IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELEmONICS, VOL. 8,N0.
3 , JULY 1993
Phase-Controlled Series-Parallel Resonant Converter
Dariusz Czarkowski and Marian K. Kazimierczuk, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract-A constant-frequency phase-controlled series-parallel
resonant dc-dc converter is introduced, analyzed in the fre-
quency domain, and experimentally verified. To obtain the dc-dc
converter, two identical series-parallel resonant inverters are
paralleled and the resulting phase-controlled resonant inverter is
loaded by a voltage-driven rectifier. The converter can regulate
the output voltage at a constant switching frequency in the
range of load resistance from full-load resistance to infinity while
maintaining good part-load efficiency. The efficiency of the con-
verter is almost independent of the input voltage. For switching
frequencies slightly above the resonant frequency, power switches
are always inductively loaded, which is very advantageous if
MOSFET’s are used as switches. Experimental results are given
for the phase-controlled series-parallel resonant converter with
a center-tapped rectifier at an output power of 52 W and a
switching frequency of 127 kHz. The measured current imbalance
between the two inverters was as low as 1.2:l.
I. INTRODUCTION
R ESONANT power conversion technology offers many
advantages in comparison with PWM one. Among them
are low electromagnetic interference (EMI), low switching
losses, small volume and weight of components due to high
operating frequency, high efficiency, and low reverse-recovery
losses in diodes because of low d i l d t at turn-off. However,
most frequency-controlled resonant converters, e.g., [ 11-[4],
suffer from a wide range of frequencies which is required to
regulate output voltage against load and line variations. This
makes it difficult to filter EM1 and effectively utilize magnetic
components. As a remedy for these problems, several full-
bridge topologies of phase-controlled resonant inverters and
converters have been proposed and analyzed [SI-[ 151. In these
circuits, the operating frequency can be maintained constant.
A drawback of some phase-controlled converters is that as one
leg of MOSFET switches is loaded inductively, the other is
loaded capacitively [8]. For inductive loads, there is no tum-on
loss, but there is tum-off loss. In contrast, for capacitive loads,
there is no tum-off loss, but there is tum-on loss. However. for
capacitive loads, the antiparallel diodes generate high current
spikes and switching losses, considerably reducing efficiency.
Therefore, for power MOSFET’s, the inductive load conditions
are preferred [I], [ 14). References [ 131-[ 151 describe phase-
shift resonant converter topologies in which all four MOSFET
switches are inductively tumed-off and have very little penalty
on conduction losses.
This paper presents a new phase-controlled ceries-parallel
resonant converter ( P C SPRC), its steady-state analysis in the
Manuscript received July 5 , 1992: revised February 19, 1993. This work was
supported by the National Science Foundation by Grant ECS-8922695.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright
State University, Dayton, OH 45435.
IEEE Log Number 92093 1 1.
0885-8993/93$0! 1.00 @ 1993 IEEE
309
I 1 1 1 J
b
Fig. 1. Class D voltage-switching phase-controlled series-parallel inverter.
frequency domain, design equations, and experimental results.
In the proposed circuit, two identical series-resonant circuits
share the same ac load. At operating frequencies higher than
the resonant frequency, power switches are loaded inductively.
This allows an easy use of power MOSFET’s because snubbers
are not required [I]. The proposed converter is efficient at
part load because the amplitudes of the currents through the
resonant circuits and switches decrease with increasing load
resistance and are well balanced.
Fig. 1 depicts a Class D phase-controlled series-parallel
resonant inverter (PC SPRI). It consists of two conventional
Class D voltage-switching series-parallel inverters [ 11-[4]:
inverter 1 and inverter 2. Each inverter is composed of two
switches with their antiparallel diodes, a series-resonant circuit
L-Cl, and an ac load resistance 2R, connected in parallel with
the capacitor C2/2. The parallel combination of capacitors
C2/2 and load resistances 2R, results in capacitor Cz and the
load resistance R,. If the load resistance R, in the inverter
of Fig. 1 is replaced by one of the Class D voltage-driven
rectifiers analyzed in [ 161 and shown in Fig. 2, a phase-
controlled series-parallel resonant converter is obtained. Its
dc output voltage Vo can be regulated against load and line
variations by varying the phase shift between the voltages
that drive inverter 1 and inverter 2 while maintaining a fixed
operating frequency and inductive loads for both pairs of
switches. For inductively loaded switching legs, zero-voltage
switching can be accomplished by adding a shunt capacitor in
parallel with one of the switches in each leg and using a dead
time in drive voltages of MOSFET’s [ 161-1 181. The converter
is suitable for medium-to-high power applications with the
upper switching frequency limit of 150 kHz, as recommended
in 1141.
OF CLASSD PHASE-CONTROLLED
11. ANALYSIS
RESONANTINVERTER
SERIES-PARALLEL
A . Assumptions
The analysis of the PC SPRI of Fig. 1 begins with the
following simplifying assumptions:
1) The loaded quality factor Q L of the inverter is high
enough so that the currents il and i 2 are sinusoidal.
310 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER El.JXlXONICS. VOL. 8. N0.3 ,JULY 1993

Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit for the fundamental components of the Class D

phase-controlled inverter of Fig. 1.

Using the principle of superposition, one obtains the output

voltages due to the voltages V1 and V2,respectively,

+
"0 where
- +
A = G z / ( 2 c i ) ,C = ( C i C z / 2 ) / ( C i C z / 2 ) ,
WO = d m
(c) is the corner frequency and
Fig. 2. Class D voltage-driven rectifiers. (a) Half-wave rectifier. (b) QL 2 R i / ( ~ o L=
) 2Ri/Zo
Transformer center-tappedrectifier. (c) Bridge rectifer.
is the normalized load resistance (or the loaded quality factor).
The factor 2 arises from the configuration of a single inverter
2) The power MOSFET's are modeled by switches with (1 or 2) in which the value of the parallel capacitor is C2/2
ON-resistances TDS. and the load is 2&. Using (3), (6), and (7), one arrives at the
3) The reactive components of the resonant circuits are output voltage of the inverter
passive, linear, time invariant, and do not have parasitic
resonances.
4) Components of both resonant circuits are identical.

B . Voltage Transfer Function of Class D

Phase-Controlled Series-Parallel Inverter
Each switching leg and the dc input voltage source VI of the
inverter shown in Fig. 1 form a square-wave voltage source.
Since the input currents 21 and 22 of the resonant circuits are that yields the dc-to-ac voltage transfer function of the Class
sinusoidal, only the power of the fundamental component of D phase-controlled inverter
each input voltage source is transferred to the resonant circuit.
Therefore, the square-wave voltage sources can be replaced by
sinusoidal voltage sources that represent the fundamental com-
ponents as shown in Fig. 3. These fundamental components
are described by

v1 = V,cos(wt + -)42 (1)

v2
4
= V,cos(wt - -) (2)
3 Let us denote
where
2
v, = -VI
lr
(3)
and 4 is the phase shift between v1 and v2. The phasors of the
and
voltages at the input of the resonant circuits are expressed by
v1= Vmej(@/2) (4) W w wo A
b ( - , A ) = (- - --).
WO wo wA+1
CZARKOWSKI AND KAZIMIERCZUK: PHASE-CONTROLLED SERIES-PARALLEL RESONANT CONVERTER 311

Hence, 1 MI I
n 4.

2.

I.

Fig. 4 shows ( M II as a function of different pairs of parameters 0.

15 6. 0.5
selected from the set 4, QL, w / w o , and A, while the other two
parameters are kept constant.

C. Currents and Powers of Class D Phase-Controlled

Series-Parallel Inverter I MI I
1.5
The phasors and the amplitudes of the currents through
1 .o
the resonant inductors are given by (13)-(16) below. Fig. 5
shows normalized amplitudes ImlZo/VI and I m 2 Z o / V ~as 0.5
functions of Q L and 4 for f / f o = 1.1 and A = 1. It can 0.0
be seen that the amplitudes decrease with 4 and the difference 0. 4. 0.

between them is low at any operating point in comparison with 6. 0. ' ab

their absolute values. The maximum values of the normalized
(d)
amplitudes ImlZo/VI and Im2Z0/V1occur at low values of 4.
(C)

