eo Accreditati x: r Contr: Consultants’ Materials Engineer Manual-Reviewer PART 1 OF 2 FIRST EDITION ENGR. MARK LOWILL ALMEDA, RCE, ME-1. OCTOBER 2019NTRODUCTION This book entitled “Accreditation Exam for Contractors’ and Consultants’ Materials Engineer Manual - Reviewer” is from my own work and knowledge. Supposedly, this is only for my personal use, however, I want to help other aspiring Materials Engineer to pass the accreditation exam and I believe this book might helped them achieved that goal considering it contains at least 90% of the recent September 2019 Materials Engineer Accreditation Exam questions. Although this book is not yet published, I still hope that No part of this book shall be photocopied, reproduced or transmitted in any form such as electronic or other means without my permission as the author and compiler. The first part of this book is my executive summary of the Blue Book 2013, then followed by the Department Orders released from January 2016 to March 2019 and for the Material Engineer Examination purposes only, concentrating on these Department Orders is no longer needed. As per Observation, more than 50% of the Material Engineer Examination questions are not from the Blue Book so'that’s why, in this book, T also included the common laboratory test for aggregates, cement, asphalt, concrete, soil and other miscellaneous products. With the help of this book, may you all pass the Accreditation Exam for DPWH Materials Engineer, God bless you all. sail ENGR. MARK LOWILL ALMEDA, RCE, ME-1 OCTOBER 2019TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. The Blue Book 1 Part C Earthwork 2 Part D Subbase and Base Course 5 Part E Surface Course 10 Part F Bridge Construction 23 Part G Drainage and Slope Protection Structures 30 Part H Miscellaneous Structures 38 Part I Material Details 44 The Department Orders (2016 - 2019) Department Orders 2016 53 Department Orders 2017 55 Department Orders 2018 59 Department Orders 2019 63 Most Commonly Used Materials Engineering Formulas 65 Philippine National Standard (PNS) — Re-bars 67 Laboratory Test Aggregates 69 Cement 71 Concrete 73 Soil Test and Classifications 7 Asphalt 81 Miscellaneous Galvanized Iron Sheets 85 Galvanized Iron Pipes 85 Paints: Classification and Sampling 86 Others 87THE BLUE BOOKPART C - EARTHWORK TFENS OF WORK NANIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS Tiem 100 Clearing and Grobbing Tests, None tem 101 Removal of Structures and Obstrucion_| Tests: None Tem 102 Excavation Same test a for Tens 105, 104 and 105, sichever is applicable Tem 103 - Sucre Excavation Tf excavated materials are incorporated iio the work: If excavated materials are wasted, | pests For every 1500 mor faction thereot: the Volume lve shall be mponed | 7% Forever 500m of so that Quality control requivements 1.G, Grading Test tmay be adjusted accordingly. Submit 1B, Plasticity Test LL, PL) Projet Engineer Crit of wat 1G, Laboratory Compacten Tet Fer every 150 um ayerin wcapaced dept: AD, Field Density Ta TOE Tea Fore 100 ofc 1-6, Grating Tes LP, Plasticity Test LL, FL, Pt) 1, Laboratory Compaction Test For each 500 mi? of layer of compacted fil or fraction thereof at least one group of thee insits density tests. The layers shall be plated aot exceeding 200mm in loose measurement or based cn the result of compaction tia. Tiean 105. Sub-grade Preparation "Tests Save as for Rem 104 ‘Hem 106 Compaction Equipment and Deasity | Tests: Sameas for ems 104,105,200, 201,202, Control Strips 203,204, 205,206 and 300. Tem 107 Overhaul Tess Ne Item 100 — Clearing and Grubbing 1, Removal of roots and non-perishable solid objects with a minimum depth of 1-meter below sub-grade will not be required 2, Areas outside grading limits of cut and embankment, solid objects shall be cut off not ‘more than 150mm above ground line. 3, In areas covered with vegetation, top soil shall be cut to a maximum depth of 150mm below the original ground surface. 4. The top layer of material buried shall be covered with at least 300mm of earth. 45. Branches of trees extending over roadbed shall be trimmed to give a clear height of 6m above road surface. 6. Trees less than 150mm diameter and with a height of less than 1.4m will not be paid. 7. Pay item designation for paid trees with minimum height of 1.4m ‘A. Diameter over 150mm to 900 mm (Small) B. Diameter over 900mm (Big) Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME~ Page 2Item 101 — Removal of Structures and Obstructions Item 102 ~ Excavation 1. For Rock excavation which requires drilling and shooting shall be presplit and the finished presplit slope shall be reasonably uniform and the variance from the true plane of the excavated back slope shall not exceed 300mm and with a maximum offset of 600mm. 2. Rocks shall be excavated to a depth of 150mm below subgrade within the limits of the roadbed. 3. Contractor shall notify the engineer at least 5 days before they intend to start top soil stripping operations. Item 103 — Structure Excavation Key Points: 1. For Pipe Culverts, the width of excav. horizontal diameter of the pipe. n shall be at least 300mm greater than the 2. For Backfill and Embankment for structures other than pipe culverts, excavated areas around structure shall be backfilled and placed in horizontal layers not more than 150mm thick. 3. For Bridge excavation, the volume to be paid shall be the vertical 450mm outside of and parallel to the neat lines of the footing. Item 104 — Embankment 1. Suitable materials the most suitable material for highway embankment is granular soil A. Plasticity Index of not more than 6 B. Liquid Limit of not more than 30 C. Gradation: 100% passing sieve 75mm and not more than 15 % will pass the 0.075mm (No. 200) Sieve 2. Unsuitable materials ‘A. Organic Materials such as grass, roots and sewerage, peat and muck. B. Liquid Limit exceeding 80 and Plasticity Index exceeding 55 C. Natural content exceeding 100% D. Very low natural density, 800 kg/m“3 or lower E. Soils that cannot be properly compacted 3, Embankment shall be placed in horizontal layers not exceeding 200mm. 4. Compaction shall continue until a uniform density of not less than 95 % of the maximum dry density is obtained. Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RC Page 35, Atleast 1 group of 3 in-situ density test (FDT) shall be carried out for each 500-square meter (10 m wide and 50 m long) of each later of compacted fill. 6. For earth berms, it shall be constructed of well graded materials with no rocks having a diameter greater than 0.25 the height of the berm and compacted until 90% of Maximum Dry Density (MDD) is obtained. Item 105 — Sub-grade Preparation 1, Subgrade Level Tolerances, permitted variation from... A. Design Level of Surface -+20mm B. Surface Irregularity --30mm C. Measured by 3-meter straight edge - 30mm. D. Design Cross Fall/ Camber —- +-0.5% E. Longitudinal Grade over 25m - +-0.1% 2, All materials below subgrade level to a depth 150 mm shall be excavated. Item 106 — Compaction Equipment and Density Control Strips 1. Minimum requirement for rollers are as follows: ‘A. Sheep foot, Tamping and Grid Rollers capable of exerting 45 N/mm of length of the roller drum B, Steel Wheel Rollers (Except Vibratory) capable of not less than 45 N/mm of width of the compression roll C. Vibratory Steel Wheel Rollers -minimum mass of 6 tons D. Pneumatic -tire rollers -capable of exerting a ground pressure of at least $50 KPA. 2. A-control strip shall have an area of approximately 335 square meters and shall be of the same depth specified for the construction of the course which it represents. Its a short pavement strip that is compacted to desired value under scrutiny then used as the compaction standard for a job. 3, If the mean density of the control strip is less than 98% of the density of laboratory compacted specimen, take another conttol strip. There must be 10 — in place density test. Item 107 - Overhaul 1. Free-Haul distance is the specified distance that excavated material shall be hauled without additional compensation and shall be 600m. 2. The number of “cubie meter kilometer” (unit of measurement) of overhaul to be paid for shall be the number of cubic meters (volume of material) multiplied by the overhaul distance in kilometers. a Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page +SE COURSE PART D - SUBBASE AND B Item 200 — Aggregate Subbase Course 1, The maximum compacted thickness of any layer base on Department Order No. 70 series of 2016 shall not exceed 200mm. [It was 150mm before that department order] be one trial section of about 500 square meters shall |, construction equipment and procedure proposed for 2, Just like embankment, there be made for every type of material use. Item 201 - Aggregate Base Course 1. Filler shall be taken from sources, free hard lumps and shall not contain more than 15% of material retained on the 4.75mm (No. 4) Sieve. 2. Compaction layer shall not exceed 200mm just like embankment and subbase course, Item 202 — Crushed Aggregate Base Course tem 203 — Lime Stabilized Road Mix Base Course Key Points 1. The hydrated lime shall be uniformly spread at specified percent using the dry or slurry (vet) methods. 2. A typical slurry ratio is 1-ton lime to 2 cubic meter water. 1:2 3, Trial Sections shall be constructed at least 2 weeks before actual base construction. 4, Ifexcavated materials are wasted, the Volume involved shall be reported so that Quality control requirements may be adjusted accordingly. Submit Project Engineer Certificate of waste Item 204 — Portland cement Stabilized Road Mix Base Course Item 205 — Asphalt Stabilized Road Mix Base Course Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 5Item 206 — Chemically Stabilized Road Mix Sub Base/ Base Course 1. Consists of application of polymer-based chemical soil additive to improve the strength and other properties of ordinary soil for use as sub-base/surfacing materials. 2, Polymer-based chemical soil additive shall be less than 2% by weight of soil. 3. The rate of dilution in cach layer shall be 1:5 to 1:9 or one-part polymer-based chemical soil additive and 5 to 9 parts of water. 4. Unit of measurement is LITER. Item 207 — Portland cement Treated Plant Mix Base Course 1. The salvaged or new soil-aggregate shall be pulverized until at least 80% mass percent of all material other than stone or gravel will pass a 4.75mm or Sieve No. 4 2. The completed cement treated base shall be cured with a bituminous curing seal applied as soon as possible after the completion of the final rolling. 3. The rate of application of curing seal shall be between 0.5 to 1.0 liter/m*2 and maintained at least 5 days. 4, Any material retained on a 50mm sieve (2”) and other unsuitable material shall be removed. Item 208 — Aggregate Stockpile 1. Consists of furnishing and placing of aggregate in stockpiles Key Points on Allowable Tolerances Item 300 Aggregate Surface Course ingr, Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, MI Page 6Points for Material Requirements: Fraction Fraction — Retained Passing Sieve ]Sieve No. CBR Value No. 200 || (2.00mm) (0.075mm) Aggregate) Item 200 Aggregate Shall not _ bel| Mass Percent of Wear J| Not Less Than Subbase Course greater than 2/3 }fnot exceeding 50 by 30% Dal eAgETenatE ‘of the fraction J Los Angeles Abrasion "Not Less than Course passing No. 40]]Test 80% for = = Sieve (0.4251 Tiem 202 ee) SS material regate Base Course as Lee eding 45. |) Passing 19mm 203 Lime Stabilized Road Mix Base Course Key Points for Proportioning Mixture: Composition (Foundation for Surface Course Composed |) Proportioning of Mixture of...) | soil ~aggregate shall be from 