A

Beginner’s Guide To C# Programming

PROGRAMMING MADE EASY TO LEARN

By

FAISAL NAZEER

Copyright © 2016
ABOUT AUTHOR:
Faisal has more than 4 years of
experience in Programming…He started To learn to code at the age of
14.he is currently making games for mobile platform.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Legal Notes
Chapter 1. (Intro To C#)
Chapter 2. ( Primitive Types and Expressions )
Chapter 3. Non-Primitive Types Chapter 4. Control Flow
About The Author
LEGAL NOTES
Any Part of this book can not be reused or distributed anywhere and
never download this from any unknown source if you find such activity
plz let us know at
Faisalnaziarali@gmail.com
CHAPTER 1.
(INTRO TO C#)
C# ( PRONOUNCED “CSHARP“) IS AN OBJECT- ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE FROM MICROSOFT THAT AIMS TO COMBINE THE COMPUTING
POWER OF C++ WITH THE PROGRAMMINGEASE OF VISUAL BASIC. C# IS
BASED ON C++ AND CONTAINS FEATURES SIMILAR TO THOSE OF JAVA. C#
IS DESIGNED TO WORK WITH MICROSOFT’S .NET PLATFORM.
WHY C#.
C# IS AN ELEGANT, SIMPLE, TYPE-SAFE, OBJECT-•

ORIENTED LANGUAGE THAT ALLOWS ENTERPRISE

PROGRAMMERS TO BUILD A BREADTH OF APPLICATIONS.

C# is used in famous game engines•

• C# is used Worldwide
• Simple command line utilities. Input stuff. Convert stuff. Output stuff.
•Desktop applications.
•Windows service
•Web services And many more.
C# VS .NET
C#
C# is a programming language
.NET .Net is framework for Building applications on windows
History OF C Language
Before c# we had two languages in c family c and c++ and when we
compile our code compiler converts our code into the native code of the
machine on which we were running on.
It means if I wrote a application on windows machine it will no longer run
on other os (linux ,mac etc).
When Microsoft was designing c# they came with the idea to borrow from
java community. In java code is First translated into byte code and then
into machine code
In c# code is first translated into il(intermediate language) and then
translated into the machine code independent of computer we are running
on . It’s the job of clr(Common
language runtime) to translate il code to machine code.
Architecture of .NET applications
Application is consist of classes and these classes are the main building blocks of
applications . These classes interact with each other to give us desired functionality
What is a class.
A class is a container which has data which is also called attributes and functions
which is also called methods
Functions Or Methods
Functions and methods have behaviors and they do things for us
Data.
Data represents state of our application
Example:
Car A car can have attributes alike model Color Brand
Speed And a car can have functionality alike Start() Break()
Take this car as a class In real world applications we have
many classes each for some specific task and these classes
Interact with each other to provide desired functionality.

Namespaces.
As number of classes grow in our project we need a way to organize related classes so
we use namespace. namespace is a container of same classes
Assembly.
As number of namespaces grow we need a way to partition our application so here
assemblies come handy. Assembly is a container of same namespaces
Physically it is a file on disk it could be (exe or dll).
Our First C Program.
In this book we will use visual studio so open visual studio
On top go to file
>new>project>installed>templates>visual c#>windows>console application
And here we have 3 fields we can give name to our project just name the project
HelloWorld
We can also set the location of the project by clicking browse button
Third we can name solution in visual studio we have solutions one solution can have
more than one project
Finally click ok to create console application
See the screen shoot below

Lets look at some windows and tabs of visual studio

Few common windows and tabs
Solution Explorer
Coding Editior
start with solution explorer to show solution explorer or any
window go to view on the top and select that window you
want to show in solution explorer window first we have
Solution name and number of projects in this solution
properties>Assemblyinfo.cs
assemblyinfo is produced when application will compile it is the identification of
application
References
Under references we see assemblies linked with this project to do some job . these
assemblies comes with console application template in visual studio.
App.config
Here the configurations of the application is stored

it has fields like title, description,

Program.cs
Here in program.cs we can start coding
THIS FILE PROGRAM.CS WE HAVE BUNCH OF USING STATEMENTS ON
TOP. Our Project Name is HELLOWORLD so visual studio by default creates a
namespace HELLOWORLD. When we write code in this namespace we have access
to all classes defined in this namespace. If we want to use a class from different
namespace we have to import that in our code file that is why we use using statement
by default visual studio adds 5 using statements
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
System is namespace in .NET framework where we have all handy utility classes

