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SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
HYDROPOWER ENGINEERING I
CIEG 307
Final Report On
Submitted by:
Group 9
Aadarsha Ram Shrestha (50)
Submitted to:
Submitted on:
1
20THOctober,2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
We like to express our utmost gratitude to our supervisor Prof. Dr.Ing. Ramesh Kumar Maskey,
Associate Dean, School of Engineering for providing us with thiswonderful opportunity to carry on
this project and helping us in making the double curvature arch dam at the site.
We are equally thankful to all our seniors and fellow students who have been supportive to our
enthusiasm.
We are indebted to the staffs of the TTC and the Civil Lab for providing us the materials for the
construction of the model.
The help and guidance from our supervisor has been a key component to begin our project. We hope
this project will not only help us to construct a model but also enhance our working, presenting and
group work skills.
Sincerely,
Project members,
Group 09, BE CIVIL (Specialization in hydropower)
3rd year, 2nd semester
2
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Districts in Catchment Area…………………………………………………2
Figure 2: Catchment Area…………..………………………………………………….4
Figure 3: Dam site around 2km upstream of Benighat……………………………..….5
Figure 4: General view of the Reservior……………………………….………………5
Figure 5: Mean flow in m3/s………...………………………………………………..10
Figure 6: Flow comparison after storage project…………….……………………….11
Figure 7: Warm Spring Dam – single curvature arch dam…………………………...15
Figure 8: Morrow Point Dam – double-curvature arch dam…………………………16
Figure 9: Downstream side of the model in hydro lab, Pulchwok, Lalitpur…………24
Figure 10: Upstream side of the model in hydro lab, Pulchwok, Lalitpur..………....25
Figure 11: Site for dam construction, KU, Dhulikhel………………………………..25
Figure 12: Wooden model covered in plaster………………………………………...26
Figure 13: Plan of Dam……………………………………………………………….29
Figure 14: Ogee spillway……………………………………………………………..29
Figure 15: The completed model of double curvature arc dam along with terrain and a
ogee spillway…………………………………………………………………………30
3
TABLE OF CONTENT
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................................II
TABLE OF CONTENT......................................................................................................................IV
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1
1.1 Catchment Area...............................................................................................................................2
1.2 Present status...................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................11
2.1.1 Single-Curvature or Double-Curvature Arch Dam.....................................................................14
2.1.2 Dam Thickness...........................................................................................................................15
2.1.3 Lines of Centers..........................................................................................................................16
2.1.3.1 Single-, Two-, or Three- Centered Arch Dams........................................................................16
2.1.3.2 Uniform- or Variable Thickness Arch Dams...........................................................................16
2.2 ADVANTAGES OF DAM......................................................................................................19
2.3 DISADVANTAGES OF DAM................................................................................................19
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................23
3.1. Primary source:.............................................................................................................................23
3.2. Secondary sources........................................................................................................................23
3.3. Commencement of work...............................................................................................................24
3.4. Collection of materials..................................................................................................................25
3.5. Planning and Model Designing for model....................................................................................25
3.6. CAD and Calculations..................................................................................................................26
3.7. Model Construction......................................................................................................................28
As for the spillway, a temporary ogee spillway was constructed by giving shape to a piece of GI sheet.
28
3.8WORK SCHEDULE......................................................................................................................30
OUTCOME 31
LIMITATION 31
REFERENCE 32
4
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Nepal has high potential of hydropower development due to availability of large number of water resources.Also,
topographic condition i.e change in elevation from 8848m to 100m in a short distance of 160 m to 270m.This
provides high surface runoff ad steep gradient for river flow.
Theoretical hydropower potential in Nepal = 83,000 MW
Technical hydropower potential in Nepal = 44,000 MW
Nepal Electricity Authority had appointed France's Tractwell Engineering as consultant 600 MW Budhi Gandaki
Hydropower Project and company is said to have received Rs 920 million for the job. The feasibility of the project
was completed in 1984 but due to lack of interest of foreign donors it was halted. The initial cost estimated was about
$1.5 billion in 2012 but now it is expected to reach $2.5 billion in 2016. Budhi Gandaki HPP is a storage type and is
said to have flexibility in providing base- load and peak load services and employment generation. Initially it was
stated that the project will displace around 10,000 people and affect 18 VDCs (8 in Dhading and 10 in Gorkha) but
now it is said that the project will displace about 45,000 people. Officials will mark the area spread over 785 hectares
where the displaced locals will be resettled besides the land to build a 235-km-long ring road around the project site.
