KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

HYDROPOWER ENGINEERING I

CIEG 307
Final Report On

A WORKING MODEL OF A DOUBLE CURVATURE ARCH DAM

WITH OGEE SPILLWAY

Submitted by:
Group 9
Aadarsha Ram Shrestha (50)

Pukar Shrestha (51)

Siraz Shrestha (52)

Utsav Shrestha (53)

Manish Subedi (54)

Bashu Dev Timalsina (55)

Submitted to:

Prof. Dr. Ing. Ramesh K. Maskey

Associate Dean, School of Engineering

Submitted on:
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26TH July, 2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
We like to express our utmost gratitude to our supervisor Prof. Dr.Ing. Ramesh Kumar Maskey,
Associate Dean, School of Engineering for providing us with this wonderful opportunity to carry on
this project and helping us in making the double curvature arch dam at the site.
We are equally thankful to all our seniors and fellow students who have been supportive to our
enthusiasm.
We are indebted to the staffs of the TTC and the Civil Lab for providing us the materials for the
construction of the model.
The help and guidance from our supervisor has been a key component to begin our project. We hope
this project will not only help us to construct a model but also enhance our working, presenting and
group work skills.

Sincerely,
Project members,
Group 09, BE CIVIL (Specialization in hydropower)
3rd year, 2nd semester

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Districts in Catchment Area…………………………………………………………2
Figure 2: Catchment Area……………………………………………………………………..3
Figure 3: Dam site around 2km upstream of Benighat………………………………………..4
Figure 4: General view of the Reservior……………………………………………………....4
Figure 5: Warm Spring Dam – single curvature arch dam……………………………………16

LIST OF TABLE

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Table: Budget Estimation....................................................................................................................24
Table 3: Work Schedule......................................................................................................................25

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TABLE OF CONTENT

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Nepal has high potential of hydropower development due to availability of large number of water resources.Also,
topographic condition i.e change in elevation from 8848m to 100m in a short distance of 160 m to 270m.This
provides high surface runoff ad steep gradient for river flow.
Theoretical hydropower potential in Nepal = 83,000 MW
Technical hydropower potential in Nepal = 44,000 MW

Nepal Electricity Authority had appointed France's Tractwell Engineering as consultant 600 MW Budhi Gandaki
Hydropower Project and company is said to have received Rs 920 million for the job. The feasibility of the project
was completed in 1984 but due to lack of interest of foreign donors it was halted. The initial cost estimated was about
$1.5 billion in 2012 but now it is expected to reach $2.5 billion in 2016. Budhi Gandaki HPP is a storage type and is
said to have flexibility in providing base- load and peak load services and employment generation. Initially it was
stated that the project will displace around 10,000 people and affect 18 VDCs (8 in Dhading and 10 in Gorkha) but
now it is said that the project will displace about 45,000 people. Officials will mark the area spread over 785 hectares
where the displaced locals will be resettled besides the land to build a 235-km-long ring road around the project site.
The government had aimed to complete the project by 2020, but due to political instability and the recent earthquake
the project is yet not started. The Environmental impact assessment was expected to submit by February 28 2016.
Budhi Gandaki Hydropower Project is a storage type hydropower located on the Budhi Gandaki river of Nepal. The
project lies in Gorkha and Dhading districts of Nepal. The project site is accessible through Benighat, which is at
about 85 km from Kathmandu Valley. This project was identified during the Gandaki Basin Study in late 70's. In
1984, a prefeasibility study of the project was prepared. The prefeasibility study of the project has recommended 600
MW capacity of the plant. A 263 m high dam will be constructed which could be a tourist attraction. The government
team is said to mark a 45-km stretch along the Budhi Gandaki River and a 22-km stretch along the Ankhu Khola that
will be submerged when water begins to fill the reservoir of the sto1rage-type hydro project.