Every console application we create in visual studios has one class called program.cs
In this class we have one method/function and this is the entery point of our
application
static void Main(string[] args)
{
}
This method starts with static which we will later cover in this course
Then return type which is void and void means this function returns
nothing.
And then the Name of the function Main .note that c# is a case sensitive
language So Main has to Start With upper Case M.
Functions can have input and output which we are called arguments this
function takes a string[] array input which we will cover later
And finally we close a code block with curly braces{}.
Now lets write helloworld to the console
Console Application
A console application is a simple application with no graphics . To Display Heloworld
to the console we can use Console Class which is used to write on console and take
input from console.
So inside Main Method Type the code below Console.WriteLine(“HelloWorld”);
Console is a class and WriteLine is the function of Console Class. we can access a
method of class with . (dot) and the name of the function . WriteLine is used to write
a line on console .in () we give the input to that function . we can write anything
inside to print on console in this case we will print helloworld to the console.
To run and see the result press shortcut key to run application in visual studio is
Ctrl + F5
Finished Code :
static void Main(string[] args) {
Console.WriteLine(“HelloWorld”); }
Congrats you have just finished the first chapter.
CHAPTER 2. PRIMITIVE TYPES AND EXPRESSIONS
Now we will dive into some basic c# stuff
VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS :
VARIABLE.
A name given to a storage location in memory
Declaring a variable
Datatype Name of the variable =value we want to assign ;
Every statement in c sharp ends with ;
Example
Int a =10;
Int is datatype , a is name and we assign value 10 with equal sign =
Constant.
An immutable value. This value will not change throughout the lifetime of the
application Example
pi =3.14 which we use to calculate area of circle it should be constant.
Declaring a constant
Const keyword Datatype Name of the constant =value we want to assign ;
Example of pi.
Const float pi=3.14f;
Name of variables and constants also called identifiers and a identifier cannot
start with a number, A identifiers cannot have white spaces, identifier cannot
be reserved keyword which already defined in c language ie(int ,bool ,float).
Always use meaningful names .
NamingConventions .Camel Case: firstName
First Word of camel case starts with lowercase and after all words start with
uppercase
.Pascal Case: FirstName
All letters of all words are uppercase
.Hungarian Notation: strFirstName

First we prefix datatype and thenAll letters of all words are uppercase
Primitive Types in C

Working with real numbers

When we want to use float or double datatype we need to explicitly tell that
treat this number as float or double to do that follow the syntax:
float number=1.4f;
double number=12.4m;
F and m keywords explicitly tells the compiler to treat number as flaot or
double
In c we can have variables with same name but of different datatype .
Non primitive Types
.String
.Array
. Enum . Class
Scope:
Scope means where a variable/constant has meaning

Here we have 3 blocks of code with 3

variables
So a variable a is accessible in any of its child block and in anywhere in this block
So a variable b is accessible in any of its child block and in anywhere in this block
Abd c variable can only be accesed in this same block
Practice variables in visual studio:
Open visual studio and create new console project
in main function of the program declare some values and show them on
console see the code below

To declare character data type we will enter a character inside ‘A’ and for
string we enter string in “string”.
We also use keyword var instead of declaring the data type c compileir
automatically detects the data type. Now change all the data types to var
It should look like this
Format String

In this way we visualize the output . {0} will be replaced by byte.minValue

which is the minimum value of byte and {1} will replaced by
byte.maxvalue which is the maximum value of byte can store.
C# Operators
.Arithmetic opertaors

These operators are used for mathematical calculations

Increment operator increases value by one (1) and decrement operator decreases by
one
Comparison Operators

One thing to note here is that equal (=) sign is used to assign value and == is used to
test equality
Logical Operators
These are used in conditional statements which we will discuss later
Bitwise Operators:
These are used in low level programming
Practice operators :
In main method declare two variables and to display their value of sum just use