Equations (15) and (16) differ by terms containing szn($/2),
which are close to zero at low values of 4.Therefore, the
current imbalance between the two inverters is small. Since
the amplitudes ImlZo/VI and Im2Zo/VI decrease with 4,the
converter offers good part-load efficiency.
Close examination shows that the peak transistor currents
are twice as high as those in a full-bridge PWM converter at
the same output power.
To determine whether the switches are loaded capacitively
or inductively, complex powers at the fundamental frequency
Fig. 4. Three-dimensional representation of the magnitude of the dc-to-ac
transfer function of the phase-controlled Class D series-parallel inverter. (a)
1 . l f I ) as a function of Q L and 0 at f / f o = 1.1 and -4= 1. (b) l~bfllas
a function of Q L and -4at f / f o = 1.1 and d = 0. (c) l M ~ las a function
of f / f o and A at Q L = 1 and d = 0. (d) IMII as a function of QLand
f / f o at A = 1 and o = 0.
are calculated and their angles are examined. Another method
for determining the type of the load for the switches is to
calculate the impedances Z1 = V1/11 and 2 2 = V2/I2 seen
by the voltage sources w1 and 212 at the fundamental frequency.
 IEEE TRANSACnONS ON POWER EIEClXONICS. VOL. 8, NO3 , 1993
312

r . \ ,
120.

90.

60.

30.
4. 200.

I. -
0. 0.

-
200. 0.
1.
Qb.
(b)
Fig. 5. Three-dimensional representation of the normalized amplitudes of
the currents through the resonant circuits atf/ f o = 1.1 and A = 1. (a) (b)
I,,,~ZO/V1versus Q L and 4 (b) I,2Z0/1.j versus Q L and 0.
Fig. 6 . Three-dimensional representation of the power angles 4"i and ~2 at
f / f o = 1.1 and A = 1. (a) ~ ' versus
1 Q L and 0.(b) $9 versus Q L and 0.
The complex power supplied by the voltage source 211 is
1
s1 = -v11;
2
- zvl'
-
n2Z,b( z .A )
d, z,A ) + szn(
-b( $)COS( $) +j[a( 2,A) - c o s 2 ( $ ) ]
X
4 E ' A ) -Ji&b(EA
=) SI 1 e J W 1= Pi +jQi (17)
where 1 5'1 1 is the apparent power, PI is the real power, Q1 is
the reactive power, and $1 = Arg(S1) is the principal argument
of SI.The power supplied by the voltage source v2 is

d
-b( 2,A ) - szn( $)cos( $ ) + j [ a (E.-4) - cos2( $ ) ]
x L
a( L
WO .-4) - j & b ( E.-4)
= 1S2(e31112
= P2 + j Q 2 (18)
where (5'2) is the apparent power, P2 is the real power, Q2 Fig. 7. Three-dimensional representation of the power angles zi, as a function
is the reactive power, and $12 = Arg(S2) is the principal of Qr. and o at f / f o = 1 and .4 = 1.
argument of S z . Fig. 6 depicts principal arguments $1 and
$2 as functions of 4 and QL, for f / f o = 1.1 and A = 1. The replacement of resonant capacitors C1 in Fig. 1 by
Close examination shows that $1 and $2 are always positive coupling capacitors results in a topology of a phase-controlled
for f / fo > 1.03 at A = 1. This indicates that both inverter 1 parallel resonant inverter (PC PRI). Equations that govern the
and inverter 2 are loaded by inductive loads for f/fo > 1.03 operation of PC PRI can be obtained from those given in this
at A = 1. section by setting A = 0. It can be shown that, for the PC
CZARKOWSKI AND KAZIMIERCZUK: PHASE-CONTROLLED SERIES-PARALLEL RESONANT CONVERTER 313

