3/22/2020 Watercolor painting - Wikipedia

Watercolor painting
Watercolor (American English) or watercolour (British English;
see spelling differences), also aquarelle (French, diminutive of
Latin aqua "water"), is a painting method in which the paints are
made of pigments suspended in a water-based solution. Watercolor
refers to both the medium and the resulting artwork. Aquarelles
painted with water-soluble colored ink instead of modern water
colors are called "aquarellum atramento" (Latin for "aquarelle made
with ink") by experts. However, this term has been more and more
passing out of use.[1][2]
An artist working on a watercolor
The traditional and most common support—material to which the
using a round brush
paint is applied—for watercolor paintings is paper. Other supports
include papyrus, bark papers, plastics, vellum, leather, fabric, wood
and canvas.[3] Watercolor paper is often made entirely or partially
with cotton.[4] This gives the surface the appropriate texture and minimizes distortion when wet.[5]
Watercolors are usually translucent, and appear luminous because the pigments are laid down in a pure
form with few fillers obscuring the pigment colors. Watercolors can also be made opaque by adding
Chinese white.

In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting. In Chinese,
Korean and Japanese painting it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns,
often using inkstick or other pigments. India, Ethiopia and other countries have long watercolor painting
traditions as well.

American artists in the early 19th century seemed to regard watercolor primarily as a sketching tool in
preparation for the "finished" work in oil or engraving.[6]

Contents
History
English school
United States
Europe
20th and 21st centuries
Watercolor paint
Commercial watercolors
Transparency
See also
Notes
References
History

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor_painting 1/9
3/22/2020 Watercolor painting - Wikipedia

Tutorials and Technique

Materials
External links

History
Watercolor painting is extremely old, dating perhaps to the cave paintings of paleolithic Europe, and has
been used for manuscript illustration since at least Egyptian times but especially in the European Middle
Ages. However, its continuous history as an art medium begins with the Renaissance. The German
Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), who painted several fine botanical, wildlife,
and landscape watercolors, is generally considered among the earliest exponents of watercolor. An
important school of watercolor painting in Germany was led by Hans Bol (1534–1593) as part of the
Dürer Renaissance.

Despite this early start, watercolors were generally used by Baroque

easel painters only for sketches, copies or cartoons (full-scale design
drawings). Notable early practitioners of watercolor painting were
Van Dyck (during his stay in England), Claude Lorrain, Giovanni
Benedetto Castiglione, and many Dutch and Flemish artists.
However, botanical illustration and wildlife illustration perhaps
form the oldest and most important traditions in watercolor
painting. Botanical illustrations became popular during the
Renaissance, both as hand-tinted woodblock illustrations in books
or broadsheets and as tinted ink drawings on vellum or paper.
Botanical artists have traditionally been some of the most exacting
and accomplished watercolor painters, and even today, watercolors
—with their unique ability to summarize, clarify, and idealize in full
color—are used to illustrate scientific and museum publications.
Albrecht Dürer, Young Hare, 1502,
Wildlife illustration reached its peak in the 19th century with artists
watercolor and body color,
Albertina, Vienna
such as John James Audubon, and today many naturalist field
guides are still illustrated with watercolor paintings.

English school

Several factors contributed to the spread of watercolor painting during the 18th century, particularly in
England. Among the elite and aristocratic classes, watercolor painting was one of the incidental
adornments of a good education; mapmakers, military officers, and engineers used it for its usefulness in
depicting properties, terrain, fortifications, field geology, and for illustrating public works or
commissioned projects. Watercolor artists were commonly brought with the geological or archaeological
expeditions, funded by the Society of Dilettanti (founded in 1733), to document discoveries in the
Mediterranean, Asia, and the New World. These expeditions stimulated the demand for topographical
painters, who churned out memento paintings of famous sites (and sights) along the Grand Tour to Italy
that was undertaken by every fashionable young man of the time.