3 to 12 mass percent of the dry soil. Cement Stabilized J] and Water the soil ~aggregate shall be from 6 to Road Mix Base 10 mass percent of the dry soil. The amount of asphaltic material to be added to the soil ~aggregate shall be from 4 to 7 mass percent of the dry soil. MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS: EE Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 7Item 200 Aggregate Subbase Course Item 201 Aggregate Base Course Ttem 202 Crushed Aggregate Base Course | Item 203 Lime Stabilized || Road Mix Base Course TEST REQUIREMENTS For every 300 m3 or fraction thereof: 1-G, Grading Test I-P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PD) For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof: 1-C, Laboratory Compaction Test 1-CBR, California Bearing Ratio Test For every layer of 200 mm of compacted depth/base on the results of the compaction trials: At least one group of three in-situ density tests for each 500 m2 or fraction thereof For every 300 m2 or fraction thereof: 1-G, Grading Test I-P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL, Pl) For every 1500 m2 or fraction thereof: 1-Q, Quality Test for: (Grading, Plasticity and Abrasion) 1-C, Laboratory Compaction Test For every 2500 m2 or fraction thereof: 1-CBR, California Bearing Ration Test For every layer of 200 mm of compacted depth/based on the results of compaction trials: At least one group of three in-situ density tests for each 500 m2 A. Soil Aggregate For every 300 m3 or fraction thereof: 1-G, Grading Test 1-P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL, PI) For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof: 1-Q, Quality Test for: (Grading, Plasticity and Abrasion) B. Mix For every 300 m3 or fraction thereof: 1-C, Laboratory Compaction Test 1-UC, Unconfined Compression Test 1-CBR, California Bearing Ration Test C. Compacted Base Course For every layer of 200 mm of compacted depth: , Field Density Test for every 150 m or fraction thereof 1-T, ion for every 150 m or fraction thereofTtem 204 Portland Cement Stabilized Road Mix Base Course Trem 205 Asphalt Stabilized Road Mix Base Course Tem 206 Chemically Stabilized Road Mix Base Course SOT Pondand Cement [{ Test: Same as specified in Item No. of the specifications Treated Plant Mix Base — Trem 208 Ageregate Stockpile D. Hydrated Lime For every 100 or fraction thereof: 1-Q. ‘A. Soil Aggregate Same tests as for Item 203 B. Cement 1-Q, Quality Test for every 2000 bags Cc. Water 1-Q, Quality TesvProject Engineer’s Certificate D. Mix For every 300 m3 or fraction thereof: 1-C, Laboratory Compaction 1-UC, Unconfined Compression Test 1-CBR, California Bearing Ratio Test E. Compacted Base Course For every layer of 200 mm compaction depth L-D, Field Density Test for every 150 m or fraction thereof} 1-7, Thickness determination for every 150m. ‘A. Soil Aggregate Same as for Item 203 B. Emulsified Asphalt Same as for Item 203 Cc. Mix Same as for Item 203 D. Compacted Base Course _Same as for Item 203 “A. Soil Aggregate Same as for Item 203 B. Portland Cement For every 2000 bags, 1-Q, Quality Test © Water 1-Q, Quality Test/Project Engineering's Certificate D. Mix Same as for Item 203 E. Compacted Base Course Tests: For every layer of 150 mm compacted depth 1 D, Field Density Test for every 150 m_ or fraction thereof’ 1-1, Thickness determination for every 150m. Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 9PART E - SURFACE COURSES Item 300 — Aggregate Surface Course 1. Sieve No. 10 (2.00mm Sieve) is the separator between coarse and fine aggregates. 2. Mass percent of wear shall not be more than 45. 3, If erushed aggregate/gravel is used, not less than 50% of the particles retained on the 4.75mm sieve (No.4) and shall have at least 1 fractured face and is applicable for all items on Surface Course. 5. The fraction passing the 0.425 (No.40) sieve shall have liquid limit not more than 35, plasticity index range of 4 to 9 and soaked CBR value not less than 80%, Item 301 — Bituminous Prime Coat 1. The liquid bituminous materials shall be sprayed by means of pressure distributor of not less than 1,000 liters eapacity and shall be heated at 180 degrees Celsius and with 2 degree Celsius per hour loss of temperature after heating. 2. The distributor shall be able to vary the spray width of the liquid in maximum steps of 100 mm to a total width of 4m and shall leave undisturbed for 24 hours. Item 302 — Bituminous Tack Coat 1. All aggregates used for bituminous and PCCP items shall have a mass percent of wear not exceeding 40 Item 303 — Bituminous Seal Coat 1. Cover aggregate shall be applied at the rate approximately 0.004 to 0.007 cubic meters per square meter and finally rolled by a power roller weighing 4 - 6 tons to a uniform surface. 2. If crushed slag is used, it shall be of uniform density of not less than 960 kg/ cubic meter not only for seal coat but as well as for other items with bituminous material except for Item 305 Macadam Pavement and Item 309 Plant-Mix (Stockpile) and Item 311 PCCP with crushed slag density not less than 1,120 kg/cubie meters. 3. Rate of Application — Quantities of Materials for Seal Coat Type | Type? Type3 Bituminous Material _| 0.2-0.5 [0.51~1.0 [1.01150 [Cover Aggregate [None 5.0-10.0 | 10.1-14.0 TTS Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 10Key Points for Material Requirements: Rate of Application Material of Bituminous Requirements Material 1. Rapid Curing (RC) 2. Medium Curing Cutback Asphalt 302]][Consist of preparing and T, Rapid Curing (RC) an existing || 0.2 to 0.7 liters/sq. m |} Cutback Asphalt bituminous or cement 2, Emulsified Asphalt concrete 303] Application of Bituminous] 0.9-1.8 liters/sq. m for] 1. Asphalt Cement Asphalt Cement Penetration Grade 85- aggregate on existing. 