid.
16……..according to their sentence,
ibid.
17……..of accused found guilty by
CFI according to sentence, ibid
18……..according to age, ibid
19…………………to sex, ibid
20……………… to instruction, ibid
21.comparative q criminal cases
filed in CFI (1970-1908)
22.quinquennial group of the most
common crimes (1903-1908)
23-24.ibid (1870-1908)
25.general classification of persons
accused according to sentence
(1870-1908)
26.general classification of persons
accused in different CFIs by reason
of relapse 1908-1913
27.classification of juvenile
offenders received in the Hospicio
de San Jose by reason of their sex,
ibid.
28.crimes committed by juvenile
offenders, ibid.
29.province of country of origin of
juvenile offenders committed to
Hospicio de San Jose, ibid.
30.general classification of persons
accused of violation of laws of
Commission, Legislature and justice
of peace courts according to age,
1909/10; 1912/13.

1926/Alzate, Manuel A/
Convict Labor in Philippine
Islands
(cc: photostatic and JPEG)
115
31.General classification of persons
accused of violation of penal code
in justice of peace courts, ibid.
32…………..violations of
municipal ordinances in justice of
peace courts, according to
judgement rendered, ibid.
33…………convicted and
committed by justice of peace courts
to municipal jails for execution of
sentence according to laws
violated/sex, ibid.
34.misdemeanors and violations of
Mla city ordinances, ibid.
35.Comparative table of murders
and homicides in US and PI 1903-
04
36……….prisoners in ibid
37……………….in Spain and PI
1906-09 (average and ratio)
38………crimes against property
committed in ibid.
39……….crimes against public
morals in ibid (average and ratio)
40………..cases registered in courts
of Japan and PI 1903-05
41………..persons accused of
crimes in ibid (average and ratio)
42………..persons convicted of
crimes in ibid (average and ratio)
10….of miscellaneous crimes
11.registered q accused in each
court
12.provincial classification of
persons accused of the crime
bandolerismo
13……. vagrancy
14…….against property
-International Prison Congress (9th
London, 1925): earlier congresses
focused on penal law, trips to penal
institutions + comparative study of
different penal systems; successive
ones included a broader spectrum of
expertise beyond prison managers
and penologists i.a. lawyers,
physicians, political and social
scientists. The current congress was
attended by a Phil delegate for the
 116

first time (by then asst director of

prisons, Alzate)

I.Introductopry remarks: reveals

current penological orientation in
PI: inmate reform and training for
economic competence
II.Brief account of prison
organisation in PI
-Bilibid prison
-Iwahig Penal Colony
-San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm
-Civil Prison at Fort Mills,
Corregidor
-Bontoc Prison
-Provincial Jails
III.Laws governing convict labor
IV.How convict labor is employed -average prison population
-industries taught in Bilibid (depts
A-H + miscellaneous) -illustrations: plan of Bilibid Prison
-convict labor in farm and other coverng a space of 13 has.; modern
activities in Iwahig Penal Colony hospital in Bilibid built by inmates;
-Moro convict labor in San Ramon furnitures manufactured by inmates
Prison and Penal Farm
-labor of Igorot prisoners in Bontoc
Prison
-convict labor in Fort Mills,
Corregidor and in provincial jails
V.Econojmic and Social Value of
Convict Labor
VI.Conclusion:
-Questions raised and addressed:
should convict labor exclusively
enefit State; how state monopoly
over convict labor tally with current
inmate reformatory goal; effect of
renumerated convict labor?

19257Albert, Mariano/ A textbook for class instruction in

The Law on Crimes criminal law and an index to the
cases on crimes as reported in 45
volumes of Philippine Reports and
those published in Official Gazette
up to Dec 1924. Albert was second
assistant fiscal of the city of Mla
1.Introductory
-definition of criminal law
-power to define and punish crimes
-relative theories justifying such
power (prevention, self-defense,
reformation, exemplarity)
-“The Absolute Theory”: Justice
-sources of Phil criminal law
-general rule for application of
penal code provisions to special law
offenses
-exceptions to rule
-are court decisions or common law
sources of criminal law?
-characteristics of criminal law
 117

-application of penal laws

-rules of construction
-repeal of penal laws
-effect of repeal of penal laws in
general
2.Crime and Misdemeanor
3.Criminal Liability
4.Circumstances affecting criminal
liability: exempting circumstances
5.Circumstances affecting criminal
liability: mitigating circumstances
6.Circumstances affecting criminal
liability: aggravating circumstances
(relating to person, to thing, to
place, no. of culprits, number of
offenses committed, impulsive
cause of the offense, means or mode
of committing the offense, time) +
alternating circumstances (degree of
instruction, relationship, printing,
lithography)
7.Penalty
-i.a. execution and service of
penalty, penal institutions in PI,
classification of prisoners
8.Causes for extinction of criminal
liability
9.Civil liability
10.Crimes against internal security
of the state (crimes of treason, that
endanger the peace or independence
of the state, against international
law, piracy)
11.Crimes against the fundamental
laws of the state
-lese majeste
-crimes against the cortes (Phil
legislature) and its members, and
against council of ministers
-crimes against the form of
government
-crimes committed on the occasion
of the exercise of the rights
guaranteed by the fundamental laws
of the state
12.Crimes against public order
-rebellion
-sedition
-assaults upon persons in authority
-resistance and disobedience
-contempts, insults and threats
against persons in authority
-public disorders
13.Forgery and Counterfeiting
-forgery fo royal signature
-counterfeiting of seals and marks
-counterfeiting of coins
-falsification of documents
-fraudulent concealment of property
or business
 118