Run application and see the result on console

We also use / ,- or any Arithmetic operators
Example 2

In this we case declared our variables as int to show division result in floating point
number we have to explicitly tell compliler to treat these variables as flaot by casting
(flaot) to both variables
Example 3

Here we have three variables a,b,c if we want to add a and b first and then multiply
with c we can do it by writing a+b inside (a+b) so now a and b first added then
multiplied with c.
Examppe 4

We can check for equality and in equality with

compareon and logical operators
Here a is not equal to b so result will be true
Example 5:

With and operator we can now check that both conditions are true .here c>b which is
true and c==a which is false so one of the condition is not true then result will be false
Example 6:
We can use or operator if any of these condition is true result will be true
Comments
Comments are used to describe what , why , how , constrains etc….
Comments are not executed
Types of comments
Multiline comments:

These are used to write comments on multiple lines

Single line comment:

These are used to write comments on single line

Congrats chapter is finished………………
…………………………
………………………… …….
CHAPTER 3. NON-PRIMITIVE TYPES
Chapter Text
CLASSES.
Combines related variables(fields) and
functions(methods)
Let lear classes with a example

Here we a class named person with four

fields and four methods
Classes are blueprint from which we create objects
Object
Object is a instance of a class
With this example we can create three instance of persons
Marry
John
Ali
Create A Class.
Access modifier class keyword name of class {
}
Example of person class

Access modifier means who can access it public modifier means anyone can access it
A class can contain fields and methods. In this example method has no parameter or
takes no input or output
Calculator class example

In this example add() function takes input and return a+b output.
Creating Objects
We declare objects like variables but we explicitly have to allocate memory for it
Example of person class which from we now create a object

We can use var keyword to make our code cleaner We can access fields and function
of that object by using the object name and with. Dot and the function and field
name
Person.name=”faisal”; Person.introduce();
Static
We can add static keyword to Add() function of calculator class

Now we can access

Add() function directly from Calculator class itself

When we create objects there are multiple instances of Add method in memory but
static Add function only exists at one place in memory.
Practice Classes:
First create a class in visual studio by pressing
Shit+alt+c
Name that class Person
And now add first name and last name string fields
And a introduce() method which outputs the first and last name on console
See the cod below

And now create a

person object in main method and assign first and last name and call introduce()
method
See the code below

Create a another class named Calculator and fill it with Add ()Method
This method takes input of two int variables and return them after adding them
Now come back to main method and create object of calculator class and finally call
Add() function and store that value in a variable to print the result on console.
This function takes two arguments/inputs and add them.

Result should be 3.
Arrays
A data structure to store a collection of variables of the same type
Why use array?
Example:
In this example instead of declaring 3 int variables we can declare one int[] array
Notice the square brackets[] .first brackets tells that it’s a array and 2nd brackets
tells the number of elements in the array. At the time of declaring we need to
initialize it with number of elements.
Accessing the element of a array

To access the first element we start with zero(0) index and second element is index 1
and so on and so forth .we pass the index in square brackets[].and can assign the
value.

We can initialize array with object initialization syntax

Practice Arrays
Open up visual studio and in main method create a numbers array with three
element assign index 0 to 1 then display all of them into console
And also create a Boolean array and set index 0 to true and finally display all of them
onto console
If we don’t initialize index of array element default value of data type will be
assigned , in this case Boolean default value is false and int has default value of 0

See the code below Now run

the application and see the result.
Strings
A string is sequence of characters and we
surround them with double quotes helloworld
string concatenation
we can concatenating strings together with syntax below

In this example
We are concatenating first name and last anme strings together with string string
literal which is empty string and with + sign.
Practice Strings
Open visual studio
To create a string
String keyword name of string =string” Example
String firstname=faisal”
String secondname=nazeer”
//now we can concatenate two strings
Var fullname=firstname + +secondname” Now display it on console
Console.WriteLine(fullname);
CHAPTER 4. CONTROL FLOW
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

