ICT -A computer is an electronic device, operating under the

control of instructions stored in its own memory

--stands for Information Communications Technology
-covers any product that will store, retrieve,
manipulate, transmit or receive information
electronically in a digital form.
-concerned with the storage, retrieval, manipulation,
transmission or receipt of digital data.
ICT is often categorized into two broad types of product:
(1) The traditional computer-based technologies -
things you can typically do on a personal computer or
using computers at home or at work
(2) The more recent, and fast-growing range of digital
communication technologies (which allow people and
organizations to communicate and share information
digitally)
The C part of ICT refers to the communication of data
by electronic means, usually over some distance. This is
often achieved via networks
Internal networks referred to as a local area network
(LAN), involves linking a number of hardware items
(input and output devices plus computer processing)
together within an office or building.
Information Processing Cycle
 Collects data (input)
 Processing
 Produces information (output)
The Components of a Computer
A computer contains many electric, electronic, and
mechanical components known as hardware.
Input Device- Allows you to enter data and instructions
into a computer
Output Device- Hardware component that conveys
information to one or more people
System Unit- Case that contains the electronic
components of the computer that are used to process
data
Storage Device- Holds data, instructions, and
information for future use
Communications Device- Enables a computer to send
and receive data, instructions, and information to and
from one or more computers or mobile devices

aim is to be able to share hardware facilities Advantages of Using Computers

such as printers or scanners, software applications and  Speed
data.  Reliability
External networks used to communicate outside your  Consistency
internal network, also called as Wide Area Network  Storage
(WAN). The Internet is the ultimate WAN.  Communication

ICT in Education Disadvantages of using computers

-deals with the use of information and communication  Health Risks

technologies (ICTs) within educational technology.  Violation of Privacy
 Public Safety
-Its aim is to implement the use of ICT equipment and  Impact on Labor Force
tools in teaching and learning process as a media and  Impact on Environment
methodology. The purpose of ICT in education is
generally to familiarize students with the use and Green computing involves reducing the electricity
workings of computers, and related social and ethical consumed and environmental waste generated when
issues. using a computer

-ICT has also enabled learning through multiple Strategies include:

intelligence
 Recycling
 ICT in education can be broadly categorized into  Regulating manufacturing processes
the following:  Extending the life of computers
 ICT as a subject (i.e., computer studies)  Immediately donating or properly disposing of
 ICT as a tool to support traditional subjects (i.e., replaced computers
computer-based learning, presentation,
research)
 ICT as an administrative tool (i.e., Integrated
School Information System)
 ICT as a medium of knowledge exchange

Networks and the Internet

Computer
A network is a collection of computers and devices
connected together, often wirelessly, via
communications devices and transmission media
The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that
connects millions of businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individuals
A social networking Web site encourages members to
share their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music, and
videos with other registered users
Computer Software
Software, also called a program, tells the computer
what tasks to perform and how to perform them
A server controls access to the hardware, software, and
other resources on a network
-Provides a centralized storage area for programs, data,
and information
A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer
that can handle hundreds or thousands of connected
users simultaneously
A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful
computer
-Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing
more than one quadrillion instructions in a single
second

System Software An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer

that functions as a component in a larger product
Operating system
Elements of an Information System
Utility program
 Hardware
Application software
 Software
Installing is the process of setting up software to work  Data
with the computer, printer, and other hardware  People
 Procedure
Categories of Computers
Examples of Computer Usage
 Personal computers
 Mobile computers and mobile devices Home User
 Game consoles
o Personal financial management
 Servers
o Web access
 Mainframes
o Communications
 Supercomputers
o Entertainment
 Embedded computers
Small Office/Home Office User
A personal computer can perform all of its input,
processing, output, and storage activities by itself o Look up information
o Send and receive e-mail messages
Two popular architectures are the PC and the Apple
o Make telephone calls
-Desktop computer
Mobile User
Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
o Connect to other computers on a
Mobile Computer network or the Internet
o Transfer information
-Personal computer you can carry from place to place
o Play video games
-Examples include notebook computers, laptop o Listen to music
computers, and Tablet PCs o Watch movies
Mobile Device Power User
-Computing device small enough to hold in your hand o Work with multimedia
-Examples include smart phones, PDAs, handheld o Use industry-specific software
computers, portable media players, and digital cameras Enterprise User

