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A- As Belyaev and Trut demonstrated, when certain traits are selected-by conferring a
reproductive advantage upon them-those traits, over time, come to have prevail. Over many
generations, wild wolves can become tame dogs, and wary foxes can have cuddly
descendants.
A- Behavior genetics- the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and
environmental influences on behavior.
B. Behavior geneticists more intensively assess our differences from one another. How much are
our differences shape by our differing genetic blueprints? And how much are our external
influence, from maternal nutrition while in the womb to social support while nearing the tomb-
reacting to our genetic traits?
V. Environment
A. Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.
VIII. Parenting
A. Parenting does have a huge effect on biologically related and unrelated children.
X. Heritability of any trait-the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to
their differing genes.
A. Heritability- the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The
heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments
studied.
B. Individual differences in height and weight are highly heritable. Yet nutritional rather than
genetic influences explain why, as a group, today’s adults are taller and heavier than those of a
century ago.
I. Parental Environment
a. Identical twins who share the same placenta are more alike than those who don’t
suggesting parental influences in psychological traits.
V. Peer Influence
a. Children like adults attempt to fit into a group by conforming peers are influential in
such areas as learning to cooperate with others, gain popularity and develop
interactions.
A. In most societies, men and socially dominant and are perceived as such.
B. In 2005 men made 84% of the governing parliaments.
A. Women make more connections (friendships) with others than men; and make friends with
young and old. Men emphasize freedom and self-reliance.
A. In the mother’s womb the male fetus is exposed to testosterone (because of chromosomes)
which leads to the development at male gentitalia.
B. If low levels of the test as terones are released in the uterus the rest in a female.
A. Our culture shapes our gender roles expectations of how men and women are supposed to
behave.
B. Gender identity means how a person views himself or herself in terms in terms of gender.