100 surface course 1.5-3.0 liters/sq. m for |] 2. Rapid Curing (RC: cut-back asphalt__}j Cutback Asphalt Item 304 — Bituminous Surface Treatment Key Points: 1. There are 2 types of treatment on this item: ‘A. Single Surface Treatment - Single application of bituminous material followed by a single spreading of aggregate B. Double Surface Treatment — — Two applications of bituminous material followed by a spreading of aggregate 2. The contractor shall provide weighing equipment on site to control the application of aggregates and shall be protected by a weather proof house with a floor are not less than 10 square meters. 3. The application temperature for asphalt cement shall be within the range that produces a viscosity of 10-60 second Saybolt Furol. 4. The traffic shall be prohibited from travelling at speeds more than 40 kph until the asphaltic material has set. Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME- Page 11Item 304A — Slurry System for Road Surface Treatment 1. Prior to application, any cracks on the surface wider than 0.64cm shall be treated and after the application, rolling shall be by a self-propelled, 10 tons (max) pneumatic tire rollers. 2. Application Rates for Slurry Seal/Micro-Surfacing ‘Aggregate Type Location Application Rate (kg/sq. m Slurry Seal_| Micro-Surfacing Type Parking Areas, Urban IResidential Streets and| 43-65 Airport Runways Typell | Urban! Residential Streets 5.41098 and Airport Runways. Type ll | Primary/Inter-state Routes B10 12.0 3. Weather limitations — shall not be used if air temperature is below 10 degrees Celsius. 4, Mineral filler shall be 0 ~3 % based on dry weight aggregates. Item 305 ~ Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement 1. When crushed gravel is subjected to 5 cycles of the sodium sulfate soundness test, the weighted loss shall not exceed 12 percent. 2. The variation of surface from testing edge of the straight edge between any two contacts shall no point exceed 10mm for this Item 305 Macadam Pavement and shall not exceed 6mm for Item 307 Plant Mix Surface Course (Surface Tolerance) Item 306 — Bituminous Road Mix Surface Course 1, Proportion of Bituminous material based on total dry aggregates: A. Cut-Back Asphalt — 4.5 to 7.0 Mass Percent B, Emulsified Asphalt — 6.0 to 10.0 Mass Percent (Also for Item 308, Plant-Mix Surface Course -Cold Laid) 2. The Distributor shall have a controlled rate from 0.2 to 10 L/sqm with uniform pressure and allowable variation rate not exceeding 0.1 L/sqm while the roller should not. bee less than 8 tons (the same for Item 313, Rock Asphalt Hot Laid) Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME- Page 12,Item 307 — Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course General 1. Batching Plant scales shall be accurate to 0.5% of the maximum load that may be required and the contractor shall have on hand, not less than 10 - 20kg weights for testing the scales. 2. The temperature of asphalt cement delivered to the mixer shall be as required to achieve kinematic viscosity in the range of 150-300 square mm/second. 3. Asphalt cement shall not be used while foaming nor shall be heated above 159 degrees Celsius at any time after delivery in the project. 4, Aggregates for pug mill mixing shall be heated and delivered to the mixing unit at the temperature the range of +17 degree Celsius and the moisture content of the mixture from drum dryer shall not exceed 3 % of the output. 5, When tar is used, placing and spreading of mixture shall be 66 to 107 degrees Celsius. Other materials will conform 107 degrees Celsius. 6. Compaction rolling shall begin at the sides and proceeds longitudinally parallel toward the road centerline, cach trip overlapping ¥% the roller width, gradually progressing to the crown of the road, This shall continue until roller marks are eliminated and a minimum of 97% of the density required is attained. 7. Acceptance, Sampling and Testing A. Core drill sample at least 150mmx150mmx100mm diameter full depth. B. At least 1, but not more than 3 samples shall be taken for each day C. Ifno samples were taken during that day, core samples shall be taken from the completed pavement for every 100 linear meters per lane. D. Density should be equal or greater than 97% of the density of the laboratory specimen and cores shall not be accepted if deficiency in density is greater than 2% E, Compacted pavement shall have a thickness tolerance of -Smm but if cores shall exceed Smm thick, it shall be rejected, and additional layer may be permitted however, the minimum additional asphalt overlay thickness should not be less than 50mm and proper procedures are followed. 8. Longitudinal joint in 1 layer shall off set that in the layer immediately below approximately 15 em. 9. Unit of Measure is square meter based on thickness and density. 10. Tolerance after the job mix is established: a. Passing Sieve No. 4 larger sieve = +-7% B. Passing Sieve No. 8 to No. 10 = +-4% c. Passing Sieve No. 200 =+-2% d. Temperature of the mixture = +-10 degrees Celsius Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, Page 13Item 308 — Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course —Cold Laid 1. Asphalt mixture shall not be placed when the surface temperature of the base course is below 10 degrees Celsius. 2. There are 3 types of Rolling during compaction of the Mix: 1. Initial Rolling —using steel-wheeled tandem, three-wheeled roller or vibratory 2. Intermediate Rolling —using pneumatic tired roller 3. Final Rolling -if areas too small, vibrating plate compactor/hand Tamper used or done by tandem smooth wheel roller 3. Use “choke aggregate” to prevent mix pick up. 4. Acceptance -there should be 6 laboratory specimens and the average densities of the 5 specimens should not be less than 97% and no individual be lower than 95%. After the 3 -meter straight edge test, the surface shall not vary more than 5mm parallel to the centerline and not more than 8mm at right angles to the centerline, Item 309 — Bituminous Plant-Mix (Stock Pile Maintenance Mixture) 1. The combined aggregate after going through the dried, shall have a sand equivalent value of not less than 40. 