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Catchment Area
Gorkha: 2,870 km2
Dhading: 900 km2
Nuwakot: 35 km2
China: 1,565 km2
Total: 5,370 km2

VDC lies in Catchment Area

Gorkha: 37 
Dhading: 27 
Nuwakot: 2 
Manang: 1 
Total: 67
 Dam Site: 
Ghyalchok VDC (Gorkha)
Salang VDC (Dhading)
 

Figure 5: Districts in Catchment Area

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Figure 6: Catchment Area

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 Figure 7: Dam site around 2km upstream of Benighat

Figure 8: General view of the Reservior

Coordinate of dam site Easting Northing
84.7790֩ 27.8146֩

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5
 Sali
ent features
The salient features of the project based on the prefeasibility study of 1984 are as follows:

1. Reservoir
Full Supply Level El.520 m
Minimum Operating Water Level El. 445 m
Gross Capacity (at FSL) 3 320 Million m3
Effective Storage Capacity 2 755 Million m3
Surface Area 50 km2

2. Hydrology
Catchment Area 5 370 km2
Long Term Average Flow 195 m3/s
Construction Flood 3 176 m3/s
Design Flood Discharge 12 827 m3/s
Probable Maximum Flood 15 126 m3/s

3. Diversion System
Design Flood (Routed) 1 170 m3/s
Type Circular

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 Diameter 10 m
Crest Elevation of U/S Cofferdam El.365 m
Crest Elevation of D/S Cofferdam El.320 m

4. Dam
Type Zoned rockfill with inclined core.
Crest Level El.525 m
Maximum Height 225 m
Crest Length 510 m
Upstream and Downstream Slopes 1:2.3; 1:1.8

5. Spillway
Type Ogee type with open chuteway
Channel width 50 m
Crest Level El. 502 m
Design Flood (Routed) 10 053 m3/s
Gate Type Radial
Gate size 18m x 12.5 m, Four gates

6. Waterway and Powerhouse

Intake Shaft Type
Invert Level of Intake El. 428 m
Gate Size 4.25 m x 10m, Three gates
Headrace Tunnel Circular lined
Diameter 12.0 m
Length 276 m

Penstock:
Length 240 m
Diameter 4.0 m
Powerhouse
Type Underground
Width, Length and Height 24 m x 120m x 43.5 m

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7. Generating Equipment

Turbine
Type Francis Type, vertical axis,
Net Head at Rated Water Level 185 m
Rated Discharge 430 m3/s
Installed Capacity 4 x 150 MW
Turbine Rated Speed 214.3 rpm
Normal Tailwater level 312.0 m
Generator
Type Vertical shaft revolving
Capacity 4 x 166 MVA

8. Surge Tank
Location Tailrace tunnel
Type Simple
Dimension 13mx80mx34.5m

9. Tailrace Tunnel
Shape D Shape
Dimension 13m x 13m
Length 1.1 km

10. Access Tunnel

Shape D Shape
Dimension 8m x 10m
Length 976.0 m

11. Dam
Dam Double curvature arch, 263m height, 760m crest length

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Present status
 According to the Budhigandaki Hydroelectric Project Development Committee (BGHPDC), only Rs94.54 million or
2.8 percent of the Rs3.37 billion budget allocated for this fiscal year has been spent as of mid-May. The project has
been in limbo after the government failed to come up with a clear policy regarding the distribution of compensation
payment for the land acquired from locals. BGHPDC chairman Laxmi Prasad Devkota has demanded Rs43 billion
form the government to distribute compensation to the land owners. And the coordinator of Budhigandaki
Stakeholders Committee has proposed the rate between Rs300,000 and Rs800,000.
According to NEA, NEA had carried out additional studies in fiscal year 2010/11 including identification of
alternative locations of the project facilities/structures with a view to achieve optimum utilization of hydropower
power potential of the project site. An alternative location of tailrace near Fisling around 10 km downstream of the
Benighat in Trisuli river had been identified, which would result in additional head gain of about 35 m yielding
additional energy generation upto 700 GWh. About 7 km of additional tunnel needs to be constructed for this option.
Altogether 62 survey monuments have been established near major villages and settlement areas One is located at
Ankhu River, a tributary of Budhigangaki (Established by Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, DHM/ GoN
and rehabilated by NEA), one at Budhi Gandaki River downstream of proposed dam site and the other at Trisuli River
at the tailrace of the proposed underground powerhouse.
Hydrology
On the basis of 43 year’s data of Budhi Gandaki river at Arughat (1964 to 2006). The long-term average flow at the
intake site has been estimated as 167.2 m3/s. The mean monthly flow of various months is given in the table below:
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max 48.3 43 53.2 96.7 189 344 570 597 438 258 114 74.3
Avg 34.9 29.6 34.2 57.9 103.9 230.1 430.4 456.6 328.6 165 84.8 50.7
Min 26 21.2 23.2 38 50 142 291 330 240 91.6 54.1 37.2