In the late 18th century, the English cleric William Gilpin wrote a series of hugely popular books
describing his picturesque journeys throughout rural England, and illustrated them with self-made
sentimentalized monochrome watercolors of river valleys, ancient castles, and abandoned churches. This
example popularized watercolors as a form of personal tourist journal. The confluence of these cultural,
engineering, scientific, tourist, and amateur interests culminated in the celebration and promotion of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor_painting 2/9
3/22/2020 Watercolor painting - Wikipedia

watercolor as a distinctly English "national art". William Blake published several books of hand-tinted
engraved poetry, provided illustrations to Dante's Inferno, and he also experimented with large
monotype works in watercolor. Among the many other significant watercolorists of this period were
Thomas Gainsborough, John Robert Cozens, Francis Towne, Michael Angelo Rooker, William Pars,
Thomas Hearne, and John Warwick Smith.

From the late 18th century through the 19th century, the market for
printed books and domestic art contributed substantially to the
growth of the medium. Watercolors were used as the basic
document from which collectible landscape or tourist engravings
were developed, and hand-painted watercolor originals or copies of
famous paintings contributed to many upper class art portfolios.
Satirical broadsides by Thomas Rowlandson, many published by
Rudolph Ackermann, were also extremely popular.

The three English artists credited with establishing watercolor as an

Thomas Girtin, Jedburgh Abbey
independent, mature painting medium are Paul Sandby (1730–
from the River, 1798–99, watercolor
1809), often called the "father of the English watercolor"; Thomas
on paper
Girtin (1775–1802), who pioneered its use for large format, romantic
or picturesque landscape painting; and Joseph Mallord William
Turner (1775–1851), who brought watercolor painting to the highest
pitch of power and refinement, and created hundreds of superb historical, topographical, architectural,
and mythological watercolor paintings. His method of developing the watercolor painting in stages,
starting with large, vague color areas established on wet paper, then refining the image through a
sequence of washes and glazes, permitted him to produce large numbers of paintings with "workshop
efficiency" and made him a multimillionaire, partly by sales from his personal art gallery, the first of its
kind. Among the important and highly talented contemporaries of Turner and Girtin were John Varley,
John Sell Cotman, Anthony Copley Fielding, Samuel Palmer, William Havell, and Samuel Prout. The
Swiss painter Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros was also widely known for his large format, romantic
paintings in watercolor.

The confluence of amateur activity, publishing markets, middle class

art collecting, and 19th-century technique led to the formation of
English watercolor painting societies: the Society of Painters in
Water Colours (1804, now known as the Royal Watercolour Society)
and the New Water Colour Society (1832, now known as the Royal
Institute of Painters in Water Colours). (A Scottish Society of
Painters in Water Colour was founded in 1878, now known as the
Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolour.) These societies
An unfinished watercolor by William provided annual exhibitions and buyer referrals for many artists.
Berryman, created between 1808 They also engaged in petty status rivalries and aesthetic debates,
and 1816, using watercolor, ink, and particularly between advocates of traditional ("transparent")
pencil. The use of partial watercolor and the early adopters of the denser color possible with
pigmentation draws attention to the body color or gouache ("opaque" watercolor). The late Georgian and
central subject. Victorian periods produced the zenith of the British watercolor,
among the most impressive 19th-century works on paper,[7] due to
artists Turner, Varley, Cotman, David Cox, Peter de Wint, William
Henry Hunt, John Frederick Lewis, Myles Birket Foster, Frederick Walker, Thomas Collier, Arthur
Melville and many others. In particular, the graceful, lapidary, and atmospheric watercolors ("genre
paintings") by Richard Parkes Bonington created an international fad for watercolor painting, especially
in England and France in the 1820s.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor_painting 3/9
3/22/2020 Watercolor painting - Wikipedia

The popularity of watercolors stimulated many innovations, including heavier and more sized wove
papers, and brushes (called "pencils") manufactured expressly for watercolor. Watercolor tutorials were
first published in this period by Varley, Cox, and others, establishing the step-by-step painting
instructions that still characterize the genre today; The Elements of Drawing, a watercolor tutorial by
English art critic John Ruskin, has been out of print only once since it was first published in 1857.
Commercial brands of watercolor were marketed and paints were packaged in metal tubes or as dry
cakes that could be "rubbed out" (dissolved) in studio porcelain or used in portable metal paint boxes in
the field. Breakthroughs in chemistry made many new pigments available, including synthetic
ultramarine blue, cobalt blue, viridian, cobalt violet, cadmium yellow, aureolin (potassium
cobaltinitrite), zinc white, and a wide range of carmine and madder lakes. These pigments, in turn,
stimulated a greater use of color with all painting media, but in English watercolors, particularly by the
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.

