3/29/2016 Skid Design and Dyranic Analysis I BETA Machinery Analysis

1. FEED/Planning: VlbraUon &

Skid Design and Analysis
Dynamic:s
Lifting, Environmental Loading; Static and Dynamic Design
2. Vibration, Pubiation, Tlllnsient.
R860nance & Slresa Analyses:
Vlbraaon ln1llgrtty Design SeN1cas

3. Skids, Foundation&, and Struc1ures:

Design and DynamlcAnalyses
Foundation Design and Dynamic
Analysis
Skid D86lgn and Analysis
Struc1ural Vlbradon and Dynamic
Dasign Analysis

4. FEA. CFO, and other Design For new skid dei;lgns a dynamic analysis Is o1ten required 1D resolve a vlbraUon problem. h addlUon to the dynamic analysis, other
Engineering Services design criteria must also be addressed.
5. Field Services: Inspections,
Troubleshoodng, Monitoring CONTENTS [hide]

1 Skid Design Challenges

2 Examples ofSkid Resonance and Vibration
Skid Dosign Solutions
3.1 Lifting, Loading and Transpor1Btian Sb.Jdy-Scope and Faab.Jres
3.2 Dynamic Skid Vibration and Stress Analysis- Scope and Faab.Jras
4 Cuslomer Benefits
BETAAdvantagas
Ralatad lnfonnadon
Ralatad Services
Key Words

1 SKID DESIGN CHAUENGES

The majority of compreRSor and pump package• are now mountad on sll>el •kids or baaeplatas. Dealgnlng a akld for a new
machinery package can be challonging because oflh988 factors:
• The skids must be designed 1D avoid resonance and llibration (from dynamic machinery and unbalanced forces and couples).
• The indus1ry ia looking for lower cost packages. This can cause suppliers lo reduce the skid coat which ollen raaulta in
detrimental decrease In skid stiffness. But an Inappropriately designed skid will create vlbraUon and reliability problems. h some
cases, skids era considered loo ftlmsy for the required appllcadon.
• New designs must consider loading, lifting and transportation issu81i, as well es weight limitations. Pedestal height can also
cause problems.
• Environmental loads such as wind, wave, and seismic activily must meet a variety of dililrent codes and standards.

2 EXAMPLES OF SKID RESONANCE AND VIBRATION

These two animations are examples where the skid was resonant and craa18d severe vibration problems. The animations are
called operating defteclion shape (or ODS) and are baaed on field vibration measurements. An ODS ia helpful to undarsland the
relaave vlbraaon and even Ille mode shapes. These examples llluS11'a18 why a dynamic skid analysis Is often required. The plC'ILlre
on the right lllu&tretes Ille modlncauons required to adequately support lhe engine {shown In yellow). Tllls soluaon hes resolved the
llibration problems.

Yll>EO: EXAMPLE OF VIBRATION AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

3 SKID DESIGN soumONS

Two commonly required skid studies are performed 1D address lhe above challenges. These englneertng requirements must be
specified (by the owner or EPC) to ensure they ere induded in the project
SPECIFICATIONS

1. Uftlng, Envlronnen1al, •nd lrllnsportatlon Studies. These studies will ensure the skid can be lifted, transported 1D slle, end
willlsland snvironmenlBI loads such as thosa induced by lhe wind or en aalthqueke. Skid applications will need lo meat industry
codes and cust>mer specifications fOr these loads.
2. Dynamic 8kidAnaly1iia. The sb.Jdy is focused on rotating or reciprocating machines. It will assess the vibretion and dynamic
stress amplitudes in tho skid strucb.Jre and components mounlBd on the skid to identify if modifications are required.

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For many packagers, BETA can also help reduce Iha cost of Iha skid (Skid Optimization S1udy).~forfurthar infonnation on
ways to reduce unnecessary costs (labor and materials).

Nole that the ftnal skid design Is allected by the compressorfoundalon design (I.e., the dynamic stiffness will wry depending If a
concrale, gravel, sleal structure or pile foundation is suppo~ng the skid).

3.1 LlmNG, LOADING AND TRANSPORTATION STUDY - SCOPE AND FEATURES

LIFTING ANALYSIS - STANDARD FEATURES

Lilting lug calculation to meet AISC (and others)

-
Lifting k.Jg reaction forces
r Lilting lug location optimization
Rigging/Sling fortes (I requi1Bd)

L Skidlltingdellection

L Skid ijfting st1BSses (>'s AISC 9" Ed.)