Table 1: Flow in Budhi Gandaki in 43 years

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 500
450
400
350
300
250 Months
Mean flow
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Figure 9: Mean flow in m3/s

Reservoir
The installed capacity of Budhi Gandaki HEP is 285 MW at 95% confidence limit. The installed capacity is 600 MW
at 11.4 hours peaking. The optimized installed capacity can be fixed to 1140 MW at 6 hours peaking.
Reservoir Characteristic
Full supply level (FSL): 520m
Minimum Operating level (MOL): 445m
Live storage at Beginning of the year: 2490Mm3
Dead storage: 830Mm3
Reservoir Area at FSL: 50km2
Reservoir Area at MOL: 13km2
Downstream release: 3.1m3/s
Power Plant
Optimized installed capacity: 600MW
Mean tail water level: 278m (after deduction of loss)
Overall plant efficiency: 0.88
Failure to meet firm demand: 5%
The spillage from the reservoir are basically during rainy season( August and September) and shown in table 2. The
average yearly spillage from the reservoir is 4.8m 3/s. The water utilization in Budhi Gandaki Storage Project is 97%.

Months Monthly flow(m3/s) Turbine Flow(m3/s) Spillage

Jan 34.9 147.90 0
Feb 29.6 149.90 0
Mar 34.2 151 0
Apr 57.9 147 0

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 May 103.9 158 0
Jun 230.1 171 0
July 430.4 160 0
Aug 456.6 193.20 22.2
Sept 328.6 223.40 34.9
Oct 165 161.8 0
Nov 84.8 140.8 0
Dec 50.7 143.7 0
Mean 167.2 162.3 4.8
Table 2: Monthly Overflow

Figure 10: Flow comparison after storage project

2. OBJECTIVES
 To construct a working model of double curvature arch dam.
 To learn about the basic concepts of double arch dam.
 To improve workmanship skill.
 To learn about the various skill needed during construction with concrete.

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3. LIMITATIONS

 We were unable to visit the site due to unfavorable conditions.

 We may not design every component of hydropower plant.

 Painting could not be done.

 Powerhouse could not be made at the toe of the dam.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams
helps to control the floods and provide water for various activities such as irrigation, human
consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining
water. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity.
Dams are classified under various basics:

1. By structure

 Gravity dams

 Arch dams

 Arch-gravity dams

 Buttress dam

 Embankment dams

• Rock fill dams

• Concrete face rock fill dams

• Earth fill dams

2. By size

 Saddle dams

 Weir

 Dry dams

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  Check dams

 Diversionary dams

 Underground dams

 Tailing dams

3. By materials

 Steel dams

 Concrete dams

 Timber

 Earth

There are five main categories based on the structural behavior.

 Gravity dam, is constructed from concrete or stone masonry and designed to hold back water by primarily utilizing
the weight of the material alone to resist the horizontal pressure of water pushing against it. Gravity dams are
designed so that each section of the dam is stable, independent of any other dam section.
 Arch dam, is a solid dam made of concrete that is curved in plan (single-curvature) or in plan and elevation
(double-curvature). An arch dam takes advantage of the surrounding topographic area using its shape for stability. So
the force of the water, the hydrostatic pressure, is redirected into the canyon walls by compressing and strengthening
the entire structure. An arch dam is most suitable for narrow gorges or canyons with steep walls of stable rock to
support the structure and stresses. Since they are thinner than any other dam type, they require much less construction
material,making them economical and practical in remote areas.
 Arch-gravity dam, is a dam with both the characteristics of an arch dam and a gravity dam. It bends
upstream in a narrowing curve that directs most of the water against the canyon rock walls,
providing the force to compress the dam.
 Buttress dam, is a dam with a solid water-tight upstream side that is supported at intervals on the downstream side
by a series of buttresses or supports. The dam wall may be straight or curved. Most buttress dams are made of
reinforced concrete and are heavy, pushing the dam into the ground. Water pushes against the dam, but the buttresses
are inflexible and prevent the dam from falling over.

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 Embankment dam, is typically created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi-plastic mound of
various compositions of soil, sand, clay and/or rock. It has a semi-pervious waterproof natural covering for its surface
and a dense, impervious core. This makes such a dam impervious to surface or seepage erosion. Such a dam is
composed of fragmented independent material particles.

