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SAINT VENANT’S PRINCIPLE

• In the theory of elasticity, a principle states that a system of forces
applied to some segment of a solid body in equilibrium, produces
stresses in that body that rapidly diminishes with increasing
distance from the segment.
• The stresses and deformations are negligibly small, at distances
greater than the maximum linear dimensions of the region of load
application.
• This phenomenon of stress and deformation is referred to as Saint-
Venant’s principle.
• Consider a rectangular bar that is deform elastically, due to load
applied along its centroidal axis.
• Bar is fixed from one side and load is applied through a hole as
shown.
• Due to loading, body deforms having localized deformation that
occurs at the end and tends to even out and become uniform
throughout the midsection.
Solid Mechanics-I 1 Statically Indeterminate System

SAINT VENANT’S PRINCIPLE

• Sections near to the point of loading shows non-uniform trend of
stresses that can be seen in a-a and b-b sections.
• Stress distribution is uniform throughout the section far from the
loading point.

Solid Mechanics-I 2 Statically Indeterminate System

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER

Hooke’s law:

Constant load and area OR

Solid Mechanics-I 3 Statically Indeterminate System

Problem-1:

Solid Mechanics-I 4 Statically Indeterminate System

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Solid Mechanics-I 5 Statically Indeterminate System

Problem-2:

Solid Mechanics-I 6 Statically Indeterminate System

3
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Solid Mechanics-I 7 Statically Indeterminate System

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE SYSTEM

• In the problems considered in last chapter, we could always use
free-body diagrams and equilibrium equations to determine the
internal forces produced in the various portions of a member under
given loading conditions, later used to obtain the stress and
deformation of the member.
• There are many problems, however, in which the internal forces
cannot be determined from statics alone, problems of this type are
said to be statically indeterminate.
• The principles of solution of statically indeterminate problems
involving normal tensile or compressive loads can be solved using:
1) Equations of Equilibrium of forces and moments
2) Equations describing geometry of deformations or
compatibility of displacements
3) Relationships between load-deformation or stress-strain for the
materials
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Problem-3:

Solid Mechanics-I 9 Statically Indeterminate System

Problem-4:

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Solid Mechanics-I 11 Statically Indeterminate System

4-31

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PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
• Structure is statically indeterminate whenever it is held by more
supports than are required to maintain its equilibrium.
• This results in more unknown reactions than available equilibrium
equations.
• It is often found convenient to designate one of the reactions as
redundant and to eliminate the corresponding support but the
redundant reaction must be maintained in the solution.
• Stress or displacements in complex loading are obtained by
subdividing into components and later algebraically summing the
stress or displacements caused by each load. This method is known
as PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION.
• Following two conditions must be satisfied
1) Loading must be linearly related to the stress or displacement
that is to be determined
2) Loading must not significantly change the original geometry or
configuration of the member
Solid Mechanics-I 13 Statically Indeterminate System

FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS

• To solve statically indeterminate systems, compatibility equations
can be written using principle of superposition. This method is
referred as ‘FLEXIBILTY OR FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS’
• Consider a bar, having load and supports as shown in figure.

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FORCE METHOD OF ANALYSIS

Solid Mechanics-I 15 Statically Indeterminate System

THERMAL EFFECTS
• External loads are not the only sources of stresses and strains in a
structure. Other sources include thermal effects arising from
temperature changes.
• Thermal effects are commonly found in both mechanical and
structural systems.

Solid Mechanics-I 16 Statically Indeterminate System

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THERMAL EFFECTS

Change in
Deformation due
temperature
to temperature
change
Coefficient of original length
linear expansion

Solid Mechanics-I 17 Statically Indeterminate System

THERMAL EFFECTS

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Solid Mechanics-I 19 Statically Indeterminate System

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