PRI, all switches are loaded inductively for f / f o > 1.07. The resonant capacitor C1
replacement of the capacitor Cp by an open circuit results
Im(ma,,
in a topology of a phase-controlled series resonant inverter Vclm = ___ (22)
WC1
(PC SRI). The condition of inductive loads for all switches
in the case of PC SRI is f / f o > 1, i.e., operation above and across resonant inductor L
resonance. However, equations for PC SRI must be derived
VLm = W L 4 n ( 7 n a x ) . (23)
separately because w, requires a redefinition. For PC SPRI,
the minimum operating frequency f m i n that ensures inductive
D. Efficiency of Class D PC SPRI
loads for the switches is, therefore, in the range from f o to
1.07f0 and depends bn A. As was mentioned in the previous The parasitic resistance of each series-resonant circuit is
paragraph, the condition is f / f o > 1.03 for A = 1. r = TDS + + rL +
rcl, where T D S = ( T D S 1 T D S ~ ) is
/ ~
The complex power of the fundamental component S sup- the average resistance of the on-resistances of the MOSFET’s,
plied to the inverter is given by (19), (see (19) above) where r L is the ESR of the resonant inductor L, and rc1 is the
(SI is the apparent power, P is the real power, and Q is the ESR of the resonant capacitor C1. Therefore, one can find
reactive power supplied to the inverter. The angle $ = Arg(S) the conduction power loss in the series-resonant circuits of
is the power factor angle of S and is inverter 1 and inverter 2 as Prl = r&/2 and P r 2 = rIL2/2,
respectively. Substituting (15) and (16) for Iml and Im2, one
obtains the conduction loss in four MOSFET’s, two inductors
+= L , and two capacitors C 1 (see (24) below). Using (9), the
conduction loss in the capacitor C, is found as

where rc2 is the ESR of the capacitor C2. The total conduction
The power factor angle $ is depicted in Fig. 7 as a function loss in the inverter is
of 4 and QL for f / f o = 1.1 and A = 1. Although the power
of the higher harmonics is neglected, this figure gives useful
PT = P r s f PCZ
information about the ratio of real to reactive power in the
-
-
4v;
circuit. 7r”2,2{[4$>A)l2 + &[b(:,A)12)
The output power of the Class D phase-controlled inverter
is obtained from (19) .

The maximum value of the amplitude of the current through + 2rc2(1+ A)2(-)2cos
W

WO
the resonant circuit Im(max)can be found from (15) for
operation above the resonant frequency f o . Thus, one obtains Neglecting switching losses and drive power and using (21)
the maximum value of the amplitude of the voltage across and (26), one arrives at the efficiency of the phase-controlled
314 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 8, N0.3 , JULY 1993

where V R and ~ 1 ~ ~ are

1 the~ amplitudes of the fundamental
components of the rectifier input voltage and current, n is
the transformer turns ratio, RL is the load resistance, Titr is
the transformer efficiency, VF is the diode threshold voltage,
Vo is the dc output voltage, T L F is the dc ESR of the
filter inductor, RF is the diode forward resistance, a h w =
( d w ) / 2 = 0.1808, TC is the ESR of the filter
capacitor, T L f is the ac ESR of the filter inductor, and L f
is the filter inductance. The efficiency of the rectifier is

0.
where P2 and PO are the input and output powers of the
rectifier, respectively.
60 200.-0. '* (at The ac-to-dc voltage transfer function of the rectifier is

Fig. 8. Three-dimensional representation of the inverter efficiency r ) ~as a

function of Q and Q L at f / f o = 1.1,and A = 1, 2, = 202.9 0 , r = 2 . 1 R,
and r c 2 = 0.1 R.

inverter (see (27)below). Fig. 8 shows the efficiency of the

inverter as a function of phase shift 4 and normalized load where V R is~ the rms value of the rectifier input voltage.
resistance Q L for f / f o = 1.1, T = 2.1 0 , T C Z = 0.1 0 , and The peak values of the diode forward current and the diode
2, = 202.9 0. It can be seen that the inverter has an excellent reverse voltage are
efficiency at both full and part loads. The efficiency at no load
is zero, since there are resonant currents, but no output current.
The dc-to-ac voltage transfer function of the actual inverter
is and