2. The proportion of bituminous material, based on total dry aggregates shall be from 4.0 - 10.0 mass percent and for hydrated lime, it shall be added to the mixture during mixing operation in the amount of 0.5 to 1.0 mass percent. Key Points for Proportioning of Mixtu Ttem No. and | Proportioning of ‘Amount of Hydrated Lime to Description Bituminous material be added to the mixture Ttem 307 Bituminous Plant Mix 5.0 to 8.0 Surface Course General Trem 309 Bituminous Plant Mix 4.0 t0 10.0 05 to 1.0 (Stock Pile Maintenance Mixture) Ttem 310 Bituminous Concrete 5.0 to 8.0 Surface Course (Hot Laid) Item 313 — Rock Asphalt, Hot Lai 1. The rock asphalt as furnished shall contain between 8 — 13 % of Bitumen. Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME Page 14Item 311 - PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT (PCCP) Material Requirements: 1, Portland Cement -Type I Portland Cement shall be used but Type IP Portland Pozzolan ‘Cement can be an alternative and samples of cement shall be obtained in accordance with AASHTO T 127 2. Fine Aggregates -the weight loss shall not exceed 10 mass pereent when subjected to 5 cycles of Sodium Sulfate Soundness Test Shall not contain more than 3 mass percent of material passing the 0.075mm or Sieve No. 200 by washing or more than 1 mass percent of clay lumps or shale 3, Coarse Aggregates -Shall not contain more than 1 mass percent of material passing the 0.075mm, not more than 0,25 mass percent of clay lumps nor more than 3.5% of soil fragments 4, Reinforcing Steel Bars -dowel bar shall be plain round bar and tie bars shalll be deformed bars. 5. Wire Mesh -the diameter of wire mesh for lateral and longitudinal directions shall not be less than 6mm and weight not less than 3 kg/sqm where the spacing on the lateral is twice wider than that of longitudinal -the tie wire shall be No. 16 -Wire mesh shall be placed at a depth of 5.0 to 7.5 em below surface of the slab or at 2/3 of thickness from the bottom of the pavement, after the placement of the slip bar placed at every 9.0 m maximum interval for weakened plane joint 6. Admixture -Fly ash as mineral admixture can be permitted but not exceeding 20% partial replacement of Portland cement in concrete mix 7. Curing Materials Burlap Cloth - AASHTO M 182 Liquid Membrane Forming Compound AASHTO M 148 Sheeting (Film) Materials : AASHTO M 171 8. Calcium Chloride/Calcium Nitrate as accelerator. 9, Storage of Cement and Aggregates -Sampling of cement shall be at least 12 days prior to usage 10, Proportioning, Consistency and Strength of Conerete -design mix based on the Absolute Volume Method as outlined in the American Concrete Institute (ACT) Standard 211.1,"Recommended Practice for Seleeting Proportions for Normal and Heavyweight Concrete” ee Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 15-Required at least 364 kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete to meet the minimum strength requirements, workable concrete slump of between 40 -75mm if not vibrated and between 10-40 mm if vibrated = flexural strength of not less than 3.8 MPa (550 psi) when tested by the Third- Point method and 4.5 MPa (650 psi) when tested by the mid-point method at 14 days and with 24.1 MPa compressive strength -Slump shall be determined using AASHTO T 119 en! 1. Quality Control of Conerete -the contractor shall furnish a “Quality Control Plan” detailing his production control procedures and the type and frequency of sampling and testing to insure that the concrete produced complies with the specifications -qualified men in the batching plant (Concrete Batcher & Concrete Technician) -vibrators shall operate at a frequency of 8,300-9,600 impulses per minute under load at a maximum spacing of 60 em -Form shall not deviate from true line by more than Lem at any point 2. Handling, Measuring and batching Materials -tolerances on the batching may be under 1% for cement, 2% for aggregate and not more than 1% for water 3. Mixing Conerete -Overload up to 10% above the mixer’s nominal capacity may be permitted provided no spillage and satisfactory test data for strength, segregation and consistency are attained -the flow of water shall be uniform and all water shall be in the drum by the end of the first 15 seconds of the mixing period -the time elapsed from the time water is added to the mix until the conerete is deposited in place at the site shall not exceed 45 minutes 4, Limitation of Mixing weather ambient temperature shall not exceed 32 degrees Celsius -conerete not in place within 90-minutes shall not be used 5. Placing Concrete -vibrators shall not operate longer than 15 seconds in any one locations 6. Test Specimens -at least 1 set consisting of 3 concrete beam specimens 150mmx150mmxS25mm, shall be taken from each 330-square meters of pavement, 230mm depth or fraction thereof and cylinder samples shall not be used as substitute nn i a tt een niente Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 167. Joints A. Transverse Contraction JoinyWeakened Plane Joint «the depth should at all times not be less than S0mm “the width should not be more than 6mm and sawed between 4-24 hours B. Transverse Construction Joint “constructed when there is an interruption of more than 30 minutes in the concreting operations and shall not be constructed within 1.0 m of an expansion, contraction or plane joints C. Load Transfer Device dowel should be painted with 1 coat of lead or tar and the sleeves shall be metal designed to cover 50mm +-5mm of the dowel and with suitable stop to hold the end of the