United States

Watercolor painting also became popular in the United States

during the 19th century; outstanding early practitioners included
John James Audubon, as well as early Hudson River School painters
such as William H. Bartlett and George Harvey. By mid-century, the
influence of John Ruskin led to increasing interest in watercolors,
particularly the use of a detailed "Ruskinian" style by such artists as
John W. Hill Henry, William Trost Richards, Roderick Newman, Winslow Homer, The Blue Boat,
and Fidelia Bridges. The American Society of Painters in 1892
Watercolor (now the American Watercolor Society) was founded in
1866. Late-19th-century American exponents of the medium
included Thomas Moran, Thomas Eakins, John LaFarge, John
Singer Sargent, Childe Hassam, and, preeminently, Winslow Homer.

Europe

Watercolor was less popular in Continental Europe. In the 18th

century, gouache was an important medium for the Italian artists
Marco Ricci and Francesco Zuccarelli, whose landscape paintings
John Singer Sargent, White Ships.
were widely collected.[8] Gouache was used by a number of artists in
Brooklyn Museum
France as well. In the 19th century, the influence of the English
school helped popularize "transparent" watercolor in France, and it
became an important medium for Eugène Delacroix, François
Marius Granet, Henri-Joseph Harpignies, and the satirist Honoré Daumier. Other European painters
who worked frequently in watercolor were Adolph Menzel in Germany and Stanisław Masłowski in
Poland.

Unfortunately, the careless and excessive adoption of brightly colored, petroleum-derived aniline dyes
(and pigments compounded from them), which all fade rapidly on exposure to light, and the efforts to
properly conserve the twenty thousand J. M. W. Turner paintings inherited by the British Museum in
1857, led to an examination and negative reevaluation of the permanence of pigments in watercolor. This
caused a sharp decline in their status and market value. Nevertheless, isolated practitioners continued to
prefer and develop the medium into the 20th century. Gorgeous landscape and maritime watercolors
were done by Paul Signac, and Paul Cézanne developed a watercolor painting style consisting entirely of
overlapping small glazes of pure color.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor_painting 4/9
3/22/2020 Watercolor painting - Wikipedia

20th and 21st centuries

Among the many 20th-century artists who produced important

works in watercolor, Wassily Kandinsky, Emil Nolde, Paul Klee,
Egon Schiele, and Raoul Dufy must be mentioned. In America, the
major exponents included Charles Burchfield, Edward Hopper,
Georgia O'Keeffe, Charles Demuth, and John Marin (80% of his total
work is watercolor). In this period, American watercolor painting
often imitated European Impressionism and Post-Impressionism,
Stanisław Masłowski, Pejzaż
but significant individualism flourished in "regional" styles of
jesienny z Rybiniszek (Autumn
watercolor painting from the 1920s to 1940s. In particular, the landscape of Rybiniszki), watercolor,
"Cleveland School" or "Ohio School" of painters centered around the 1902
Cleveland Museum of Art, and the California Scene painters were
often associated with Hollywood animation studios or the Chouinard
Art Institute (now California Institute of the Arts). The California
painters exploited their state's varied geography, Mediterranean
climate, and "automobility" to reinvigorate the outdoor or "plein air"
tradition. The most influential among them were Phil Dike, Millard
Sheets, Rex Brandt, Dong Kingman, and Milford Zornes. The
California Water Color Society, founded in 1921 and later renamed
the National Watercolor Society, sponsored important exhibitions of
their work. The largest watercolor in the world at the moment is
Building 6 Portrait: Interior.[9] Produced by American artist
Barbara Ernst Prey on commission for MASS MoCA,[10] the work
can be seen at MASS MoCA's Robert W. Wilson Building.[11]