-false testimony
-malicious prosecution
-usurpation of authority, rank etc
14.
1927/Villamor, Ignacio/ Villamor: Associate Justice of **compare with revised Penal Code
A Brief Study on the Correctional Supreme Court of PI 1932
Code, Vol 3 #7 Philippine Prisons -outlines and proposes changes in
Review the Penal Code drafted by the Code
Committee composed of jurists and
(cc) an eminent criminologist Rafael del
Pan: corrective rather than punitive
in orientation
1933/Baja, Emmanuel/ Baja sums up 20 years of
Philippine Police System and its experience in the field, identifying
Problems problems and suggesting solutions
addressed to government, public
(cc) and the police forces themselves

Part I: Philippine Police Service

Prior to American Sovereignty
1.Introduction
2.Police Service during the Spanish
Regime
3.The Police system of the erstwhile
Philippine Republic
-mid-1800s (undated) by rank and q
of police forces in various
detachments; data on guardia civil
forces 1867, 1872

Part II: The Philippine Constabulary

(the National Police)
4.The establishment of a national
military police
5.The military arms and the
constabulary
6.Military and Police structure
7.The functions of constabulary
8.Government custodians of -statistics on licensed firearms
firearms and explosives 1910-1932
9.Discipline in constabulary
10.The constabulary academy
11.The constabulary pension system -data on pension fund: amount after
12.The relation between the disbursement, disbursement, 1922-
constabulary and municipal police 1931
13.Constabulary policy in non-
Christian provinces

Part III: The Local Police Forces

(The Municipal and the Chartered
City Police)
14.A Brief History of the Municipal
Police
15.The municipal police at work -causes for suspension 1924-28
16.The city police of Manila (exec bureau)
17.The city police of Baguio -original composition of city police
1901; divisions of manila police
Part IV: Philippine Police force 1930-32; comparative data on
Problems (Politics, Internal police force (Mla vs 3 foreign cities)
Administration, and Corruption)
18.Politics and the police
19.The Public, press, courts and the
Police
20.Vice law enforcement, the

1938/Hurley, Vic/
Jungle Patrol: The Story of the
Philippine Constabulary
(cc)
1939/Rodriguez, Eulogio/
119
community and the police
21. The opium law enforcement and
the police
22.Gambling and the police
23.Government officials and the
police on gambling
24.Corruption in our police service
25.Police procedures
26.Bribery and the police
27.Gifts: Gift givers and policement
28.Prostitution and the police
29.Secret societies and the police
30.A police pension system
31.A police training school is
needed
32. The non-professional police
33.Philippine police statistics
Introduction
1.A setting and a mood
2.Remember Balangiga
3.Birth of the jungle police
4.Sputter of insurrection
5.The “popes”
6.The pulajans
7.Banditry
8.Patrol
9.The bloody island (Samar)
10.The strength of the hills
11.Magnificent outpost
12.The regular in Samar
13.Mohammedans
14.Years shot with flame: 1906-
1907
15.Magnificent youngsters
16.The lengthened patrol
17.Death on the kris
18.The second decade
19.The last of the cottas
20.Synthetic peace
21.The end of the corps
Rodriguez: acting director, National **biography of Villamor, Ignacio
-constabulary activities in
enforcement of Opium Law (q raids,
arrested and worth of confiscations,
1920-32)
-constabulary statistical records on
gambling (q raids, arrested, money
confiscated 1920-32)
Police Statistics
-strength of constabulary 1901-1932
-strength of municipal police forces
-cost of constabulary maintenance
(total expenditure, strength and
maintenance cost per capita 1901-
32)
-cost of municipal police
maintenance 1906-31
-police expenditures of chartered
cities, annual and cost per capita
1900-32
-municipal police salaries by
province 1926-31
-income exclusive of bonds sold and
expenditures for police maintenance
of insular, municipal and chartered
city government 1921-32; % income
for police service computed from
the average of each government
entity 1921-30
-gross revenue of municipality,
maximum q policement, max
monthly salary of each policeman
-police expenditures per sq mile
-police ratio to population
**description of anti-insurgency
campaign before and after official
hostilities between native rebel and
US forces ceased in 1902. Sketches
encounters in areas outside civilian
control.
Appndix: Pay deductions from
various ranks for retirement pay of
constabulary force.
 120

Ignacio Villamor – The Savant Library ***more recent brief biographies of

and the Man Villamor can be found in Manuel &
Manuel’s (1995) Dictionary of
Philippine Biography, Vol. 4
QC:Filipiniana Publications (pp
545-53)