B . Class D Transformer Center-Tapped Rectifier

111. CLASSD VOLTAGE-DRIVEN
RECTIFTERS
Fig. 2(b) depicts a circuit of a Class D transformer center-
A comprehensive Of the 'lass
tapped rectifier. The input resistance of the rectifier is
rectifiers of Fig. 2 was performed in [ 161. The key expressions,
from the designer's point of view, are given below.
R = -VRWI
2 -
IRlin
A . Class D HalfWave Rectifier -
-
.ir2n2RL VF
[If-+
RF + T L F
RL + act
(rc +r L f ) R LI
Fig. 2(a) depicts a circuit of a Class D half-wave rectifier. 871tr VO f 2q
The input resistance of the rectifier is (34)
where act = ( d w ) / 2 = 0.0377. The ac-to-dc
voltage transfer function of the rectifier is
CZARKOWSKI AND KAZIMIERCZUK PHASE-CONTROLLED SERIES-PARALLEL RESONANT CONVERTER 315

120 90

80
100

- 80 -
g
!
70

60
-3
U

60
50

40 40

20 30
15 45 75 105 150 160 170 180 190 200
R L ( V WV)

Fig. 9. Phase shift 4 versus load resistance RL at VI=150 V and Vo=28 V.

Fig. 10. Phase shift 4 versus input voltage V I at R ~ = 1 R
5 and V,= 28 V.

.-...
70

C. Class D Bridge Rectifier

VR E
84
81

78
M-Sl
'
15
I
45
I
75
I
105
R L W

and (a)
95.5 -
MR
95 ,
-F 94.5
e

where ab = act. The peak value of the diode current is given

by (32) and the peak value of the diode voltage is

VDRM= -Vo.
2
R
(40)
94
93.5
15
i 45
R L P )
75 105

IV. DESIGNEXAMPLE
The design procedure is illustrated by a design example of a
transformer phase-controlled series-parallel resonant converter
that consists of an inverter of Fig. 1 and a center-tapped
rectifier of Fig. 2(b). The specifications of the converter are:
VI = 150 to 180 V, Vo = 28 V, and R L , ~ ~ R.
= 15
(b)
Fig. 12. Calculated effciencies of the inverter and the rectifier versus load
resistance RL at V1=150 V and Vo=28 V. (a) Effciency of the inverter 91.
(b) Effciency of the rectifier 1 ) ~ .
The maximum value of the output power is PO,,, =
V$/&,in = 52.3 W. Assume that the rectifier efficiency at
 IEEE TRAMACTIONS ON POWER ELELTKONICS, VOL. 8. N 0 . 3 , JULY 1993

-tapped
Voltage
.ircuit\.
current

inductor II ,,, = 27'4 L The peA \ d u e s ot the diode forward

current dnd the diode ItLerse \olt'ige are In11 = 1 87 A and
I1111\1 = V

V k \ i ~Rt I ~ IcI I 11 Kr W I rs
To \ didcite the aid>u s . J hie'idboarti of the convertei
designed 111 the pic\ IOLI\ \cctioii b a s built, ucing IRF630
MOSFET's (International Kcctifier) as switches, MBR 10100
Schottky diodes ( AZotorola). I, = 2x0 / / H . = 13.6 nF.
( ' ? = 27.2 nF. an isolation transfurnrcr with / I = 2. I,, = 1.:1
mH. and (.',f = IO0 /'I-. Ail R . I L A X 1 8 (Micro Linear) IC was
uvxi to drile the MC)SFE'l"b ant1 shift the phase Q. The
measured value of the resoiiaiit treclucncq' was 1 15.5 k H r
full load is 94% and the transformer turn> ratio is 2:l. Llsing and the measured ~ a l u oc l the sv, itching frequency ,fq was 127
(34) and (36). one can calculate the minimum value of the AH[, The ON-resistaric.r. ot' cacti MOSFET was I ' L ) , ~= 0.4 (2.
input resistance of the rectifier R,,,,,,, 7S.80 0.Consider the value of ESK of each resonant inductor at 116 kHr. was
1