sleeve at least 25mm from the end of the dowel 8. Final Strike- Off (Consolidation and Finishing) -Hand-operated longitudinal float shall be not less than 365 em in length and 15 em in width -Final finish brooming, the corrugations produced in the surface shall be uniform in appearance and the grooves shall not more than 1.5m in depth and regardless of the method used. -the hardened surface pavement shall have a coefficient of friction equal to 0.25 9.Surface Test pavement surface shall be tested with 3-meter straight edge, areas showing high spots of more than 3mm but not exceeding |2mm in 3 shall be marked and ground blown: 10, Curing. concrete shall not be left exposed for more than ¥4 hour between stages of curing and during curing period and so, following curing will be applied; 1. Cotton of Burlap Mats 2. Waterproof Paper 3. Straw Curing 4, Impervious Membrane Method - curing compound shall be applied at a rate of dliter to not more than 14 square meters of pavement, to harden the pavement after 30 minutes 5. White Polyethylene Sheet -shall be lapped at the surface at least 45 em Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 1711, Acceptance of Conerete -the strength level of the concrete will be considered satisfactory if the averages of all sets of 3 consecutive strength test results equal or exceed the specified strength, Pe and no individual result is deficient by more than 15% of the specified strength -1 set shall consist of a minimum of 3 concrete beam specimens -Core Sampling will be done at least 3 representative cores and will considered adequate if the average strength of the cores is equal to or at least 85% and if no single core is less than 75% of the specified strength Deficiency in Strength of Deficiency in the average Concrete Specimens ‘Thickness per lot (mm) Percent (%) | (%) of Contract | Mm % of Contract Price Price Allowed per Lot Less than 5 100 0-5 [100% payment 5 to less than 10 80 6=10 | 95% payment 10 to less than 15 70 1-15 85% payment 15 to less than 20 60 16-20 | 70% payment 20 to less than 25 50 21=25 30% payment 25 or more 0 <25 ‘No payment 12, Opening to Traffic should be done after material testing and specified strength is obtained or no less than 14 days after concrete was placed. 13, Tolerances in Pavement Thickness -For barangay roads, implementing office can waive core test -thickness determination of pavement shall be done using Core Test, Core Test -a lot shall be considered as 1,000 linear meters of pavement when a single traffic lane is poured or $00 linear meters when two lanes are poured concurrently -each lot will be divided into 5 equal segments and one core will be obtained from each segment Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 18MINIMUM T REQUIREMENTS: TEST REQUIREMENTS For every 300 cubie met 1-G, Grading Test 1-P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL, Pl) For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof: Item 300 Aggregate] 1-C, Compaction Test 1-Q, Quality Test for: (Grading, Plasticity and Surface Course Abrasion) For every layer of 200 mm of compacted depth/based on the results of compaction trials. At least one group of three in-situ density tests crushed Gravel or Crushed stone, 1500 m3 or fraction thereof: E, Fractured Face Item 301Bituminous fj Quantity: 1 to 2 Lim2 Prime Coat Tests: 1-Q. Quality test for every 40 tor 200 drums Quantity: 0.2 to 0.7 Lim2 Tests: 1-Q. Quality test for every 40 t or 200 drums ‘A. Bituminous Materials Quantity: 0.2 to 1.5 Lim2 | Item 303 Bituminous} Tests: 1-Q, Quality test for every 40t or 200 drums Seal Coat Cover Aggregates Quantity: From 5 to 14 kgim2 Tests:_For every 75 m3/200 kg or fraction thereof: 1-G. Grading Test A, Aggregates Using Cut-back Asphalt or Asphalt cement— 13.6 to 38.0 kg/m2 Using Emulsified Asphalt—13.6 to 19.04 kg/m2 Tests: For every 75 m3/200 kg or fraction thereof: 1-G, Grading Test 1-P, Plasticity Test (PL, LL, Pl) Item 304 Bituminous Surface Treatment |} For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof: 1-Q, Quality test for: (Grading, Plasticity, Abrasion, Stripping and Bulk Specific Gravity) I F, Fractured Face B. Bituminous Materials Using cut-back Asphalt or Asphalt cement- 1.58 to 2.04 Lim2_ Using Emulsified Asphalt — 1.58 to 2.04 L/m2_Tests:_Same as for Item 301 Item 304A. Slurry System for Road Surface Treatment Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 19Tests: For every 75 m3/130 tor fraction thereof: , Grading Test I-Ext,, Extraction!-Sty., Stability C, Laboratory Compaction D. Hydrate Lime For every 100 t or fraction thereof: uality Test Tem 308 Bituminous J] A. Aggregates “Tests: Same as for item 307 Plant Mix Surface || B. Bituminous Materials Course -Cold Laid }] Quantity: 1. Using Cut-back Asphalt - 4.5 to 7.0 mass % of total dry aggregate 2, Using Emulsified Asphalt - 6.0 to 10.0 mass % of total dry aggregate Tests: 1-Q, Quality test for every 40 t or 200 drums C. Mix Tests: Same as for Item 307 D. Hydrated Lime Tests: Same as for Item 307 E, Mineral Filler For every 75 m3 or fraction thereof: Tests: 1-G & P, Grading and Plasticity Tests (LL, PL, PD) F, Compacted Pavement as for Item 307, Tem 309 Bituminous | Bituminous Materials Quantity: 4 t010 mass % of total mix 5 Plant Mix (Stockpile J 1-Q, Quality Test for every 40 t or 200 drums Maintenance Trem 310 Bituminous J] Bituminous Materials Concrete Surface | Quantity: 5.0 to 8.0 mass % of total dry Aggregate Course Test: The same as Item 307 A. Cement Quantity: 9.00 bags m3 (40 kg/bag) Tests: For every 2000 bags or fraction thereof 1-Q, Quality test B. Fine Aggregate tem 311 Portland |] Quantity: Cement Concrete 1. 0.05m3/m3 concrete (if rounded coarse aggregate is used) }| Pavement 2. 