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General Concept of Arch Dams
Arch dams are intended to carry static and dynamic loads into the abutments and foundation as efficiently and
effectively as possible. To efficiently carry the loads, arch dams are shaped as thin as possible to optimize the strength
of the concrete. Arch dams with high static stresses that exceed the criteria should be reshaped to redistribute the loads
to arch and cantilever members that are under stressed. Arch dams with low static stresses may not be utilizing the full
potential and strength of the concrete and in essence, wasting concrete. To effectively carry the loads, arch dams are
shaped to carry the loads in a relatively smooth and uniform manner i.e. the upstream and downstream arch faces are
smooth circles, cantilevers are smooth upstream and downstream lines without reentrant corners, and the keyway
profile is smooth, also without reentrant corners. Thus, the loads are efficiently transferred through the arch dam into
the foundation. There is no reinforcement in an arch dam, so tensile stresses are to be minimized by shaping to reduce
the potential for
cracking in the concrete. The shape of arch dams has changed at Reclamation over the years. Crown cantilevers have
evolved from shapes that look more like thin gravity dams with straight segments for the upstream and downstream
faces to curved upstream and downstream faces in an effort to minimize cantilever tensile stresses. The horizontal
arch shapes have evolved also. Some of the early arch dams used vertical lines of centers with constant radii from
abutment to abutment and the same radius centers for the upstream and downstream faces producing uniform
thickness arches. Fillets were used along the abutments to spread out the load and reduce the
bearing stresses into the rock. The lines of centers changed: 1) from a vertical line to sloping lines producing variable
radius centers that varied the amount of curvature by elevation, 2) to separate lines for the extrados and intrados that
also vary the thickness of the arches at the abutments. Reclamation has typically used
circular arcs to define the arches of the dam. Other countries have also used ellipses, hyperbolic parabolas,
logarithmic spirals, and catenary curves.

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2.1.1 Single-Curvature or Double-Curvature Arch Dam
The shape of the crown cantilever defines whether an arch dam is a single-curvature
Or double-curvature arch dam.
A single curvature arch dam has curvature in arches, but not in the crown
Cantilever. Warm Springs Dam is an example of a single curvature arch dam (see
Figure 1 showing L-O-C for Warm Springs Dam). The crown cantilever does not
have any curvature, being composed of a vertical upstream face and 2 line segments

for the downstream face. The only curvature the dam has is in the arches.

Fig 7: Warm Spring Dam – single curvature arch dam

A double curvature arch dam is an arch dam that is curved in plan

(Horizontally) and in elevation (vertically), with undercutting of the heel and has a downstream

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Overhang near the crest a double curvature arch dam has curvature in the arches and in the crown cantilever. The
upstream and downstream faces of the crown cantilever are defined with a series of circular arcs. The upstream face
typically undercuts the middle of the dam minimizing cantilever tensions at the heel of the dam. The downstream face
typically overhangs the middle of the dam minimizing cantilever tensions near the top of the dam on the downstream
face.
Double-curvature arch dams are concrete structures that are curved in plan (horizontally) and in
elevation (vertically). They are very important structures due to their high cost, purpose and
catastrophic impact in case of failure.
Their design is a very complex and sensitive process, as it aims to find the most efficient solution in terms of cost and
stress level, taking into account many constraints at the same time. As a result, there is no software that can provide a
fully automated process.

Figure 8 – Morrow Point Dam – double-curvature arch dam

2.1.2 Dam Thickness

Arch and gravity dams vary in thickness from the crest to the base. Over the years, arch dams have been called thin
arch dams, medium-thick arch dams, and thick arch dams. This determination is based on the ratio of base width of
the dam to the structural height of the dam as shown in the following table. Table 2 groups the inventory of
Reclamation dams by their base to height ratio. An arch dam relies on arching action for support. Sometimes a gravity
dam is curved in plan view, but this does not make it an arch dam because the dam does not need arching action for

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stability. The appropriate designation for this type of dam is a curved gravity dams signifying it is stable by gravity
action.

2.1.3 Lines of Centers

The lines of centers define the horizontal shape of the arches in an arch dam. The shape of the arches starts at the
crown cantilever and curves horizontall downstream toward the abutments. The line of centers create the geometry of
the circular arcs at each elevation of the dam for the upstream and downstream faces by defining the center point of a
circle and the radius of the circle. Depending on the shape and number of lines of centers, the arches can be
1) uniform thickness from abutment to abutment,
2) variable thickness from abutment to abutment,
3) different on the left side of the dam compared to the right side of the dam, or
4) different in the center of the dam compared to the outer part of the dam.