The government had aimed to complete the project by 2020, but due to political instability and the recent earthquake
the project is yet not started. The Environmental impact assessment was expected to submit by February 28 2016.
Budhi Gandaki Hydropower Project is a storage type hydropower located on the Budhi Gandaki river of Nepal. The
project lies in Gorkha and Dhading districts of Nepal. The project site is accessible through Benighat, which is at
about 85 km from Kathmandu Valley. This project was identified during the Gandaki Basin Study in late 70's. In
1984, a prefeasibility study of the project was prepared. The prefeasibility study of the project has recommended 600
MW capacity of the plant. A 263 m high dam will be constructed which could be a tourist attraction. The government
team is said to mark a 45-km stretch along the Budhi Gandaki River and a 22-km stretch along the AnkhuKhola that
will be submerged when water begins to fill the reservoir of the sto1rage-type hydro project.
1
1.1 Catchment Area
Gorkha: 2,870 km2
Dhading: 900 km2
Nuwakot: 35 km2
China: 1,565 km2
Total: 5,370 km2
2
Figure 8: Catchment Area
3
Figure 9: Dam site around 2km upstream of Benighat
4
5
1.1
Salient features
The salient features of the project based on the prefeasibility study of 1984 are as follows:
1. Reservoir
Full Supply Level El.520 m
Minimum Operating Water Level El. 445 m
Gross Capacity (at FSL) 3 320 Million m3
Effective Storage Capacity 2 755 Million m3
Surface Area 50 km2
2. Hydrology
Catchment Area 5 370 km2
Long Term Average Flow 195 m3/s
Construction Flood 3 176 m3/s
Design Flood Discharge 12 827 m3/s
Probable Maximum Flood 15 126 m3/s
3. Diversion System
Design Flood (Routed) 1 170 m3/s
Type Circular
6
Diameter 10 m
Crest Elevation of U/S Cofferdam El.365 m
Crest Elevation of D/S Cofferdam El.320 m
4. Dam
Type Zoned rockfill with inclined core.
Crest Level El.525 m
Maximum Height 225 m
Crest Length 510 m
Upstream and Downstream Slopes 1:2.3; 1:1.8
5. Spillway
Type Ogee type with open chuteway
Channel width 50 m
Crest Level El. 502 m
Design Flood (Routed) 10 053 m3/s
Gate Type Radial
Gate size 18m x 12.5 m, Four gates
Penstock:
Length 240 m
Diameter 4.0 m
Powerhouse
Type Underground
Width, Length and Height 24 m x 120m x 43.5 m
7
7. Generating Equipment
Turbine
Type Francis Type, vertical axis,
Net Head at Rated Water Level 185 m
Rated Discharge 430 m3/s
Installed Capacity 4 x 150 MW
Turbine Rated Speed 214.3 rpm
Normal Tailwater level 312.0 m
Generator
Type Vertical shaft revolving
Capacity 4 x 166 MVA
8. Surge Tank
Location Tailrace tunnel
Type Simple
Dimension 13mx80mx34.5m
9. Tailrace Tunnel
Shape D Shape
Dimension 13m x 13m
Length 1.1 km
11. Dam
Dam Double curvature arch, 263m height, 760m crestlength
8
1.2 Present status
According to the Budhigandaki Hydroelectric Project Development Committee (BGHPDC), only Rs94.54 million or
2.8 percent of the Rs3.37 billion budget allocated for this fiscal year has been spent as of mid-May. The project has
been in limbo after the government failed to come up with a clear policy regarding the distribution of compensation
payment for the land acquired from locals. BGHPDC chairman Laxmi Prasad Devkota has demanded Rs43 billion
form the government to distribute compensation to the land owners. And the coordinator of Budhigandaki
Stakeholders Committee has proposed the rate between Rs300,000 and Rs800,000.
According to NEA, NEA had carried out additional studies in fiscal year 2010/11 including identification of
alternative locations of the project facilities/structures with a view to achieve optimum utilization of hydropower
power potential of the project site. An alternative location of tailrace near Fisling around 10 km downstream of the
Benighat in Trisuli river had been identified, which would result in additional head gain of about 35 m yielding
additional energy generation upto 700 GWh. About 7 km of additional tunnel needs to be constructed for this option.
Altogether 62 survey monuments have been established near major villages and settlement areas One is located at
Ankhu River, a tributary of Budhigangaki (Established by Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, DHM/ GoN
and rehabilated by NEA), one at Budhi Gandaki River downstream of proposed dam site and the other at Trisuli River
at the tailrace of the proposed underground powerhouse.