0.54 m3/m3 concrete (if angular coarse aggregate is used) Tests: For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof: a, Fora source not yet tested, or failed in previous quality test: 1-Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Elutriation (Wash), Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption Mortar Strength, Soundness, Organic Impurities, Unit ‘Weight % Clay Lumps and Shale. b. For a source previously tested and passed quality test: 1-Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Elutriation (Wash), Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption, and Mortar Strength For every 75 m3 or fraction thereof: 1-G, Grading Test Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda,C. Coarse Aggregate Quantity: 1. 0.77 m3/m3 concrete (if rounded coarse aggregate is used) 2. 0.68 m3/m3 concrete (if angular coarse aggregate is used) Tests: For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof: ‘a. Fora source not yet tested and passed quality tests: 1-Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption, ‘Abrasion, Soundness and Unit Weight b. For a source previously tested and passed quality test: 1-Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Bulk Specific Gravity, Absorption and Abrasion For every 75 m3 or fraction thereof: 1-G, Grading test D. Water Tests: 1- Certificate from Project Engineer or 1-Q, Quality Test, if source is questionable || E. Joint Filler 1. Poured Joint Filler Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test on each type of ingredient for each shipment 2. Pre-molded Joint Filler Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test on each thickness of filler for each shipment F. Special Curing Agents Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test for each shipment G. Steel Bar Tests: For every 10,000 kg or fraction thereof for each size 1-Q, Quality Tests for: Bending, Tension and Chemical Analysis, H. Conerete Tests: Flexural Strength Test on Concrete Beam Samples 1 set consisting of 3 beam samples shall represent a 330 m2 of pavement, 230 mm depth, or fraction thereof placed each day. Volume of concrete not more than 75 m3. Completed Pavement Tests: Thickness determination by concrete core drilling on a lot basis Five (5) holes per km per lane or five (5) holes per 500 m when ured concurrently. LN ner Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, M! Page 22PART F- BRIDGE CON Item 400 — Piling 1. Load Test 1. Static Testing -the load shall be in increments of 5 to 10 tons and shall be held for an interval of 2.5 minutes 2. Pile Testing (Pile Load Test) A. Low Strain Dynamic Method -Non-Destructive Method B. High Strain Dynamic Testing C. Cross-Hole Sonic Logging of Bored Holes -Use Modified Hiley’s Formula TRUCTIO. 2. The Minimum penetration of all piles shall be 6 meters. 3. Treated Timber Piles ireatment shall consist of forcing of either creosote oil or creosote petroleum ‘mixture to a minimum penetration of 20mm into the surface of the timber 4. Concrete Piles -Concrete Class C is used with a slump of 6”-8” (150-200mm) 5. Steel H-Piles -the steel shall not contain less than 0.25% nor more than 0.35% copper except ‘manufactured by the acid-Bessemer process 6. Pile Driving 1, They shall be driven within an allowed variation of 20mm/m of pile length fiom the vertical or batter and with maximum allowable variation at the butt end of the pile shall be 75mm in any direction 2. Each pile, after driving, be within 150mm from the theoretical location underneath the pile cap 3. Piles shall be used only in places where the minimum penetration of 3 m in firm materials and Sm in soft materials 4, Hammers shall be gravity hammers, single and double acting steam or pneumatic hammers or diesel hammers 5, Gravity Hammers shall not weigh less than 60% of the combined weight of the pile and driving head but not less than 2,000 kg 6. The fall shall be regulated to avoid pile injury and shall no case exceed 4.5m for timber and steel and 2.5m for concrete Item 401 — Railings (Bridge Railins 1. During construction, bolts shall be of sufficient length to extend beyond the nuts by more than 25mm 2. It can only be Metal (Steel and aluminum), Concrete (Cast-in-place or Pre-cast), Timber and Stone/Brick Railing. Leone EET ETS Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, MI Page 23Item 402 — Timber Structures 1. For laminated or strip floors shall have a nominal thickness of 50mm and shall of uniform width (SIE) to uniform thickness (SIS). The nailing of successive planks shall be staggered so that the splicing of nails along each stringer shall not be less than 100mm. 2. Wheel guards shall be laid in sections not less than 3.60 mm long. 3. Unit of measure: SPAN Item 403 — Metal Structures 1. The term “mill” means any rolling mill, shop or foundry where material for the work is to be manufactures or fabricated. 2. Pin and Rollers -the diameter of the pin hole shall not exceed that of the pin by more than 0.0S1mm for pins 127mm or less in diameter or 0.8mm for larger pins 3. Rivets and Riveting -maybe driven cold provided their diameter is not over 9.5 mm. -minimum number of rivets and bolts for testing purpose is 5 pieces. Item 404 — Reinforcing Steel 1. Bending. Bars shall be bent around a circular pin having the following diameters (D) in relation to the nominal diameter of the bar (d): ‘Nominal diameter, d,mm_| Pin Diameter (D) 10 to 20 6d 25 to 28 8d, ‘32.and greater 10d 2. The minimum distance between bars shall be 40 mm and bundled bars shall be tied together at not more than 1.8mm intervals. 3. Splicing shall be staggered as possible with a minimum separation of not less than 40 bar diameters or 300mm. Splice Type | Grade 275 (Grade | Grade 415 (Grade 60) | But not less than’ 40) | Tension’ 24d 36d 300mm. Compression 20d. 24d 300mm. 4, Tie Bar shalll be deformed bar and dowel bar shall be round bar. 5, Splicing in the same cross section must not exceed 1/3 of the bars. a Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME~ Page 24Item 405 — Structural Concrete 1. Sampling should be at least 1 sample consisting of 3-cylinder specimen, 150 x300mm, for each day of at least 75 cul meters of concrete. 