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ELASTIC LIMIT

the maximum extent to which a solid may be stretched without permanent alteration of
size or shape.

ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES

PLASTIC RANGE
The stress range in which a material will not fail when subjected to the action of a force,
but will not recover completely sothat a permanent deformation results when the force is
removed.

ELASTIC RANGE
It is the range of “stress-strain” diagram where the Hooke’s law is satisfied.

YIELD POINT
the stress beyond which a material becomes plastic.

ULTIMATE STRENGTH
the quantity of the utmost tensile, compressive, or shearing stress that a given unit area of
a certain material is expected to bear without failing.

RAPTURE STRENGTH
The differential stress that a material sustains at the instant of breaking, or rupture. The
term is normally applied when deformation occurs at atmospheric confining pressure and
room temperature.

MODULUS OF RESILIENCE
The modulus of resilience is defined as the maximum energy that can be absorbed per
unit volume without creating a permanent distortion. It can be calculated by integrating
the stress–strain curve from zero to the elastic limit.

MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS
The work done on a unit volume of material as a simple tensile force is gradually
increased from zero to the value causing rupture is de fined as the Modulus of Toughness
WORKING STRESS
the stress to which material may be safely subjected in the course of ordinary use.

ALLOWABLE STRESS
is the maximum stress (tensile, compressive or bending) that is allowed to be applied on a
structural material. The allowable stresses are generally defined by building codes, and
for steel, and aluminum is a fraction of their yield stress (strength):

FACTOR OF SAFETY
also known as (and used interchangeably with) safety factor (SF), expresses how much
stronger a system is than it needs to be for an intended load. Safety factors are often
calculated using detailed analysis because comprehensive testing is impractical on many
projects, such as bridges and buildings, but the structure's ability to carry a load must be
determined to a reasonable accuracy.

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