Hydrology
On the basis of 43 year’s data of Budhi Gandaki river at Arughat (1964 to 2006). The long-term average flow at the
intake site has been estimated as 167.2 m3/s. The mean monthly flow of various months is given in the table below:
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max 48.3 43 53.2 96.7 189 344 570 597 438 258 114 74.3
Avg 34.9 29.6 34.2 57.9 103.9 230.1 430.4 456.6 328.6 165 84.8 50.7
Min 26 21.2 23.2 38 50 142 291 330 240 91.6 54.1 37.2
9
500
450
400
350
300
250 Months
Mean flow
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10
Jun 230.1 171 0
July 430.4 160 0
Aug 456.6 193.20 22.2
Sept 328.6 223.40 34.9
Oct 165 161.8 0
Nov 84.8 140.8 0
Dec 50.7 143.7 0
Mean 167.2 162.3 4.8
Table 2: Monthly Overflow
11
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by dams
helps to control the floods and provide water for various activities such as irrigation, human
consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining
water. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity.
Dams are classified under various basics:
1. By structure
Gravity dams
Arch dams
Arch-gravity dams
Buttress dam
Embankment dams
2. By size
Saddle dams
Weir
Dry dams
12
Check dams
Diversionary dams
Underground dams
Tailing dams
3. By materials
Steel dams
Concrete dams
Timber
Earth
13
Embankment dam, is typically created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi-plastic mound of
various compositions of soil, sand, clay and/or rock. It has a semi-pervious waterproof natural covering for its surface
and a dense, impervious core. This makes such a dam impervious to surface or seepage erosion. Such a dam is
composed of fragmented independent material particles.
14
General Concept of Arch Dams
Arch dams are intended to carry static and dynamic loads into the abutments and foundation as efficiently and
effectively as possible. To efficiently carry the loads, arch dams are shaped as thin as possible to optimize the strength
of the concrete. Arch dams with high static stresses that exceed the criteria should be reshaped to redistribute the loads
to arch and cantilever members that are under stressed. Arch dams with low static stresses may not be utilizing the full
potential and strength of the concrete and in essence, wasting concrete. To effectively carry the loads, arch dams are
shaped to carry the loads in a relatively smooth and uniform manner i.e. the upstream and downstream arch faces are
smooth circles, cantilevers are smooth upstream and downstream lines without reentrant corners, and the keyway
profile is smooth, also without reentrant corners. Thus, the loads are efficiently transferred through the arch dam into
the foundation. There is no reinforcement in an arch dam, so tensile stresses are to be minimized by shaping to reduce
the potential for
cracking in the concrete. The shape of arch dams has changed at Reclamation over the years. Crown cantilevers have
evolved from shapes that look more like thin gravity dams with straight segments for the upstream and downstream
faces to curved upstream and downstream faces in an effort to minimize cantilever tensile stresses. The horizontal
arch shapes have evolved also. Some of the early arch dams used vertical lines of centers with constant radii from
abutment to abutment and the same radius centers for the upstream and downstream faces producing uniform
thickness arches. Fillets were used along the abutments to spread out the load and reduce the
bearing stresses into the rock. The lines of centers changed: 1) from a vertical line to sloping lines producing variable
radius centers that varied the amount of curvature by elevation, 2) to separate lines for the extrados and intrados that
also vary the thickness of the arches at the abutments. Reclamation has typically used
circular arcs to define the arches of the dam. Other countries have also used ellipses, hyperbolic parabolas,
logarithmic spirals, and catenary curves.
15
2.1.1 Single-Curvature or Double-Curvature Arch Dam
The shape of the crown cantilever defines whether an arch dam is a single-curvature
Or double-curvature arch dam.
A single curvature arch dam has curvature in arches, but not in the crown
Cantilever. Warm Springs Dam is an example of a single curvature arch dam (see
Figure 1 showing L-O-C for Warm Springs Dam). The crown cantilever does not
have any curvature, being composed of a vertical upstream face and 2 line segments
for the downstream face. The only curvature the dam has is in the arches.
16
typically undercuts the middle of the dam minimizing cantilever tensions at the heel of the dam. The downstream face
typically overhangs the middle of the dam minimizing cantilever tensions near the top of the dam on the downstream
face.
Double-curvature arch dams are concrete structures that are curved in plan (horizontally) and in
elevation (vertically). They are very important structures due to their high cost, purpose and
catastrophic impact in case of failure.
