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Chapter 6
In these spreadsheets, you will learn how to use the following Excel fu
VDB
SLN
Solver
eadsheets:
equire that
Chapter 6 - Section 2
The Baldwin Company: An Example
Because capital budgeting requires numerous repetitive cash flows, it is an ideal application for Excel. When doing a
should do few or no calculations on your own, but rather let Excel do the calculations for you. We will begin with th
projections for the project:
We will start off with some preliminary work, including the depreciation each year, sales price, and unit costs:
The change in net working capital for each year is the beginning net working capital for each year minus the net wor
change in net working capital each year is:
Now we can calculate the pro forma income statement for each year (Table 6.1), which will be:
With this, the incremental cash flows each year, NPV for different interest rates, and IRR for the project are (Table 6
NPV
4% $ 123,643
10% $ 51,590
15% $ 5,473
15.68% $ 0
20% $ (31,350)
There are actually six MACRS schedules: three-, five-, seven-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year schedules. The MACRS schedule
double declining balance method, and switching to straight-line depreciation when it is more advantageous. The thr
(200%) when calculating the double declining balance depreciation amount, while the 15- and 20-year schedules us
can be used to construct a MACRS table. Below, we have constructed a MACRS table with all six schedules.
Equipment Life (Years)
Year 3 5 7
1 33% 20% 14%
2 78% 52% 39%
3 94% 71% 56%
4 Err:502
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Finally, note that the MACRS schedule we calculated can vary slightly from the table presented in the textbook. The
which is the schedule we used in the textbook. However, you are allowed to calculate the schedule on your own bas
get the table above, not the table in the textbook (or the table published by the IRS!). In the future, we will use the t
al application for Excel. When doing a capital budgeting problem, as in most Excel uses, you
lations for you. We will begin with the Baldwin Company project. We have the following
Year 4 Year 5
10,000 6,000
11.5% 11.5%
Year 4 Year 5
$ 11,500 $ 11,500
82,700 94,200
17,300 5,800
21.22 21.65
212,242 129,892
13.31 14.64
133,100 87,846
apital for each year minus the net working capital investment at the end of the year. So, the
$ 24,970 $ 21,224
21,224
$ 3,745 $ 21,224
ncerned with the aftertax salvage value, which is:
$ 212,242 $ 129,892
133,100 87,846
11,500 11,500
$ 67,642 $ 30,546
22,998 10,386
$ 44,643 $ 20,160
ear schedules. The MACRS schedule is calculated using the depreciation according to the
when it is more advantageous. The three-, five-, seven-, and 10-year schedules use a factor of 2
hile the 15- and 20-year schedules use a factor of 1.5 (150%). Excel has a function, VDB, which
table with all six schedules.
Equipment Life (Years)
10 15 20
10% 7% 5%
28% 19% 15%
42% 30% 23%
nction. Constructing the MACRS table is tricky because of the half-year convention. Below you
e.
he answers as a percentage rather than a dollar amount. Salvage is the salvage value, which is
umn as a floating input and locked the row. This allows us to copy and paste the formula
od for which we want to calculate the depreciation. With the half-year convention, we used
nction. This function will return the lesser of the next year minus one-half, or the life of the
s would not work for the last year. Notice that this MIN function will not work for the first year
on. Finally, the Factor is not shown on the picture above since Excel scrolls through the inputs
chedules and a factor of 1.5 for the 15- and 20-year schedules.
table presented in the textbook. The reason is that the IRS publishes a MACRS schedule,
lculate the schedule on your own based on the rules outlined by the IRS. If you do so, you will
e IRS!). In the future, we will use the table in the textbook for our calculations.
Chapter 6 - Section 3
Inflation and Capital Budgeting
Inflation should always be considered in any long-term project. As long as inflation is correctly handled, the NPV of t
projected proposed by Altshuler, Inc.
With these projections, we can generate the following nominal cash flows and NPV:
NPV @ 5% $268.00
When dealing with any cash flows, it is irrelevant whether you use real cash flows with the real interest rate or nom
value will always be the same.
n is correctly handled, the NPV of the project will be the same. For example, consider the
t. David Altshuler prefers to work in nominal terms, while Stuart Weiss prefers real cash flows.
ide the initial cost by the life of the equipment, or we can use the built-in Excel function SLN
nd Life, which is the life of the asset. In general, we usually find it easier just to divide the cost
ut it is available if you prefer.