Although the rise of abstract expressionism, and the trivializing

influence of amateur painters and advertising- or workshop-
influenced painting styles, led to a temporary decline in the
popularity of watercolor painting after c. 1950, watercolors continue Paul Cézanne, self-portrait
to be utilized by artists like Martha Burchfield, Joseph Raffael,
Andrew Wyeth, Philip Pearlstein, Eric Fischl, Gerhard Richter,
Anselm Kiefer, and Francesco Clemente. In Spain, Ceferí Olivé created an innovative style followed by
his students, such as Rafael Alonso López-Montero and Francesc Torné Gavaldà. In Mexico, the major
exponents are Ignacio Barrios, Edgardo Coghlan, Ángel Mauro, Vicente Mendiola, and Pastor Velázquez.
In the Canary Islands, where this pictorial technique has many followers, there are stand-out artists such
as Francisco Bonnín Guerín, José Comas Quesada, and Alberto Manrique.

Watercolor paint
Watercolor paint consists of four principal ingredients: a pigment; gum arabic as a binder to hold the
pigment in suspension; additives like glycerin, ox gall, honey, and preservatives to alter the viscosity,
hiding, durability or color of the pigment and vehicle mixture; and evaporating water, as a solvent used
to thin or dilute the paint for application.

The more general term watermedia refers to any painting medium that uses water as a solvent and that
can be applied with a brush, pen, or sprayer. This includes most inks, watercolors, temperas, caseins,
gouaches, and modern acrylic paints.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor_painting 5/9
3/22/2020 Watercolor painting - Wikipedia

The term "watercolor" refers to paints that use water-soluble,

complex carbohydrates as a binder. Originally (in the 16th to 18th
centuries), watercolor binders were sugars and/or hide glues, but
since the 19th century, the preferred binder is natural gum arabic,
with glycerin and/or honey as additives to improve plasticity and
solubility of the binder, and with other chemicals added to improve
product shelf life.

The term "bodycolor" refers to paint that is opaque rather than

transparent. It usually refers to opaque watercolor, known as
A set of watercolors
gouache.[12] Modern acrylic paints use an acrylic resin dispersion as
a binder.

Commercial watercolors

Watercolor painters before the turn of the 18th century had to make paints themselves using pigments
purchased from an apothecary or specialized "colorman", and mixing them with gum arabic or some
other binder. The earliest commercial paints were small, resinous blocks that had to be wetted and
laboriously "rubbed out" in water to obtain a usable color intensity. William Reeves started his business
as a colorman around 1766. In 1781, he and his brother, Thomas Reeves, were awarded the Silver Palette
of the Society of Arts, for the invention of the moist watercolor paint-cake, a time-saving convenience,
introduced in the "golden age" of English watercolor painting. The "cake" was immediately soluble when
touched by a wet brush.

Modern commercial watercolor paints are available in two forms: tubes or

pans. The majority of paints sold today are in collapsible small metal tubes
in standard sizes and formulated to a consistency similar to toothpaste by
being already mixed with a certain water component. For use, this paste has
to be further diluted with water. Pan paints (actually small dried cakes or
bars of paint in an open plastic container) are usually sold in two sizes, full
pans and half pans.

Owing to modern industrial organic chemistry, the variety, saturation, and

permanence of artists' colors available today has been vastly improved.
Correct and non-toxic primary colors are now present through the
introduction of hansa yellow, phthalo blue and quinacridone (PV 122).
From such a set of three colors, in principle all others can be mixed, as in a
A Reeves box
classical technique no white is used. The modern development of pigments
was not driven by artistic demand. The art materials industry is too small to
exert any market leverage on global dye or pigment manufacture. With rare
exceptions such as aureolin, all modern watercolor paints utilize pigments that have a wider industrial
use. Paint manufacturers buy, by industrial standards very small, supplies of these pigments, mill them
with the vehicle, solvent, and additives, and package them. The milling process with inorganic pigments,
in more expensive brands, reduces the particle size to improve the color flow when the paint is applied
with water.

