Water Resources

Report is made by:

1.Raghupathi
2.Jeevan
3.Mohan Krishna
4.Kalyan Kumar
5.Ramanjanelu
6.Kalyan
7.Rajesh
8.Srikanth
9.Naveen
10.Gideon
11.Sai Ram

Submitted To : Irrigation Circle ,Guntur.

Submission Date : 30th May 2019.
 Abstract
 This report is for an indication of our knowledge which
was gained in one month under AE’S and DE’S.
 This report is about how the water is going to be treated,
controlled and utilised for irrigation and drinking purpose
from various sources of water by constructing various
suitable structures.
 For having sufficient crop yield and drinking water we
should recommend some construction of dams, canals to
use rain water properly.
 In Guntur district irrigation circle deals with KW Main
Canal from Prakasam barrage and Nagarjun Sagar
Right Jawhar Canal.
 KW Main canal flows through Guntur district to
Prakasam District.
 Nagarjun Sagar Right Jawhar Canal flows through
upland areas of Guntur District.
 In AP Forty Major and Medium rivers are present.
 Delta Areas are those near sea coast with less rainfall .
 Upland areas are those with high rainfall drains off the water
 In delta areas lands are irrigated by canals formed naturally
 Upland areas are irrigated by Tanks.
 Catchment area is a topographical area freely drains the
water.
 Irrigation circle deals with ayacat.
 Main theme of IC /Guntur is to supply water without any
losses to Tailend.
 To Guntur source of water is Krishna Barrage
 Barrage is to increase water level upto catchment area and divert the
water
 IC/Guntur is divided into four Divisions :
1. KWD /Tenali
2. ID /Guntur
3. DD /Repalle
4. Dd /Chirala
 1 and 2 deals with canals , 3 and 4 deals with drains.
 KW Canal in delta area is with an ayacut of 571351 acres
 Guntur Channel supplies water to 27000 acres
 Total minor irrigation tanks are 268 in Guntur District.
 Irrigation Project are classified into 3 types :
1. Major with an ayacat of >25000 acres
2. Medium with an ayacat of between 5000 to 25000 acres
3. Minor with an ayacat of <5000 acres

 Delta Canals :
1. KW MAIN CANAL
2. KW BANK CANAL
3. KOMMANURU CANAL
4. NIJAMPATNAM CANAL
5. EASTSIDE CHANNEL
6. WESTSIDE CHANNEL
7. HIGH LEVEL CHANNEL
 Upland Canals :
1. NSP MAIN CANAL
2. BELAMKONDA BRANCH CANAL
3. ADDANKI BRANCH CANAL
4. GUNTUR BRANCH CANAL
5. ZULLKALLU BRANCH CANAL