operation at full power. From ( 3 s ) . .Ill( = 0.422).Assume r 1 = 1..-) 0 . and ilie \ alue o f ESR of each resonant capacitor
that r / I = 9G%, ( J L , , ? , , ) = 0.75. - / d o = I . 1. anti . I
1 1. From at 127 kH/ \vas I ~: 0 . 2 f!, Hcnce. the parasitic resistance
the relationship \ ; I / \ > = ~411,.1A11~ and (2X). 1.211( = O.-L>!H i u a s found to be 2. I i!. 'fhc ESK of the capacitor was
From (13). (.os(o / 2 ) = 0.94, which corresponds to ('1 = 40" I ( .2 = 0. i 5 1 . 'I'hc e\timatccl tiuiihtormer efficiency /it). was
and is a suitable value for full power. Assuming = 115 07%. The measured \slur of' the tic rehistance of the filter
kHz. one obtains L = % l Z , , , , , , , / ( ~ ~ , C ) ~ ~ inductor was 1.1 = 0 . 2 !! iriid the iic resistance of the tilter
and C' = l / ( ~ i : L ) = 6.59 nF. Using ( 1 5 ) and (23). one inductor at I O 0 LHr \ h a > I , / I = 2. I C ? . The ESR of the filter
can calculate the maximum value of the \,(>Itageacros'r the capacitor ( ' / wa\ I.( = i 0 in!!. The parameters of the diode
resonant capacitor I>,1,,1 = 22s V and aci.o\s the resonant iiiodel nerc 11. = ( 1 . 1 I'; t i i d li1 1
: 7.-) m(1.
Fig. 16. Voltage and current wavetomi\ of the converter with 'I center-rapped
rectifier at Vi =I50 V. CFO. and a11 opcn circuit at the output. (a! Voltage
I ' V J acre\\ capacitor C'l and ciirrt'nt\i~and 12 through the re~onant
circuit\.
Vertical : 20 V and 1 .4/div: Iiorimntal: 2 2 p r / div. th! Voltnge I , , )
and current (11 of rectitirr diode. Vci-tical : 5 V and I .A/di\: honroni:il:
2 / I \ / div.

The characteristics of the converter were measured as func-

tions of the load resistance RI, and the dc input voltage 11 at a
fixed dc output voltage 1;) = 28 I-. Measured and calculated
characteristics of the phase i,, are plotted in Fig. 9 as functions
of load resistance RL at 1; = IS0 V and 1;) = 3X V. Fig. 10
depicts plots of measured and calculated o as functions of I;
at R L = 15 0 and 1;) = 28 V. Plots of the measured and
calculated converter efficiency = r/r r/n (excluding the drive
power) versus IZL are portraqed in Fig. 1 1 . The measured
efficiency of the converter was 87% at full load and 75% at
20% of full load. The calculated efficiencies versus R L are
shown separately for the invcrter and the rectifier i n Fig. 13.
Fig. 13 displays plots of the measured and calculated converter
efticiency I/ as a function of of 1; at R L = IS !! and I;,= the koltagc and current waveforms of a diode in the rectifier
28 V. The efficiency was virtually independent of \ > . I t can are shown in Fig. IS(b) at o= 180" and l i = IS0 V. The
be seen that the measured and calculated characteristics of the measured value of the output voltage for an open circuit at
converter were in good agreement. the output and at phase shift c j=180" was \;I =2 V. With
Fig. 14 depict5 the uavefornis of the drain-to-source volt- an open circuit at the output. a decrease in c:, may lead to a
ages and drain currents of the bottom transistor4 in inverter voltage breakdown of the rectifier diodes. The behavior of the
1 and inverter 2 for the load resistances I?L = IS. 75. and converter with a short circuit at the output was also tested and
2500 ( 1 , which corresponds to full load. 30% of full load. it was found that the operation is safe for any value of (1).
and 0.6% of full load. respectively. Observe that the converter Fig. 16(a) depicts the waveforms of the currents through the
can regulate the output voltage from full load to no load. For resonant circuits and Fig. 16(b)depicts the voltage and current
an open circuit at the output, the waveforms of the currents waveforms of a diode in the rectifier u ith a short circuit at the
through the remnant circuits iiIe displayd i n Fig. 15(a) and output for I)= 150 V and o= 0". Thc output current was
 IEEE 1'RANSACITIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 8 , N0.3 , JULY 1993

(b)
Fly. 18. Wa\efomi\of drain-to-\ource voltages I ' / ) . ~ and ( . / I . o f rhe
bottom transistor\ of the imerters at I = 28 V and I ? , = IS <!. 150 \'.
t h ) I ; = XI0 V. Vertical: S O V/di\: horimntal: 2 / I \ / div.