Transparency

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor_painting 6/9
3/22/2020 Watercolor painting - Wikipedia

In the partisan debates of the 19th-century English art world, gouache was emphatically contrasted to
traditional watercolors and denigrated for its high hiding power or lack of "transparency"; "transparent"
watercolors were exalted. The aversion to opaque paint had its origin in the fact that well into the 19th
century lead white was used to increase the covering quality. That pigment tended to soon discolor into
black under the influence of sulphurous air pollution, totally ruining the artwork.[13] The traditional
claim that "transparent" watercolors gain "luminosity" because they function like a pane of stained glass
laid on paper—the color intensified because the light passes through the pigment, reflects from the
paper, and passes a second time through the pigment on its way to the viewer—is false. Watercolor
paints typically do not form a cohesive paint layer, as do acrylic or oil paints, but simply scatter pigment
particles randomly across the paper surface; the transparency is caused by the paper being visible
between the particles.[14] Watercolors may appear more vivid than acrylics or oils because the pigments
are laid down in a purer form, with few or no fillers (such as kaolin) obscuring the pigment colors.
Typically, most or all of the gum binder will be absorbed by the paper, preventing the binder from
changing the visibility of the pigment.[14] The absorption of the gum increases the adhesion of the
pigment to the paper, and the pigment particles will penetrate the fibres more easily. In fact, an
important function of the gum is to facilitate the "lifting" (removal) of color, should the artist want to
create a lighter spot in a painted area.[14] Furthermore, the gum prevents flocculation of the pigment
particles.[14]

See also
Ink wash painting
Acrylic paint
Acrylic painting techniques
History of painting
Gouache
Oil paint
Category:Watercolorists

Notes
1. Roger Ling (1991): Roman Painting. Cambridge University Press.
2. Ellis Kirkham Waterhouse (1994): Painting in Britain - 1530 to 1790. Yale University Press.
3. "Watercolor Painting in Britain, 1750–1850" (https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bwtr/hd_bwtr.htm).
www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
4. Vloothuis, Johannes (2017-07-14). "Understanding the Different Grades of Watercolor Paper" (http
s://www.artistsnetwork.com/art-mediums/watercolor/understanding-the-different-grades-of-watercolor
-paper/). Artists Network. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
5. "Watercolor Paper: How to Choose the Right Paper for Use with Watercolors" (http://www.art-is-fun.c
om/watercolor-paper/). Art is Fun. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151007051717/http://ww
w.art-is-fun.com/watercolor-paper/) from the original on 2015-10-07. Retrieved 2015-10-06.
6. "THE COLLECTOR'S GUIDE: WHAT IS WATERCOLOR?" (http://www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa043.
shtml). www.collectorsguide.com.
7. Reynolds, Graham (1992), Watercolours, A Concise History, London: Thames and Hudson, p. 102
8. Brown, David Blayney. "Watercolour." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press.
Retrieved April 26, 2014.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor_painting 7/9
3/22/2020 Watercolor painting - Wikipedia

9. Nalewicki, Jennifer. "The Story Behind the World's Largest Watercolor Painting" (https://www.smithso
nianmag.com/travel/story-behind-worlds-largest-known-watercolor-painting-180963798/).
Smithsonian. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
10. "The World's Largest Watercolor Goes on Display at MASS MoCA" (https://creators.vice.com/en_us/
article/8x4w54/mass-moca-worlds-largest-watercolor). Creators. 2017-05-30. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
11. "Barbara Ernst Prey Building 6 Portrait: Interior" (https://massmoca.org/event/barbara-prey-building-6
-portrait/). MASS MoCA. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
12. The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists, Ian Chilvers, Oxford University Press USA, 2009
13. D. Kraaijpoel & C. Herenius. (2007) Het kunstschilderboek — handboek voor materialen en
technieken, Cantecleer, p. 187
14. D. Kraaijpoel & C. Herenius. (2007) Het kunstschilderboek — handboek voor materialen en
technieken, Cantecleer, p. 183