IF/ELSE STATEMENST

ON FIRST LINE WE HAVE A CONDITION IF CONDITION IS TRUE

THEN IF CODE BLOCK WILL RUN. IF CONDITION IS FALSE
THEN ELSE IF BLOCK WILL BE CHECKED IF ELSE IF
CONDITION IS TRUE THEN ELSE IF BLOCK WILL RUN
OTHERWISE ELSE STATEMENT WILL BE EXECUTED.
SWITCH CASE STATEMENTS

In switch case statement we compare the value of a variable in cases and if

condition is true that code block will run , if not then skip to next and if none
of them is true then default block will be executed
Syntax of switch/case statements
First we create a variable and then we create cases and compare value of the variable
and we can have as many cases we want and finally we can execute default block.
Practice Switch Case:
char grade = ‘A’;
switch (grade)
{
case ‘A’:
Console.WriteLine(“Excellent!”); break;
case ‘B’:
Console.WriteLine(“nice”);
break;
case ‘C’:
Console.WriteLine(“Well done”); break;
case ‘D’:
Console.WriteLine(“You passed”); break;
case ‘F’:
Console.WriteLine(“Better try again”); break;
default:
Console .WriteLine(“Invalid grade”);
break;
}
Console.WriteLine(“Your grade is {0}”, grade);
Here we are checking the grade in every case which is A if any case is equal to a that
will run and in this case first case is A so first block of the code will run.
Iteration Statements
These statements are used to repeat sequence of statements un till given condition is
true.
Types of itteration statements
For loop
SYNTAX
The syntax of a for loop in C# is:
for ( init; condition; increment )
{
statement(s);
}
Here is the flow of control in a for loop:
The init step is executed first, and only once. This step allows you to declare and
initialize any loop control variables. You are not required to put a statement here, as long
as a semicolon appears.
Next, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop is executed. If it is
false, the body of the loop does not execute and flow of control jumps to the next
statement just after the for loop.
After the body of the for loop executes, the flow of control jumps back up to the
increment statement. This statement allows you to update any loop control variables. This
statement can be left blank, as long as a semicolon appears after the condition.
The condition is now evaluated again. If it is true, the loop executes and the process
repeats itself (body of loop, then increment step, and then again testing for a condition).
After the condition becomes false, the for loop terminates.
EXAMPLE
using System;
namespace Loops {
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
/* for loop execution */ for (int a = 10; a < 20; a = a + 1) {
Console.WriteLine(“value of a: {0}”, a); }
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following
result:
value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 19
While loop
A while loop statement in C# repeatedly executes a target statement as long as
a given condition is true.
SYNTAX
The syntax of a while loop in C# is:
while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}
Here, statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements. The
condition may be any expression, and true is any non-zero value. The loop
iterates while the condition is true.
When the condition becomes false, program control passes to the line
immediately following the loop.
EXAMPLE
using System;
namespace Loops {
class Program
{ static void Main(string[] args) {
/* local variable definition */ int a = 10;
/* while loop execution */ while (a < 20)
{
Console .WriteLine(“value of a: {0}”, a); a++;
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following
result:
value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
Do While Loop
Unlike for and while loops, which test the loop condition at the start of the
loop, the do…while loop checks its condition at the end of the loop.
A do…while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a do…while loop is
guaranteed to execute at least one time.
SYNTAX
The syntax of a do…while loop in C# is:
do
{
statement(s);
}while( condition );
Notice that the conditional expression appears at the end of the loop, so the
statement(s) in the loop execute once before the condition is tested.
If the condition is true, the flow of control jumps back up to do, and the
statement(s) in the loop execute again. This process repeats until the given
condition becomes false.
EXAMPLE
using System; namespace Loops {
class Program { static void Main(string[] args) {
/* local variable definition */ int a = 10;
/* do loop execution */ do
{
Console .WriteLine(“value of a: {0}”, a); a = a + 1;
}
while (a < 20);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following
result:
value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19
Foreach loop
Foreach loop is used to iterate from the elemenst of object which have list nature ie
arrays.

First we create a local variable and then iterate

the object whose elements we want to access
In this example we are iterating all the element of the array and displaying it onto console
Congrats book is finished