2.1.3.1 Single-, Two-, or Three- Centered Arch Dams

The number of lines-of-centers determines whether the arches are the same on the left and right side of the dam, are
different on the left and right sides of the dam, or different on the inner and outer parts of the dam. A single centered
arch dam has a single line-of-centers that results in the same circular arcs from the left to the right abutment.
A 2-centered arch dam has two lines-of-centers that result in different circular arcs for the left side and right sides of
the dam.
A 3-centered arch dam has two lines-of-centers that result in different circular arcs near the crown cantilever (inner)
and near the abutments (outer). The radii for the inner arcs are shorter than the outer arcs.

2.1.3.2 Uniform- or Variable Thickness Arch Dams

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The number of lines that define the line-of-centers determines whether the arches are uniform thickness or variable
thickness arches. The arches have uniform thickness if there is one line defining the extrados and intrados line-of-
centers. This means that the radius center for the upstream and downstream faces is the same. The radii lengths are
different at each elevation, but since the radius center is the same, the thickness of the arch is uniform. The arches
vary in thickness if there are two lines defining the extrados and intrados line-of-centers. This means that the radius
centers for the upstream and downstream
faces are in different positions in space forcing the circular arcs of the arches to

diverge.

POWERHOUSE:
A power station, also referred to as a power plant or powerhouse and sometimes generating station or generating
plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power.
Most power stations contain one or more generators, a rotating machine that converts mechanical power into electrical
power.
TYPES OF POWER HOUSE
• Surface.
• Semi Under Ground
• Under Ground.
SURFACE POWER HOUSE
All components of the Hydro power projects are
on the natural/excavated ground surface.
Surface power house has the advantage of predetermined topography, design and is easy to
construct. However, these have the disadvantage of limitation of head available as per the topography. In such
projects the water inlet to the machines could be from a penstock or from a tunnel terminating into a penstock. The
water outlet goes into a tail race. If the power house is located just adjacent to the Dam then it is sometimes called a
Dam-toe power house.
SEMI UNDERGROUND POWERHOUSE
Some components of the power house are underground, while others are on surface. The advantages of both surface &
underground are clubbed together in a semi-underground powerhouse, provided
topography & geology so permit.
UNDER GROUND POWER HOUSE
Depending on the topography, a power house may have to be located inside a mountain. Such a power house is called
an underground power house. In such power houses the complete power house
equipment are located inside Cavern. In such power houses various tunnels such as Head race
tunnel for the water inflow to the turbine, Tail race tunnel for water out flow of the turbine and various access tunnel

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have to be provided inside the hill/mountain. Such power houses take greater amount of time and capital cost to
construct.
TYPE OF HYDRO POWER
PROJECT
• Multi-purpose Project
• Purely Hydro-electric Project
• Run of river project
• Storage Project
• Pump Storage project
MULTI-PURPOSE PROJECT
Power generation may be one of the benefits along with Flood Control,Irrigation, Navigation, Drinking Water Supply
etc.
PURELY HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT
Project is conceived exclusively for power generation.
RUN OF RIVER PROJECT
As the name implies, the project is planned as run of the river. Water is diverted from the river, routed through the
water conductor system and finally water after generation of power is thrown back to the river at a lower level on
down stream. It takes advantage of the drop in elevation that occurs over a distance in the river and does not involve
water storage. Power generation fluctuates with the river flow and
the firm power is considerably low, as it depends on the minimum mean discharge. Canal power projects are also run-
of-river projects.
STORAGE PROJECT
Storage projects provide storage or pondage and thereby, evens out stream flow fluctuations and enhances the water
head. It increases firm power and total power generation by regulating the flow. Providing storage is complicated and
costly as it involves construction of dam.
PUMP STORAGE PROJECT
Pump storage projects involve reversible turbines, which can generate power from water of upper reservoir during
peak hours and pump back water from lower reservoir to the upper reservoir during off peak hours. These projects are
advantageous in power system of mix type, which have thermal and nuclear power houses in addition to hydro power
projects. Pump storage project utilizes the off peak surplus power of the grid in lifting the water from lower reservoir
to higher reservoir and generates power
during peak hours thus flattening the load curve.