L S kid center of gra'oity ca~ulation
Llltlru Analy&ls - one aspact of llftng, loacing ..,d 1ran&por1allon anaysli

Scope
• Applies to any skid appllcaUon (supporting process piping and vessels, compressors, pumps, engines, generators, e1c.)
• Evaluate Iha skid design to ensure the skid member strassas are below appropriate coda speclftcaUons such as Iha AISC
raquiremenls. other lifting standards may also apply for o1rshora platform or FPSO applications (such es API RP-2A-W5D).
Evaluate skid design based upon lifting loads, transportation end hold-<lown requirements, and environmental loads such as
wind. seismic activily. motion and/or indination ofskid in FPSO oroflshore applications.

FNtu'9a in BETA'a Study

• Skid deflections due to li16ng are compared to induslty or customer specifications.
• Skid llfllng lugs are appropriately sized.
The oanter of gravity is calculated.
• Spreader bar and shackle design are recommended.
• As an option, BETA can perform anchor bolt loading and a FIN ITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) ID evaluata localized skid ftexibility,
guaeet end equipment mounting design.
• Report Includes proposed modmcauons 1D the skid design and a summary of the applied loadlng and calculalied resLJts.

3.2 DYNAMIC SKID VIBRATION AND STRESS ANALYSIS - SCOPE AND FEATURES
,.. .-.";'., u•..ul ~--.. • u.,-.--"';J".!"n
A.

Examples of FEA modela used n the dynamic skid analysia 1D avoid resonance and vilration problems.

Scope
• Define magnitude and frequency of dynamic loading on the skid. (Dynamic loads will vary depending upon the application.)
• For reciprocating machines, the dynamic loads include unbalanced forces and momen1s, cro&:&fleed guide forces, gas rod load
forces, pulsadon Induced !Drees In piping and vessel, and unbalanced forces and moments In the driver.
• Calculate skid vlbralon and s1ress and compare to lnduslty or cuslllmer guidelines.
• Consider boundary conditions from the foundation (pila, gravel pad, con""'bo block or shlel slrucb.mo).

Featu'9• In BETA'• Study

• All compressor operaUng forces are applied veclorlally to the model as dynamic loads.
• Vibrations and slnlsses are calculatad for aach load step and operating ca•.
• Engine unbalanced forces and moments are added ID the operating load. Comprasaor gas forces and cross-head guide forces
are calculated by BETAand applied to the FE model as a dynamic load.
• The approprlele damping raUo le applied based on BETA's ftald experience.
• Design modifications aR1 provided where vibration or stress exoaeds guideline.
• II required, BETA can calculallll slreases on the skid welds and compare b allowable llmlts.
• Report includes recommendations for the skid design and a summary of the applied loads and resultS (calculated mode shapes.

MNFs, end vibration amplitudes).

4 CUSTOMER BENEFITS
• Skid design will comply with intemational standards (ABS,API, AISC) and cuslDmar specifications.
• Ensure safe lifting, transportalon, and opera!lon.
1 Opdmlze skid coslll by reducing unneoeasery equipment and modlftceUons.
• Ensura sufficient stillness (al key locations) 1D avoid vibration problems for components mounted on Iha skid.
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5 BETA ADVANTAGES

• Cost effective and reliable design, based on BETA:s experience In skid and structural dynamics
• Accurate FE models
• Fast turnaround
• Includes II.Ill system (machine dynamics and supporting foundation)

6 RElATED INFORMATION
• SPECIFICATION FOR RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS (PDF)
• OPTIMIZED SKID DESIGN FOR COMPRESSOR PACKAGES (GMRC 2013, PDF)
• TRAINING MODULE 1: VIBRATION EQUATION, RESONANCE (VIDEO)
• STRUCTURAL VIBRATION AND WAYS TO AVOID IT (PDF)

7 RElATED SERVICES
• RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS - PULSATION AND MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
• RECIPROCATING PUMPS - PULSATION AND MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
• FOUNDATION DESIGN AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
• STRUCTURAL VIBRATION AND DYNAMIC DESIGN

Skid model used for lifting analysis Skid requires modification to meetAISG Code Detailed drawbar model to evaluate a new
(red areas exceed guidelne) skid design

&KEYWORDS

• Seismic
• Transportation
• Wind
• wave
• Environmental loads

MORE INFO
Pump Vibration Examples (Video) • Pulsations in Suction Piping (Reciprocating Pump) (Video) • Design Requirements for
Reciprocating Compressors • Perfonmance Monitoring Examples • EvaluaUng Compressor Operating Risks • llps for
Managing a SuccesslUI Vibration Project • Specifications •

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ll!!Iil!'.I AHALYTICS I

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