PV:
s with the real interest rate or nominal cash flows with the nominal interest rate, the present
Chapter 6 - Section 5
Investments of Unequal Lives: The Equivalent Annual Cost Method
To find the equivalent annual cost (EAC), we find the net present value of the project, then find the annuity that rep
Suppose we have two different options for a pollution control system, a filtration system or a precipitation system. T
Filtration Precipitation
system system
Equipment $ 1,100,000 $ 1,900,000
Operating cost $ 60,000 $ 10,000
Life (years) 5 8
Income Statements
Filtration Precipitation
system system
Operating cost $ 60,000 $ 10,000
Depreciation 220,000 237,500
EBIT $ (280,000) $ (247,500)
Tax (95,200) (84,150)
Net income $ (184,800) $ (163,350)
So, using the bottom-up approach, the OCF for each alternative is:
In the final analysis, we should choose the system that is the least expensive, which is the filtration system.
Setting a Bid Price: A Capital Budgeting Extension
Suppose the company you work for is entering a competitive bidding process for a new project. How do you determ
for the project? We know that you would not want to lose money on the project from a financial perspective. From
project has a zero NPV, we make exactly the required return on the project. So, the minimum bid price we should su
all of the cash flows of the project such as the initial investment, salvage value, net working capital, etc., we can set
results in a zero NPV. While doing this by hand is possible, it can often result in tedious calculations. Fortunately, Exc
easier.
We are bidding on the following project. The contract will last for four years, and the equipment will be depreciated
bid price we could submit?
Equipment $ 3,300,000
Pretax salvage value $ 75,000
Units per year 125,000
Price per unit $ 22.64
VC as a percentage of sales 45%
Fixed costs $ 425,000
MACRS Year 1 33.30%
MACRS Year 2 44.40%
MACRS Year 3 14.80%
MACRS Year 4 7.40%
Immediate NWC $ 80,000
Tax rate 35%
Required return 10%
We entered a price in the appropriate cell above. As we will show later, it does not really matter what price we ente
the project with our hypothetical price. This will be:
To find the aftertax salvage value, we need to calculate the taxes. We get:
Pretax salvage value: $ 75,000.00
Taxes on sale: 26,250.00
Aftertax salvage value: $ 48,750.00
The total cash flows for each year of the project are:
NPV: $ -
The minimum bid price is the price at which the NPV of the project is zero. We can use Solver to find this unit price (
As you see, with Solver you first enter the target cell you would like to set to a specific value, in this case, the NPV ce
zero NPV, we chose to set the NPV cell equal to a value of zero. Next, we select the cell we would like to change in o
this case, we changed the unit price cell. This is why the original value we entered for the unit price is irrelevant: Sol
that after we used Solver, we restored the original value. On the next worksheet, you can see the answer report gen
zero NPV is:
Minimum bid price:
We restored the original unit price so you could use Solver on this problem for practice.
NOTE: There is a bug in Solver that will occur occasionally. In some cases, Solver will not launch, or if you try to save
unexpected internal error or available memory was exhausted" pop up. In this case, the solution is to uninstall Solve
1) Go to the Office button on the top left, click Excel options, choose Add-Ins, select Excel Add-Ins in the pulldo
2) Uncheck the Solver add-in and click OK.
3) Go to the Office button on the top left, click Excel options, choose Add-Ins, select Excel Add-Ins in the pulldo
is a repeat of Step 1.
4) Check the Solver add-in and select OK.
ost Method
ject, then find the annuity that represents the annual cost based on the life of the project.
system or a precipitation system. The relevant numbers for each alternative are:
the equipment will be depreciated on a three-year MACRS schedule. What is the minimum
ot really matter what price we entered. Next, we need to calculate the cash flows and NPV for
4
$ 821,081
80,000
48,750
$ 949,831
oblem are:
ecific value, in this case, the NPV cell. Since the lowest bid price is the price that results in a
he cell we would like to change in order to set the target cell equal to the value we chose. In
d for the unit price is irrelevant: Solver will change the value when it solves the problem. Note
you can see the answer report generated by Solver. In this case, the bid price that results in a
will not launch, or if you try to save one or more of the reports, you may see "Solver: An
se, the solution is to uninstall Solver and re-install it. To do this:
s, select Excel Add-Ins in the pulldown menu near the bottom of the box, and click on Go.
s, select Excel Add-Ins in the pulldown menu near the bottom of the box, and click on Go. This
Microsoft Excel 14.0 Answer Report
Worksheet: [CF Chapter 06 Excel Master.xlsx]Section 6.5
Report Created: 10/11/2015 3:41:55 PM
Result: Solver found a solution. All Constraints and optimality conditions are satisfied.