References

History
Andrew Wilton & Anne Lyles. The Great Age of British Watercolours (1750–1880). Prestel, 1993.
ISBN 3-7913-1254-5
Anne Lyles & Robin Hamlyn. British watercolours from the Oppé Collection. Tate Gallery Publishing,
1997. ISBN 1-85437-240-8
Christopher Finch. American Watercolors. Abbeville Press, 1991. ASIN B000IBDWGK
Christopher Finch. Nineteenth-Century Watercolors. Abbeville Press, 1991. ISBN 1-55859-019-6
Christopher Finch. Twentieth-Century Watercolors. Abbeville Press, 1988. ISBN 0-89659-811-X
Eric Shanes. Turner: The Great Watercolours. Royal Academy of Arts, 2001. ISBN 0-8109-6634-4
Martin Hardie. Water-Colour Painting in Britain (3 volumes: I. The Eighteenth Century; II. The
Romantic Period; III. The Victorian Period.). Batsford, 1966–1968. ISBN 1-131-84131-X
Michael Clarke. The Tempting Prospect: A Social History of English Watercolours. British Museum
Publications, 1981. ASIN B000UCV0XO
Moore, Sean. Ultimate Visual Dictionary. Dorling Kindersley, 1994. ISBN 0-7513-1050-6

Tutorials and Technique

Rex Brandt. The Winning Ways of Watercolor: Basic Techniques and Methods of Transparent
Watercolor in Twenty Lessons. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973. ISBN 0-442-21404-9
David Dewey. The Watercolor Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist. Watson-Guptill,
1995. ISBN 0-8230-5641-4
Donna Seldin Janis. Sargent Abroad: Figures and Landscapes. Abbeville Press; 1st edition (October
1997). ISBN 978-0-7892-0384-7.
Charles LeClair. The Art of Watercolor (Revised and Expanded Edition). Watson-Guptill, 1999.
ISBN 0-8230-0292-6
Royal Watercolour Society. The Watercolour Expert. Cassell Illustrated, 2004. ISBN 1-84403-149-7
John Ruskin. The Elements of Drawing [1857]. Watson-Guptill, 1991. ISBN 0-8230-1602-1 (Reprints
from other publishers are also available.)
Pip Seymour. Watercolour Painting: A Handbook for Artists. Lee Press, 1997. ISBN 0-9524727-4-0
Stan Smith. Watercolor: The Complete Course. Reader's Digest, 1995. ISBN 0-89577-653-7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor_painting 8/9
3/22/2020 Watercolor painting - Wikipedia

Curtis Tappenden. Foundation Course: Watercolour. Cassell Illustrated, 2003. ISBN 1-84403-082-2
Edgar A. Whitney. Complete Guide to Watercolor Painting. Watson-Guptill, 1974. [Dover Edition
ISBN 0-486-41742-5]

Materials
Ian Sideway. The Watercolor Artist's Paper Directory. North Light, 2000. ISBN 1-58180-034-7
Jacques Turner. Brushes: A Handbook for Artists and Artisans. Design Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8306-
3975-6
Sylvie Turner. The Book of Fine Paper. Thames & Hudson, 1998. ISBN 0-500-01871-5
Michael Wilcox. The Wilcox Guide To The Best Watercolor Paints. School of Colour Publications,
2000. ISBN 978-0-9679628-0-1

External links
American Watercolor Society (http://www.americanwatercolorsociety.com/)
National Watercolor Society (USA) (http://www.nationalwatercolorsociety.org/)
Belgian Watercolour Institute (http://www.aquarelinstituut.be)
"Watercolour Painting" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/contentapi/logotron/watercolour-painting). Paintings &
Drawings. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
http://watercolor.net/history-overview/
http://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/water.html
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Watercolor_painting

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&oldid=943080326"

This page was last edited on 28 February 2020, at 18:25 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site,
you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a
non-profit organization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor_painting 9/9