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2018 BIOSTATISTICS

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1) Health counseling at PCP checkup in
pt w/ no current illness is a form

of 10
prevention ) health
promotion

400
2) Cholesterol
study of
mortality in
pts mean
220mg 1dL
-

¥
T
2T

find
↳ 2.5%
. 95×400=380
-3%
900 T=
10mg 1dL
2T =
95% son

3) test calculate sensitivity


⇐ ffptf.az = 75%000=10.157

9) NAT ✓
A.AT - N
MY 9 trim
19 MF N P T PPV

\
FP
sensitivity specificity
-

* FN d specificity ↳ Ppv d FP d sensitivity d NPV


100% gengyyywe

5) HAWK THORNE (OBSERVER ) BIAS -


100% specific
how he
Dr . is AWARE
study on does
pt history is
being done

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this data ? Outcomes)


is
categorical it ?
or is means
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test PPK-tapqg.pt?n,
PPV 200/250 800/1000 80%
=
= =

of being free if test result is negative


, have no cancer ?
Parameters : VB -
is the
probability of disease
the chances
prevalence is
affecting
8) thyroid
" what are directly related to
pre
-
test
probability of ⑤ Disease ; thus NPV
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test

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O PPV 3 DNPV

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=
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active treatment

treatment active
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test t # free
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MUTATION → HT N
BLOOD CHLORIDE


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CROSS SECTIONAL risk factor associated


follow for
1 week

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ALL PATIENTS

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15 ) A
graph W ) to SHEW . . . WHAT is true about it ?
"
↳ mean us is always @ the
bottom mode is
,
always @ the top

about area under


0.01
we are
talking
nonsmokers -
RR -
-
1.7 ; p value
- =
the corvee
16 ) y
contraceptive + DVT - smokers -
RR -
-
0.96 ; p
-
value 0.68 THIS IS EFFECT MODIFICATION

" DIABETES )
TD disease prevalence increases when incidence / time remain constant . . .
how is this
possible?
A / survivability
quality of care A

) FEIN -200
-

people had
18 is 75% ; 200 Ml ; how
sensitivity many were en

F%←
I 9) A CRP is associated ,
w d new marker, but has
strong negative correlation (close to slope)

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( number
in the
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middle j or AVG OF the two nnddk His if even #'s

↳ If a treatment prolongs life of cancer


pt SELL ) then the incidence doesn't

t the prevalence increases


change .
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organized
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drug control

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24 ) POWER plant suspected of


causing cancer in exposed children . . . Best choice for
[
control? You want to think of this as
ashing
cancer
CASES

HOW would you make A 2×2 table to study this
expe.oasemp.de .
T#T CASE control

LAW diseased
A CONTROL ?
sooo
CASE
f people
Disease a control
-

CASE

controls should represent general population
-

⑦ Emon -
Diabetic
= ' as in 200 pts probability difference is
pure chance is Si .
= x (alpha ) =
type / error Calculate
power
= I -

13=180%7
-0 to
B (Beta ) 11 error
type
=
* Diabetic 185 pts there is difference when is there is 20%
=
probability
=
210 in of concluding no one

④ to
probability of seeing difference when is there power
=
one

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calculate
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specificity
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-
140 180

-1 TINTED
=

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gives readings
11.2
,
13.5
,
t 7. I
} Normal
ranges 4 -

14
.

. . .
WHAT can
you say about this test ?

THAT its Notarial

Validity accuracy
=

reliability =
precision
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BB
30
40 70

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=

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OR
7%79-0 81%-0 0.381
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=

p
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-

1.3 ) .
This is
statistically significant !÷q !÷q
:

y; .

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30 ) Type of measure to prevent c ts wave your test subjects are semi - to your control subjects Kage , ethnicity ,
etc )

a) It
31 ) Homocysteine 11.1 I 1.2 How should these dates be
compared ?
B)
g) mewans-sIIII.IT#It-tesI
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9. s ± i. 3

categories ?
%)
co # ou → BLADDER CANCER

Remember If Net EFFECT MODIFICATION theme CONFOUNDING


RR ' s
-

its
-
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.
. .
its ;
f - C0NFONG
SERS NON-SMOKERS
1212=0.95 RR -
- 1.03

Additionally
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A
Large p value the difference is
suggests
-

RR from 1 is due to
thee alone . . .

meaning
there is
no real association on a) whelp bladder

)
cancer

33 Dr t
pt UNAWARE OF WHICH Pt drag us who is method to reduce obseias
.

gets .

gets placebo

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34 CASE
FATALITY RATE =
# FATAL

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prevented Lyon)
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200 300

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36 ) [④
American Chinese
NEW Biomarker -

89% Sensitive ; 85% .