o Communicate among employees

o Process high volumes of transactions
o Blog

History of Computer
A game console is a mobile computing device designed
for single-player or multiplayer video games
 1. Pascal Adding Machine – In 1642, Blaise Pascal,
a French mathematician invented the first
adding machine
2. The Difference Engine – In modern times
Charles Babbage is considered as the “Father of
Computing”. Babbage was the chief
designer/inventor of a calculator called the
“Difference Engine” developed during the late
1800’s. Babbage also developed the “Analytic
Engine” which was a machine capable of
performing more complex calculations than his
previous invention.
3. Tabulating Machines – The 1800’s also saw
many machines such as weavering looms
developed that were controlled by punched
cards. Herman Hollerith developed a sorting
and tabulating machine that was able to
process information using 80 column punched
cards. This card was known later as the
common “IBM Card”. The theoretical basis for
electronic circuitry was also developed during
this time.
4. The First Electronic Computer – This was
developed in 1942 at Iowa State College, from
this point fourth there were many firsts as
computer became less mechanical, smaller,
faster and cheaper. Some of the key advances
have been created:
 ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integration and
Computer)
 ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)
5. 1984 – Bell Labs engineers John Bardeen,
Wlater Brattain, and William Shockley invented
the transistor and semiconductor. This was one
of the most important inventions of our time.
The transistor, called a solid state switch,
replaced the vacuum tube. This allowed the
start of the miniaturization trend that still
prevails today. Some of the key advantages of
the transistor were:
A. Used much less power than vacuum tubes.
B. Much smaller than vacuum tubes.
C. Circuits made with transistors worked faster.
D. Costs much less to manufacture.
6. 1959 – Texas Instruments engineers invented the
Integrated Circuit (IC). This was a semiconductor circuit
that connected more than one transistor on the same
base. By contrast the first Intel Pentium processor chip
contained more than 6 million transistors.
7. 1969 – Intel corporation developed the 1K bit
memory chip. This chip stored 128 byte of data (1 byte =
8 bits). As a result, a Japanese firm asked Intel to design
12 logic chips, each with different function for their
calculators. Instead Intel designed a chip that
incorporated all 12 designs in 1 chip. They also included
built-in instructions that allowed the chip to function in
many different circuit board designs.
8. 1971 – Intel develops the first microprocessor. Intel
developed the 4044 which was a 4-bit processor. This
chip could process 4-bits of data a time.
9. 1972 – Intel developed the 8008 which was an 8-bit
processor. This chip could process 8 bits of data at a
time.
10. 1980 – The breakthrough in engineering, brought on
by the development of the Z80 microchip, allowed
companies like Zenith, Commodre, and Radio Shack
( Tandy Corporation) to introduce some of the first
desktop computers designed for use by the general
public. These machines ran very slow (1.4 Mhz) and had
a memory limit of 64,000 characters.
11. 1981 - IBM Corporation developed and marketed
the first IBM PC. This system was based on the 8088
processor chip. This chip could process two characters
at a time but could transfer only 1 character at a time to
an output device. The speed of the processor was
considerably faster than it’s predecessor (4Mhz).
12. January 1983 – Apple releases the “Lisa”, one of the
microcomputers with a graphical user interface. With
unreliable hardware and an average price tag of
$10,000 the Lisa is a failure, but it spawns the more
affordable Macintosh a year later. The “Lisa” and the
“Mac” offer what DOS devotees derisively call the
WIMP (windows, icons, mice, pointers) interface, as well
as folders and long filenames – features that begin to
come to Windows with Version 2.0 Some are not fully
implemented until Windows 95.
13. 1983-1984 – Toward the last part of 1983, IBM
developed and marketed the IBM 80286 AT computer.
This system was based on the Intel 80286 processor
chip. The 80286 could process two characters at a time
and could transfer two characters at a time to an output
device. This chip could access up to 16 million
characters of memory.
14. 1986 to present – Since 1986, We have seen
processor chips developed such as the 80386, 80486,
and the Pentium. Each of these chips has provided
major increases to the computing power and speed of
personal computers.
A COMPUTER is an electronic device designed to
process or manipulate data so that useful information
can be generated. Processing or manipulating, means
transforming data into useful information.
DATA – unprocessed raw material
INFORMATION – processed data is meaningful and
useful
4 basic categories of computers
1. MICROCOMPUTER – A small desktop or laptop.
Common desktop PCs are Gateway 2000, IBM Dell,
Micronics, etc. Common LAPTOPs are Toshiba, IBM
Thinkpad, etc.
2. MINICOMPUTERS – Mid-size computers, non-
portable types. Common minincomputers are DEC
Vax/750 models. They often appear as mainframes.
They are gradually disappearing from the marketplace.
3. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS – These are large
computers, often occupying a large room. They are
generally used by banks, universities, and some
government functions.
4. SUPERCOMPUTERS – The most powerful computers.
They are very fast, and have extremely high storage
capacity, probably in the terabyte range. Used in
research, weather forecasting, modeling or simulations.
Capabilities of a computer:
1. SPEED
2. REPITITIVENESS
6. Play Games
Three (3) Elements of a computer
1. HARDWARE – Electronic and Mechanical equipment
2. SOFTWARE – Instructions that tell hardware how to
perform tasks
3. PEOPLEWARE/HUMANWARE – Person who
communicates with a computer or uses the information
it gets.
Four (4) basic functions of the computer
1. INPUT – it is the process of feeding data into the
computer.
2. OUTPUT – the result of the processed data.
3. STORAGE – data stored for future use, hard disk and
memory.
4. PROCESS – manipulation of inputted data into
something useful.

3. ACCURACY

4. LOGICAL OPERATION

5. STORE AND RECALL INFORMATION

6. SELF CHECKING

7. SELF – OPERATING
Limitations of a computer
1. A computer cannot generate information on its own.
2. Computer cannot correct wrong instructions.
3. A computer cannot come out with an original
decision.
4. A computer application must be quantified
Characteristics of a computer
Input devices
Input devices are used to input data into the computer.
They are basically the same as the senses (eyes, nose,
ears, etc.) you use to feed information into your brain.
Keyboard
Is the primary input device used to communicate with
the computer. A computer keyboard closely resembles
conventional typewriter numerous keys are used for
computing functions.

1. It is a machine Mouse

2. It is Electronic A device that controls the movement of the cursor or

pointer on a display screen
3. It is automatic
Types of Mouse
4. It can manipulate data
 Mechanical
5. It has memory
 Optomechanical
6. It has logical instructions  Optical

Benefits when using a computer

1. Store Personal Information

2. Type Letters

3. Design Charts

4. E-mail

5. Manage Budgets System Unit

CPU (Central Processing Unit)