2.1.4 Types of load acting on dams

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  Self-weight of dam

 Hydrostatic pressure

 Uplift pressure

 Earthquake pressure

 Wind pressure

 Wave pressure

2.1.5 Purpose of dams:

• Water stabilization and Irrigation

• Hydropower electricity generation

• Water supply for domestic and industrial use

• Inland navigation

• Flood prevention

• Water diversion

• Land reclamation

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2.2 ADVANTAGES OF DAM

 Reservoir made by dam store water, especially during periods of prolonged or heavy rain which reduces
flooding

 The water in the reservoir can be used for drinking purpose, for irrigation and many other domestic&
industrial purposes.

 One of the great purpose of dams is hydroelectricity generation which promotes use of renewable energy and
reduces the dependency of people on fossils fuel.

 Useful for diverting the water for proportionate distribution.

 Promotes tourism

2.3 DISADVANTAGES OF DAM

 Destructs the natural habitat of many aquatic lives which effects on aquatic ecosystem.

 Large dam constructions force many people to migrate and thus lead to accommodation problem.

 Large agricultural lands are replaced by water reservoir which leads to less production of crops.

 Destroys natural habitats of many wild lives and leads to their extinction.

 Failure of Dams leads to massive destruction of lives and properties.

 Very expensive to build and requires regular maintenance.

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Spillway:

Spillways are structures constructed to provide safe release of flood waters from a dam to a downstream are, normally
the river on which the dam has been constructed. Every reservoir has a certain capacity to store water. If the reservoir
is full and flood waters enter the same, the reservoir level will go up and may eventually result in over-topping of the
dam. To avoid this situation, the flood has to be passed to the downstream and this is done by providing a spillway
which draws water from the top of the reservoir. A spillway can be a part of the dam or separate from it.

Spillways can be controlled or uncontrolled. A controlled spillway is provided with gates which can be raised or
lowered. Controlled spillways have certain advantages as will be clear from the discussion that follows. When a
reservoir is full, its water level will be the same as the crest level of the spillway.

Types of Spillways - Classification of Spillways

There are different types of spillways that can be provided depending on the suitability of site and other parameters.
Generally a spillway consists of a control structure, a conveyance channel and a terminal structure, but the former two
may be combined in the same for certain types. The more common types are briefly described below:

1. Drop Spillway

2. Ogee Spillway

3. Siphon Spillway

4. Chute or Trough Spillway

5. Shaft Spillway

6. Side Channel Spillway

1. Drop Spillway

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In drop spillway, the over flowing water falls freely and almost vertically on the downstream side of the hydraulic
structure. This type of spillway is suitable for weirs or low dams. The crest of the spillway is provided with nose
so that the water jet may not strike the downstream base of the structure. To protect the structure from the effect
of scouring horizontal impervious apron should be provided on the downstream side. Sometimes a basin is
constructed on the downstream side to form a small artificial pool which is known as water cushion. This cushion
serves the purpose of energy dissipater.

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2. Ogee Spillway

The Ogee spillway is generally provided in rigid dams and forms a part of the main dam itself if sufficient
length is available. The crest of the spillway is shaped to conform to the lower nappe of a water sheet
flowing over an aerated sharp crested weir.
It is a modified form of drop spillway. Here, the downstream profile of the spillway is made to coincide with
the shape of the lower nappe of the free falling waterjet from a sharp crested weir. In this case, the shape of
the lower nappe is similar to a projectile and hence downstream surface of the ogee spillway will follow the
parabolic path where “0” is the origin of the parabola. The downstream face of the spillway forms a concave
curve from a point “T” and meets with the downstream floor. This point “T” is known as point of tangency.
Thus the spillway takes the shape of the letter “S” (i.e. elongated form). Hence, this spillway is termed as
ogee spillway.
The shape of the lower nappe is not same for all the head of water above the crest of the weir. It differs with
the head of water. But for the design of the ogee spillway the maximum head is considered. If the spillway
runs with the maximum head, then the overflowing water just follows the curved profile of the spillway and
there is no gap between the water and the spillway surface and the discharge is maximum.
When the actual head becomes more than the designed head, the lower nappe does not follow the ogee
profile and gets separated from the spillway surface. Thus a negative pressure develops at the point of
separation. Due to the negative pressure, air bubbles are formed within the flowing water. These air bubbles
air responsible for the frictional force (i.e. abrasion) which causes much damage to the spillway surface.
Again, if the head of water is less than the designed head, the waterjet adheres to the body of the spillway
and creases positive pressure which reduces the discharge through the spillway.