Solver Engine
Engine: GRG Nonlinear
Solution Time: 6.895 Seconds.
Iterations: 1 Subproblems: 0
Solver Options
Max Time 100 sec, Iterations 100, Precision 0.000001
Convergence 0.0001, Population Size 100, Random Seed 0, Derivatives Forward, Require Bounds
Max Subproblems Unlimited, Max Integer Sols Unlimited, Integer Tolerance 5%, Solve Without Integer Constraints
Variable Cells
Cell Name Original Value Final Value Integer
Price per unit Precipitation
$D$48 system $ 25.00 $ 22.64 Contin
Constraints
Cell Name Cell Value Formula Status Slack
$C$92 NPV: Project Cash Flows $ - $C$92=0 Binding 0
ut Integer Constraints
Chapter 10 - Master It!
For this Master It! assignment, refer to the Goodweek Tires, Inc. case at the end of Chapter 6. For your conven
such as the price, variable cost, etc. on the next page. For this project, answer the following questions:
d. At what OEM price would Goodweek Tires be indifferent to accepting the project? Assume the replacement m
e. At what level of variable costs per unit would Goodweek Tires be indifferent to accepting the project?
he end of Chapter 6. For your convenience, we have entered the relevant values in the case
swer the following questions:
Variable Cells
Cell Name Original Value Final Value Integer
$C$15 Variable cost $ 22 $ 25 Contin
Constraints
Cell Name Cell Value Formula Status Slack
$C$89 NPV Year 0 $0.00 $C$89=0 Binding 0
Integer Constraints
Microsoft Excel 16.0 Answer Report
Worksheet: [CF 11th edition Chapter 06 Excel Master student.xlsx]Solution
Report Created: 2/17/2020 4:55:07 PM
Result: Solver found a solution. All Constraints and optimality conditions are satisfied.
Solver Engine
Engine: GRG Nonlinear
Solution Time: 0.031 Seconds.
Iterations: 1 Subproblems: 0
Solver Options
Max Time 100 sec, Iterations 100, Precision 0.000001
Convergence 0.0001, Population Size 100, Random Seed 0, Derivatives Forward, Require Bounds
Max Subproblems Unlimited, Max Integer Sols Unlimited, Integer Tolerance 5%, Solve Without Integer Constraints
Variable Cells
Cell Name Original Value Final Value Integer
$C$15 Variable cost $ 22 $ 25 Contin
Constraints
Cell Name Cell Value Formula Status Slack
$C$89 NPV Year 0 $0.00 $C$89=0 Binding 0
Integer Constraints
Master It! Solution
OEM market:
Price $ 38
Variable cost $ 22
Automobile production 5,600,000
Growth rate 2.50%
Market share 11.00%
Replacement market:
Price $ 59
Variable cost $ 22
Market sales 14,000,000
Growth rate 2.00%
Market share 8.00%
Replacement market:
Total tires sold in market 14,000,000 14,280,000 14,565,600 14,856,912
SuperTread tires sold 1,120,000 1,142,400 1,165,248 1,188,553
Price $ 59.00 $ 61.53 $ 64.16 $ 66.91
Revenue:
OEM market $ 93,632,000 $ 100,082,835 $ 106,978,105 $ 114,348,428
Replacement market 66,080,000 70,288,074 74,764,123 79,525,215
Total $ 159,712,000 $ 170,370,909 $ 181,742,228 $ 193,873,643
Variable costs:
OEM market $ 54,208,000 $ 57,942,694 $ 59,391,261 $ 60,876,043
Replacement market 24,640,000 26,209,112 26,733,294 27,267,960
Total $ 78,848,000 $ 84,151,806 $ 86,124,556 $ 88,144,003
NPV $12,585,858.45
IRR 19.15%
Profitability index 1.0845