 1 TMC = 10^9 FT^3

 1 DAY = 86400 SEC
 Q =11574 CUSECS FOR ONE TMC OF WATER
 1 CUSEC = 1699 LTRS
 Duty : area of land in acres irrigated by CUSECS of water.
 Irrigation : Artificial supply of water to fields
 Process depends on source of water and carrier system
 Efficiency depends on effective functioning of carrier system and
efficient controlling.
 Distribution of water from head works to the land to be irrigated is
called canal system.
 Carrier System is nothing but canals & canal structures
 Canals are main,branch,major,minorcanals&field channels
 Canals are of contour type ad ridge type
 Canals structures are of cross drainage works &cross masonary works.
 Ayacat depends on terrain
 Discharge depends on ayacat
 Canal alignment should be in short distance to reach ayacat
 Canal design
 Canal bed level find above parent canal by ratio of Qparent/Qcannal and it varies from
0.07 to 0.3
 Q is determined by ayacat /duty by modiefied penny method .
 For wet crops duty is 70
 For dry /id crops duty is 140
 FSL fix by average ground level+15cm(driving head)
 By CBL,FSL FSD is known based on soil
 flatter slopes are adopted for irrigation since not possible to off take if steep
 Freeboard is fixed based upon discharge
 Bedwidth found by area=Q/V
 A=(B+5D)*D
 P=B+2D(S^2+1)^0.5
 Mannings coffient N is 0.025 for unlined
 N is 0.02 for lined based on soils
 HEAD REGULATORS :are placed at main sources of water
 Cross regulators placed across main canal to maintain FSL when 20% discharge of
main canal drawn by off takes
 IS 8835 –drains design
 IS 10462-canals design
 Off take sulices placed to divert to other ayacats
 Sill level of canal =0.075(min)
 CACTCHMENT AREA
 1.free C.A
 2.intercepted C.A-part of c.a intersected by existing storage
 CACTCHMENT AREA
 1 good C.A-Steep slope,no percolation,no cultivation
 2.average C.A-moderate slope,partly cultivation,semipervious soil
 3.bad C.A-more cultivation,pervious soils
 In canals ,drops/falls leads to erosion before that energy gets dissipated ,d/s is
protected by concert apporns by khoslas theory
 Dowel banks are provided to prevent entry of rain water to canals
 DRAINS
 MFL is fixed by average g.l+(0.6to0.75m)
 Drains flow from minor –medium-major &emptys into sea
 Drains are parent,infalling drain
 TANKS
 COMPONENTS OF TANK:
 1.earthen bund
 2.surplusing arrangement
 3.sulices
 4.field channel
 STORAGES
 1.gross storage-lowest level 0f tank to FTL
 2.live storage-sill level of sulice to FTL
 3.net utilisation – utilization of water considering evaporation losses
 4. gross utilisation-net utilization +evaporation losses
 Soil for bunds
 1.homogenus-same type of soil
 2.zone-upto FTL impervious core surrounded by casing and top layer is semi pervious
 Soil properties – clayey,cohesion ,plasticity used embankment of soils
 Free board-1.2to1.8m
 Seepage water in Bunds under piping effect and phreautic line should drain through toe drain
 On u/s reviting is made for protection,also at toe side rock toe is provided
 Cutoff trench provided under bunds used to avoid shear action
 sluces –to release water to ayacut and depends on duty there by discharge during base period
 -are like pipe and barrel
 Bund is prepared layer by layer by roller with proper consolidation tested under lab and field
Cross drainage works

 Canal over drain

 1.aqueduct-hfl below cbl and drain flows through gravity
 2.Syphon-hfl above canal bed level drain flows through syphon action
 drain over canal
 1.super passage-fsl of canal below bed level of drain
 2.syphoni passage-fsl of canal above bed level of drain
 Level crossig-by inlets and outlets and proper allowing of drains and canals
gates they get mixed and flow
Retaining wall

 In general trapezoidal section is efficient for canal design

 For lined canals retaining walls are used
 Retaining walls are prepared by scour depth((q*q)/f)^(1/3)
 Scour level=fsl/mfl-scour depth
 Afflux calculation(h) is for finding obstruction caused by retaining wall to
water flow
 Check for stability-by dividing into individual components of retaining wall
and calculating overturing moments and stabilizing moments
 Check for sliding by shear action
 It is advisable to act the resultant force within middle one third of base width
Cross masonry works

 Head regulators
 Cross regulators
 Drops
 Escapes
 Measuring device
 Sluices
 Based on these piers ,foot bridges,box culverts,single lane or doble lane are
constructed for efficient flow with required head
 Before any dam or canal or bund ,tank construction
surveying is made and levels are taken
 Contours are taken and referring topographic sheets and
topographical area and soil type,properties ,availability of
soluble rocks
 Negative levels are existed when height of instrument
below msl
 Preventing silt-by vegetation at c.A and constructing
check dams
 Duggiralla Main Canal
HP’S AND EXCESS WATER RELEASED BY
ESCAPES
LOCK SYSTEM- PROVIDED TO AVOID SUDDEN FALL BY
USING GATES FOR NAVIGATION CANALS ONLY EXCEPT
IRRIGATION CANALS
Boyepalem Tank : It supplies water to
120 acres
Thank You