I o = 2.3 A. The phase shift (,!I was measured observing the

drain-to-source voltage waveforms of the switches. Fig. 17
shows the drain-to-source voltage waveforms of the bottom
transistors at \ j =1SO V and R L = 15. 75. and 3500 ( 2 , The
drain-to-source voltage waveforms of the bottom transistors
for RL = I 5 Q and \ > = I S 0 and 300 V are displayed in Fig.
18. Fig. 19 shows the waveforms of the voltage across the
capacitor ( ' 2 and the currents through the resonant circuits of
the inverters for RL, = 15. 75. and 3500 5 1. I t can be seen that
these waveforms were approximately 4inusoidal over a wide
range of' the load resistance. which contimi5 the assumption
4)in Section 11-A. Fig. 19 shows that the imhalance of the
currents through serie\ resonant circuits is about 1.3: I .
therefore powel MOSFET's mithout snubbers can be used as
switches.
VI. CONCLUSlOh 3) The part-load efficiency of the converter is high (Fig. 1 1 ).
A new phase-controlled series-parallel resonant converter 4 ) The full-load efficiency of the converter is almost inde-
has been introduced. analyzed. and experimentally verified. pendent of I > .
Its basic properties are summarized belom : 5 ) The imbalance of amplitude\ of currents flowing through
I ) The converter can regulate the output voltage 1;) from the resonant inductor5 i \ \'er\ IOU (i.e.. 1.2:1 ) over a full range
full load to no load by varying the phase shift between the of the load resistance and the line voltage.
drive voltages of the two inverters while maintaining a tixed 6) The converter is inherently short circuit and open circuit
operating frequency. protected by the impcdances of the resonant circuits.
3) Both slvitching legs are loaded b! inductive loads for 7 ) The foregoiny benefitz Lire achieved at the expense of
,f'' , J , .: 1,0:!1 at - 1 = 1 (for ,j"f'. i l.ll7 at ai! . t i and hi gher number of re wiant coni ponen t s .
CZARKOWSKI AND KAZIMIERCZUK: PHASE-CONTROLLED SERIES-PARALLEL RESONANT CONVERTER
REFERENCES
R. L. Steigerwald, “A comparison of half-bridge resonant converter
topologies,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 3, pp. 174-182, Apr.
1988.
A. K. S. Bhat and S. B. Dewan, “Steady-state analysis of a LCC-type
commutated high-frequency inverter,” i d E E E Power Electronics Spec.
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Dariusz Czarkowski was bom in Poland on April
1, 1965. He received the M.S. degree in electron-
ics engineering and the M.S. degree in electrical
engineering from the University of Mining and
Metallurgy, Cracow, Poland, in 1988 and 1989,
respectively.
In 1989, he joined the Moszczenica Coal Mining
Company and from 1990 he worked as an Inshctor
at University of Mining and Metallurgy. He is
presently a Research Assistant at the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University,
Dayton, OH. His research interests are in the areas of the modeling and control
of power converters, electric drives, and modem power devices.
Marian K. Kazimierczuk (M’91-SM’91) received
the M.S., and Ph.D., and D.Sci. degrees in electron-
ics engineering from the bepartment of Electronics,
Technical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,
in 1971, and 1978, and 1984, respectively.
He was a Teaching and Research Assistant from
1972 to 1978 and Assistant Professor from 1978 to
1984 with the Department of Electronics, Institute
of Radio Electronics, Technical University of War-
saw, Poland. In 1984, he was a Project Engineer
for Design Automation, Inc., Lexington, MA. In
1984-1985, he was a Visiting Professor with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA. Sihce
1985, he has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright
State University, Dayton, OH, where he is currently an Associate Professor.
His research interests are in high-frequency high-efficiency power tuned
amplifiers, resonant dc/dc power converters, dc/ac inverters, high-frequency
rectifiers, and lighting systems. He has published over 120 techrlical papers,
more than SO of which appeared in IEEE Transactions and Journals.
Dr. Kazimierczuk received the IEEE Harrell V. Noble Award for his
contributions to the fields of aerospace, industrial, and power electronics
in 1991. He is also a recipient of the 1991 Presidential Award for Faculty
Excellence in Research and the 1993 Teaching Award from Wright State
University