Their design is a very complex and sensitive process, as it aims to find the most efficient solution in terms of cost and
stress level, taking into account many constraints at the same time. As a result, there is no software that can provide a
fully automated process.
17
2.1.3 Lines of Centers
The lines of centers define the horizontal shape of the arches in an arch dam. Theshape of the arches starts at the
crown cantilever and curves horizontal downstream toward the abutments. The line of centers create the geometry of
thecircular arcs at each elevation of the dam for the upstream and downstream faces bydefining the center point of a
circle and the radius of the circle. Depending on theshape and number of lines of centers, the arches can be
1) uniform thickness from abutment to abutment,
2) variable thickness from abutment to abutment,
3) different on the left side of the dam compared to the right side of the dam, or
4) different in the center of the dam compared to the outer part of the dam.
The number of lines that define the line-of-centers determines whether the archesare uniform thickness or variable
thickness arches.The arches have uniform thickness if there is one line defining the extrados andintrados line-of-
18
centers. This means that the radius center for the upstream anddownstream faces is the same. The radii lengths are
different at each elevation, butsince the radius center is the same, the thickness of the archis uniform.The arches vary
in thickness if there are two lines defining the extrados and intradosline-of-centers. This means that the radius centers
for the upstream and downstream
faces are in different positions in space forcing the circular arcs of the arches to
diverge.
19
projects. Pump storage project utilizes the off peak surplus power of the grid in lifting the water from lower reservoir
to higher reservoir and generates power
during peak hours thus flattening the load curve.
Self-weight of dam
Hydrostatic pressure
Uplift pressure
Earthquake pressure
Wind pressure
Wave pressure
• Inland navigation
20
• Flood prevention
• Water diversion
• Land reclamation
21
2.2 ADVANTAGES OF DAM
Reservoir made by dam store water, especially during periods of prolonged or heavy rain which reduces
flooding
The water in the reservoir can be used for drinking purpose, for irrigation and many other domestic&
industrial purposes.
One of the great purpose of dams is hydroelectricity generation which promotes use of renewable energy and
reduces the dependency of people on fossils fuel.
Promotes tourism
Destructs the natural habitat of many aquatic lives which effects on aquatic ecosystem.
Large dam constructions force many people to migrate and thus lead to accommodation problem.
Large agricultural lands are replaced by water reservoir which leads to less production of crops.
Destroys natural habitats of many wild lives and leads to their extinction.
22
Spillway:
Spillways are structures constructed to provide safe release of flood waters from a dam to a downstream are, normally
the river on which the dam has been constructed. Every reservoir has a certain capacity to store water. If the reservoir
is full and flood waters enter the same, the reservoir level will go up and may eventually result in over-topping of the
dam. To avoid this situation, the flood has to be passed to the downstream and this is done by providing a spillway
which draws water from the top of the reservoir. A spillway can be a part of the dam or separate from it.
Spillways can be controlled or uncontrolled. A controlled spillway is provided with gates which can be raised or
lowered. Controlled spillways have certain advantages as will be clear from the discussion that follows. When a
reservoir is full, its water level will be the same as the crest level of the spillway.
There are different types of spillways that can be provided depending on the suitability of site and other parameters.
Generally a spillway consists of a control structure, a conveyance channel and a terminal structure, but the former two
may be combined in the same for certain types. The more common types are briefly described below:
1. Drop Spillway
2. Ogee Spillway
3. Siphon Spillway
5. Shaft Spillway
1. Drop Spillway
23
In drop spillway, the over flowing water falls freely and almost vertically on the downstream side of the hydraulic
structure. This type of spillway is suitable for weirs or low dams. The crest of the spillway is provided with nose
so that the water jet may not strike the downstream base of the structure. To protect the structure from the effect
of scouring horizontal impervious apron should be provided on the downstream side. Sometimes a basin is
constructed on the downstream side to form a small artificial pool which is known as water cushion. This cushion
serves the purpose of energy dissipater.
24
2. Ogee Spillway
The Ogee spillway is generally provided in rigid dams and forms a part of the main dam itself if sufficient
length is available. The crest of the spillway is shaped to conform to the lower nappe of a water sheet flowing
over an aerated sharp crested weir.
It is a modified form of drop spillway. Here, the downstream profile of the spillway is made to coincide with
the shape of the lower nappe of the free falling waterjet from a sharp crested weir. In this case, the shape of
the lower nappe is similar to a projectile and hence downstream surface of the ogee spillway will follow the
parabolic path where “0” is the origin of the parabola. The downstream face of the spillway forms a concave
curve from a point “T” and meets with the downstream floor. This point “T” is known as point of tangency.
