REFERENCES

 http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=194&sim=802&cnt=6
 http://www.ybu.edu.tr/muhendislik/makina/contents/files/Radiation%20Heat%20Transfer
%20Experiment%20(Dr_%20Kemal%20Bilen).pdf

Books:
 
1. Siegel, Robert. And John Howell. Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer. London: Taylor & Francis
Group, 2001.
2. Kreith, Frank et.al. Principles of Heat Transfer. City: CL-Engineering, 2010.
3. White, Guy. And Philip Meson. Experimental Techniques in Low-Temperature Physics. Oxford
Eng.: Clarendon, 2002.
 

Webliography:
 
 www.engineeringtoolbox.com/radiation-heat-transfer-d_431.html
 www.efunda.com/formulae/heat_transfer/radiation/overview_rad.cfm
 www.biocab.org/Heat_Transfer.html

INTRODUCTION

In radiation, energy is carried by the electromagnetic waves emitted by

every object. In general, radiation is a volumetric phenomenon. This is
because the electrons, atoms and molecules of all solids, liquids and
gases above absolute zero temperature are in constant motion and
hence energy is constantly emitted, absorbed and transmitted
throughout the entire volume of the matter.

The radiation from a surface is emitted in all possible directions. A body

at a temperature above absolute zero emits radiation in all directions
over a wide range of wavelength. The amount of radiation from the
surface of a body at a given temperature and at a given wavelength
depends on the material of the body and nature of its surface. A
concept of an idealized surface has been made which are perfect
emitter and absorber of radiation. This ideal surface is known as a black
body.

A black body or ideal radiator is a body that emits and absorbs at any
temperature the maximum possible radiation at any given wavelength.

At a specified temperature and wavelength a black body emits more

radiation energy than the real one. It absorbs all incident radiation
regardless of wavelength and direction

It emits radiation energy uniformly in all direction. That is black body is

a diffuse emitter the term ‘diffuse’ means independent of direction.

Depending on type of surface, the reflected radiation is specular or

diffuse. A smooth and polished surface is more specular while the
rough surface is more diffuse.

The fraction of incident energy absorbed by the surface is called the

absorptivity. For a black body it is equal to one.

Actually black body do not exist in nature through its characteristics are
approximated by a hole in a box filled with highly absorptive material.
The emission spectrum of such a black body was first fully described by
Max Planck.

Emissivity of a surface is defined as ratio of the radiation emitted by the

surface to the radiation emitted by the black body at the same
temperature.
If a sample is replaced by a black body of temperature of same area at
same temperature, under thermal equilibrium, the emissivity of the
body is equal to the absorptivity.

A good example to show the relationship between emissivity and

absorptivity is toConsider two flat infinite
plates, surface A and surface B, both emitting
radiation towards one another. Surface B is
assumed to be an ideal emitter, εB= 1.

Surface A will emit radiation according to Stefan’s Boltzmann law as

         (1)
And will receive radiation as
        (2)
Net heat flow from surface A will be
   (3)
Now suppose that the two surfaces are at exactly same temperature
then, εA = αA
Emissivity of surface will depend on the material of which it is
composed. 
The radiation emitted per unit area per unit time from the surface of a
body is called its emissive power. The ratio of emissive power of a body
to the emissive power of a black body is called emissivity.
Heat emitted by the black body per unit area,  (4)
Heat emitted by the test plate per unit area,  (5)
εb Emissivity of the black plate.
εp Emissivity of the test plate
σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67×10-8 W m-2K-4 
Tb Black body temperature in Kelvin
Tc Chamber temperature in Kelvin
Tp Test plate temperature in Kelvin
Qb = Qp since input power to the two plates is same and conduction
heat loss are also same.

Emissivity,   (6)
The same amount of power input is given to both test plate and black
plate. After achieving steady state temperature for black plate, it
continuously emits radiations and this radiation is completely absorbed
by the test plate. But its emit radiation is slightly less than the black
body because emissivity depends on nature of the material.

THEORY
3.1 Stefan-Boltzmann law

Stefan-Boltzmann law states that for a black body

𝑞𝑏 = (𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑎4)

Where
𝑞 : Energy radiated by a blackbody per unit area, (W/m2)

: The Stefan-Boltzmann constant, ( = 5.67·10−8 W/(m2 ∙ K4))

𝑇 : Surface temperature of the heated plate, (K)

𝑇 : Surrounding temperature including the radiometer, (K)

The reading on the radiometer will be related to the radiation emitted

by the plate through a constant factor F
qr
F=
qb

𝑞 : Radiation received by the radiometer, (W/m2)

: View factor, (-)

3.2 Radiation intensity

The radiation received by the radiometer is connected to the radiation

emitted by the source

through the view factor F defined as fraction of energy emitted per

time unit by a surface

intercepted by the other surface. In this case we have

𝑞𝑏 = 𝐹(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑎4)