Chapter Two Elements

OTHER FALSITIES 1. The accused made a statement under oath or executed an affidavit upon a material matter
2. The statement or affidavit was made before a competent officer, authorized to receive and
ARTICLE 177 - Usurpation of authority or official functions administer oath.
2 CRIMES IN THIS PROVISION 3. In the statement or affidavit, the accused made a willful and deliberate assertion of falsehood
1. Usurpation of authority 4. The sworn statement or affidavit containing the falsity is required by law.
Knowingly and falsely REPRESENTING himself to be an officer, agent or representative of any
department or agency of the Philippine Government or of any foreign government
2. Usurpation of official functions ARTICLE 184 - Offering false testimony in evidence
PERFORMING any act pertaining to any person in authority or public officer of the Philippine Elements
Government or any foreign government, or any agency thereof, without being lawfully entitled to 1. The offender offered in evidence a false witness or false testimony
do so 2. That he knew the witness or the testimony was false
3. The offer was made in a judicial or official proceeding
ARTICLE 178 - Using fictitious name and concealing true name
2 CRIMES IN THIS PROVISION
1. Using fictitious name Chapter Three
Elements FRAUDS
1. The offender uses a name other than his real name
2. He does so publicly ARTICLE 185 - Machinations in public auctions
3. The purpose is: ACTS PUNISHED UNDER THE PROVISION
a. To conceal a crime 1. Soliciting any gift or promise as a consideration for refraining from taking part in any public
b. To evade the execution of a judgment auction.
c. To cause damage to public interest Elements
2. Concealing true name and other circumstances 1. There be a public auction
Elements 2. That the accused solicited any gift or a promise from any of the bidders
1. The true offender conceals: 3. That such gift or promise was the consideration for his refraining from taking part in the
a. His true name public auction.
b. All other personal circumstances 4. That the accused has the intent to cause the reduction of the price of the thing
2. The purpose is only to conceal his identity auctioned.

ARTICLE 179 - Illegal use of uniforms or insignia 2. Attempting to cause bidders to stay away from an auction by threats, gifts, promises, or any
Elements other artifice.
1. The offender makes use of insignia, uniform, or dress Elements
2. Such insignia, uniform or dress pertains to: 1. There be a public auction
a. An office not held by the offender, or 2. That the accused attempted to cause the bidders to stay away from that public auction.
b. A class of persons of which he is not a member 3. That it was done by threats, gifts, or promises or any other artifice
3. The use is made publicly and improperly 4. That the accused has the intent to cause the reduction of the price of the thing
auctioned.

ARTICLE 180 - False testimony against a defendant. ARTICLE 186 - Monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade
Elements This has been repealed by RA No. 10667 or the Philippine Competition Act.
1. That there be a criminal proceeding
2. The offender testifies falsely under oath against the defendant therein
3. The offender who gives false testimony knows that it is false. ARTICLE 187 - Importation and disposition of falsely marked articles or. merchandise made of gold,
4. That the defendant against whom the false testimony is given is either acquitted or convicted in a final silver, or other precious metals or their alloys
judgment. ARTICLES OR MERCHANDISE INVOLVED
Those made of:
1. Gold
ARTICLE 181 - False testimony favorable to the defendants. 2. Silver
3. Other precious metals
ARTICLE 182 - False testimony in civil cases. 4. Their alloys
Elements
1. The testimony must be given in a civil case Elements
2. The testimony must relate to the issues presented in the said case 1. The offender imports, sells, or disposes of any of the articles or merchandise above
3. The testimony must be false 2. The stamps, brands, or marks of those articles or merchandise fail to indicate the actual
4. The false testimony must be given by the defendant knowing the same to be false fineness or quality of said metals or alloys
5. The testimony must be malicious and given with the intent to affect the issues presented in said case 3. The offender knows that the stamps, brands, or marks fail to indicate the actual fineness or
quality of said metals or alloys

ARTICLE 183 - False testimony in other cases and perjury in solemn affirmation.
TWO WAYS OF COMMITTING PERJURY
1. Falsely testifying under oath
2. Making a false affidavit
Note that falsely testifying under oath should not be in a judicial proceeding.