3. Chute (Trough) Spillway

In this type of spillway, the water, after flowing over a short crest or other kind of control structure, is
carried by an open channel (called the "chute" or "trough") to the downstream side of the river. The control
structure is generally normal to the conveyance channel. The channel is constructed in excavation with
stable side slopes and invariably lined. The flow through the channel is super-critical. The spillway can be
provided close to the dam or at a suitable saddle away from the dam where site conditions permit.
4. Side Channel Spillway
Side channel spillways are located just upstream and to the side of the dam. The water after flowing over a
crest enters a side channel which is nearly parallel to the crest. This is then carried by a chute to the
downstream side. Sometimes a tunnel may be used instead of a chute.

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5. Shaft (Morning Glory or Glory hole) Spillway
This type of spillway utilizes a crest circular in plan, the flow over which is carried by a vertical or sloping
tunnel on to a horizontal tunnel nearly at the stream bed level and eventually to the downstream side. The
diversion tunnels constructed during the dam construction can be used as the horizontal conduit in many
cases.
6. Siphon Spillway
As the name indicates, this spillway works on the principle of a siphon. A hood provided over a conventional
spillway forms a conduit. With the rise in reservoir level water starts flowing over the crest as in an "ogee"
spillway. The flowing water however, entrains air and once all the air in the crest area is removed, siphon
action starts. Under this condition, the discharge takes place at a much larger head. The spillway thus has a
larger discharging capacity. The inlet end of the hood is generally kept below the reservoir level to prevent
floating debris from entering the conduit. This may cause the reservoir to be drawn down below the normal
level before the siphon action breaks and therefore arrangement for de-priming the siphon at the normal
reservoir level is provided.

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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1. Primary source:

Consultation:
Consultation was our primary means of source for grabbing the information. To be clearer with the topic, we
consulted to our seniors and our teachers of Civil and Environment department about the different steps that
ought to be undertaken during the advancement of the work.

3.2. Secondary sources

For getting information of different factors and techniques, we used internet as source for finding the research
articles, patents and journals in related topic, reading the works done by the experts on that related topics that are
undertaken or are being studied.
3.3. Commencement of work
Along with it, work on the project started. The following operations was undertaken while the
advancement of project.

 The actual data information and dimensions of the dam had been collected.
 The spillways was constructed using G.I. Sheet.
 The main dam was constructed using wood, concrete and GI sheet.
 Final touch would be given using paints.

3.4. Collection of materials

Materials required were collected and have been listed in the cost estimation section along with their price.
Following are the materials will be used.
 Plastic pipes
 Rods
 Wire
 Adhesive
 Nails
 GI sheet
 Cement sand and aggregate
 Wood log

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  Paints and brushes
 Fiber

3.5. Planning and Model Designing for model

Before constructing the model, a proper plan of the design was made. This model was designed by scaling
down the original design of Budhigandaki Hydropower Project. Preliminary calculations and detailed outline of the
model was made accordingly.

3.6. Model Construction

After collecting materials and analysis of required data, model construction was done. Modifications and adjustments
were made.

3.7. Testing
Model was tested in a site and the output parameters was documented and noted.

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3.8 WORK SCHEDULE
Table 3: Work Schedule
Weeks 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th

Literature
Review
Consultation

Proposal
submission and
defence
Materials selection
and purchase
Deskwork and
Calculation
Model Construction
and fitting

Midterm
presentation
Debugging and
finishing
Final report
submission and
presentation

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 INDEX:
Work Completed

Work Remaining

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OUTCOME
 A complete working model of a double curvature arch dam.
 Ogee spillway was constructed at the top of the dam.
 A small scale wooden double curvature arch dam was made for the referencing to the actual small-scale
concrete double curvature arch dam.

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REFERENCE

 http://ijoce.iust.ac.ir/article-1-247-fa.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0uBl5axr1AO6jkscclsXoW2yN6-
XrdvS7C2JQwCdBnS52HRJ_0u4VR46I

 https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/mands/mands-pdfs/Arch_Dam_EM_36_10-19-2012_Final
%20Draft.pdf

 https://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=Basics+of+Hydro+power+plant

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