Specific Est : {{ 2.
groups , 5/100,000 w/ G1 career
; 100/100,000 GI cancer }}]]

It CAN BE SAID that American NPVS would be higher; t PPVS lower b/c of prevalence ; vice versa inching

37 ) is the
thing that
really change the
sample size one can
p value
-

infected
potatosalade.at#
38 ) Attach Rate in
potato salad =
an
potato salad eaters
=

3+5+3+-14=2,53--0-34
to test set so

39 ) type , error -_ &


ONLY Answer Not bullshit is tB=p0we€
type 11 Error =p

90 ) RELIABLE =
precise

valid accurate
-

-
b) Snapshot on landmasses = cross -
sectional SNAPSHOT on
populations =
Ecological
study

NEEDS to lower recurrence


by 40%
compered to STD CARE to be
approved by FDA

2)
.


NEW DRUG KM 28
US
⑧%
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✓ Recurrence notte
4× 8 = 3.2 g 3.2=19.8J
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care
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⑦ To screen for any disease you want to cast a wide NET


=
test w/ high sensitivity

groups

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5) Incidence = H-NEWCAS.ES/-year===-z,-q
#
people @ risk

4,000 , A 40,000 all


population ooo m 20 , ooo w/ Chs case i 7000 New cases (yr ;
I 000 deaths / year to disease j deaths from causes

6) Everyone gets breast ) prostate but not too high mams help
cancer at some
point 's mortality Also
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ANYONE if LIVE
WHO GETS LUNG CANCER is LUCKY they
GI cancer is
pretty common , but
prevented complications by colonoscopies

disease
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Risk of exposure
=
exposure @ Hate =
Fo 40.5J

8) ACTUAL RISK PERCENTAGE €5


100 x&RR 1) /RR] -
=
100×85-17/53=800 but . . . if
you
knew that

RR=2 means your 2x more Likely t 3=3×8 4=4 x t5=5x then its easy to say that it would be 80

not even calculating anything

9)
Bias ? selection blots
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disuse
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test

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10
NEW CANCER TEST ① in 954 . Who dont have disease →
95% TN -

P =
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" ) A medication that takes time to work I show effectiveness must be measured

of time
Over a longer period . I LATENT PERIOD EFFECT

the
things that change RR
confounding
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effect mocha cation

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-
1.4 ← STATES Rish
present latent period
Cl 95%
W/ NULL 1.02 1.85
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p
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B) CI 95% =
It 1.965ft
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stamp
size

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14 ) tell pathologist a dx pt has DM TI t his biopsy s are 3x more likely to be biased as an observer

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t Life
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Lead The blots
5) expectancy by 73 months -
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Early detection =/ A survival time

6) Cancer
mortality ? Lung
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Leading cancer

TD All but 2 were


prevalence when the graph showed incidence . . . . then the correct

Ad-libs the one that matched the graph

odds
pregnancy to
Exposure
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( A- SEE CONTR * ratio Cross sectional



prevalence odds is For studies

⑧ DDS NTD NTD


q
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exposure

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↳ These
us .

y¥¥I# USED

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NSAID
During pregnancy

RECALL BIAS dont remember


These mothers likely
=

mothers would be
more likely to recall Most
.
B/C it didnt affect them .

likely can't sleep w/o wondering


if it was their fault their
Baby has disease

207 top of the


The made
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is ALWAYS on
m#within; Midian in the middle , Meenan on

level
the ground

21 ) ÷i÷€ A
decreasing center line is
good for
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specificity
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90% 80 's .

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i t cancer ?
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23 2 - followed 10
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COHORT
groups non-smokers years →
pro
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↳ ←•→
# cancer ? Retro
disease
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