Thus the spillway takes the shape of the letter “S” (i.e. elongated form). Hence, this spillway is termed as
ogee spillway.
The shape of the lower nappe is not same for all the head of water above the crest of the weir. It differs with
the head of water. But for the design of the ogee spillway the maximum head is considered. If the spillway
runs with the maximum head, then the overflowing water just follows the curved profile of the spillway and
there is no gap between the water and the spillway surface and the discharge is maximum.
When the actual head becomes more than the designed head, the lower nappe does not follow the ogee profile
and gets separated from the spillway surface. Thus a negative pressure develops at the point of separation.
Due to the negative pressure, air bubbles are formed within the flowing water. These air bubbles air
responsible for the frictional force (i.e. abrasion) which causes much damage to the spillway surface. Again, if
the head of water is less than the designed head, the waterjet adheres to the body of the spillway and creases
positive pressure which reduces the discharge through the spillway.
25
5. Shaft (Morning Glory or Glory hole) Spillway
This type of spillway utilizes a crest circular in plan, the flow over which is carried by a vertical or sloping
tunnel on to a horizontal tunnel nearly at the stream bed level and eventually to the downstream side. The
diversion tunnels constructed during the dam construction can be used as the horizontal conduit in many
cases.
6. Siphon Spillway
As the name indicates, this spillway works on the principle of a siphon. A hood provided over a conventional
spillway forms a conduit. With the rise in reservoir level water starts flowing over the crest as in an "ogee"
spillway. The flowing water however, entrains air and once all the air in the crest area is removed, siphon
action starts. Under this condition, the discharge takes place at a much larger head. The spillway thus has a
larger discharging capacity. The inlet end of the hood is generally kept below the reservoir level to prevent
floating debris from entering the conduit. This may cause the reservoir to be drawn down below the normal
level before the siphon action breaks and therefore arrangement for de-priming the siphon at the normal
reservoir level is provided.
26
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
27
Fig. 10. Upstream side of the model in hydro lab, Pulchwok, Lalitpur
28
3.4. Collection of materials
Materials required were collected. Following are the materials were available.
Plastic pipes
Rods
Wire
Adhesive
Nails
GI sheet
Cement, sand and aggregate
Wood log
Paints and brushes
Meal vessel x 2
29
3.6. CAD and Calculations
3.6.1. CAD
30
3.6.2. Crest Cantilever Thickness
The shape of the crown cantilever is defined by three thicknesses, upstream projections (USP) and
downstream projections (DSP) at the crest, at the base, and at 0.45H elevation by the following empirical
formulas:
Height of Dam, H = 30 cm
Length of Crest, L1 = 94 cm
Length of Base, L2 = 48 cm
Crest Thickness = 0.01(H+1.2L1)
= 0.01(30+1.2*94)
= 1.5 cm
The crest thickness of 3 cm was applied for the model as the obtained thickness was practically difficult to
obtain.
Base Thickness = ∛ (.0012 x L1 x L2 x H x ( H ÷ 400)(H/400))
= 5.67 cm
The base thickness of 10 cm was adopted.
31
32
Fig. 13. Plan of Dam
As for the spillway, a temporary ogee spillway was constructed by giving shape to a piece of GI sheet.
33
Fig. 15. The completed model of double curvature arc dam along with terrain and a ogee spillway
3.8WORK SCHEDULE
Table 3: Work Schedule
Weeks 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th
Literature
Review
Consultation
Proposal
submission and
defence
Materials selection
and purchase
Deskwork and
Calculation
Model Construction
and fitting
Midterm
presentation
Debugging and
finishing
Final report
submission and
presentation
34
INDEX:
Work Completed
Work Remaining
35
OUTCOME
A complete working model of a double curvature arch dam.
Ogee spillway was constructed at the top of the dam.
A small scale wooden double curvature arch dam was made for the referencing to the actual small-scale
concrete double curvature arch dam.
LIMITATION
Spillway testing remained incomplete.
Only one spillway was constructed instead of three.
36
REFERENCE
http://ijoce.iust.ac.ir/article-1-247-fa.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0uBl5axr1AO6jkscclsXoW2yN6-
XrdvS7C2JQwCdBnS52HRJ_0u4VR46I
https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/mands/mands-pdfs/Arch_Dam_EM_36_10-19-2012_Final
%20Draft.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=Basics+of+Hydro+power+plant
https://www.wikipedia.org
37