2. The measured cement content shall be +-2 mass percent of the design cement content. 3.3 Expansion Joint Materials: Preformed sponge rubber and cork, hot-poured elastic type and Preformed Fillers 4, 5 Classes of Concrete lass | _ Cement Usage Stump | we ratio Content/m3 mm (in) A) 9.1 (min) | All superstructure and heavily reinforced, 50-100 | 0.53 20.7 MPa_| slab/abutments, beams/ columns, Girder,| (2"-4") | (max) sidewalk, retaining walls and reinforced footins B | 85min) | Footing, pedestal, gravity walls, pipe] 50-100 | 058 16.5 MPa_| beddings and less reinforced structures | (2"-4")_|_(max) c 9.5 (min) | Thin-reinforced sections, railings, RC 50-100 0.55 20.7 MPa_| piles, cribbing and steel grid floors (2”-4”)_|_ (max) P| 11min) | Pre-stressed concrete structures and | 100max | 0.49 37.7 MPa _| members (4” max) (max) Seal | 9.5 (min) | Concrete deposited in water 100-200 | 0.58 20.7 MPa (4°-8")_|_ (max) ‘based on absolute volame method as owlined inthe ACT2II.T "Recommended Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal and Heavyweight Concrete’ 5, Maximum Size Aggregate for structural concrete is less than 2/3 spacing of the bars. 6. Batching Plant Tolerances by mass percent: a.Portland Cement - — +-1% B. Water = Not More than 1% c. Aggregates = Maximum of 2% d.ScalesandBins - 0.5% e. Admixture = #3% (Calcium Chloride is not permitted) f, Water measuring device +-0.5% H. Compression 6. Mixing and Delivery ‘A. Interval between delivery of batches shall not exceed 20- 30-minutes Machine — +-1.0% B, the volume of concrete mixed per batch shall not exceed the mixer’s nominal capacity except that an overload up to 10% may be permitted C. The flow of water shall be uniform, and all water shall be in the drum by the end of the first 15 seconds of the mixing period. D. Mixing time shall not be less than 60 seconds for mixers having a capacity of 1.5 m3 or less and not less than 90 seconds for mixers having a capacity more than 1.5 m3. — Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, Page 257, Mixing Conerete in Truck Mixers a. The mixing speed shall be 4 — 6 revolutions per minute (rpm) B. Mixing shall begin within 30 minutes after the cement has been added either to the water or aggregate but if temperature is above 32 degrees Celsius, it will be decreased to 15 minutes 8. Transporting Mixed Concrete a, Discharge shall be completed within 1-hour or before 250 revolutions of the drum, which comes first, but will be reduced if the temperature is above 30 degrees Celsius. Item 406 — Pre-stressed Concrete Structures 1. Concrete shall be Class P or 11 bags of cement per cubic meter of concrete. 2, Hydraulic Jacks are used to stress tendons and shall be equipped with either a pressure gauge or a load cell for determining the jacking stress. 3. Vents shall be 12.7mm minimum diameter standard pipe. 4. Curing a. During the waiting period, the temperature within the curing chamber shall be not less than 10°C and if steam is used, the maximum curing temperature within the enclosure shall not exceed 71.1°C. 5. for Post-tensioning. Cast-in-Place concrete shall not be post-tensioned until at least 10 days after the last concrete has been placed in the member to be post-tensioned and until the compressive strength of 28 MPA or 4,000 psi is attained. 6. Batches of grout shall be placed within 45 minutes after mixing. Grout — water content is not more than 19 liters/sack and equipment at a pressure of at least 0.6894 MPA. zt Sample of Wire Strand for testing shall be 2 meters for pre-tensioning and for post- tensioning — wire with heading (2m), wire without heading (1.5m), strand with fitting (1.5m) and bars with threads (1-Sm) Item 407 — Concrete Structures 1. Lean Concrete shall have a minimum compressive strength of 13.8 MPa (2,000 psi) 2. Chute shall be at maximum of 1.5m 3. The discharge end of the line shall not be more than 3m from the point of deposit. 4, During compaction of concrete, the intensity of vibration shall be such as to visibly affect mass of conerete with a 3 em slump over a radius of 50cm. 5. The concrete in walls, beams, columns and the like shall be placed in horizontal layers not more than 30cm thick. 6. Forms shall be remaining in place for a minimum period of 7 days afier the concrete has been placed except that of members over 50. All forms must be in place with minimum. period of 5 days. fa, is ‘waterproof membrane method is used during curing, the curing membrane shall remain in place for a period of not less than 72 hours. The joints seams shall have a minimum lap of 100 mm. 8. Surface finishing shall be classified as follows —Class 1 Ordinary Finish, Class 2 Rubbed Finish and Class 3 Floated Finish. Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, Rt Page 26Item 408 — Steel Bridges Item 409 — Welded Structural Steel 1. Electrodes shall be of classification numbers E7016, E7018 and E7028 2. The minimum effective length of fillet weld is equal to 4x its sizes, but no case shall be less than 38mm. 3. The maximum size of the fillet weld for more than 6mm material shall be 1.5mm less than the thickness of the material. *Note, size shall no case less than 6mm. 4. For members composed of 2 or more rolled shapes in contact with 1 another. The longitudinal spacing of stitch welds shall not exceed 600mm. Item 410 — Treated and Untreated Timber 1. Unit of measurement is eubie meter. (m*3) Item 411 — Paint 1. Paint contains 21% Pigment (finely divided insoluble solid in paint) and 79% Vehicle (Liquid portion) Item 412 — Elastomeric Bearing Pads 1. Sampling: Minimum of 3 bearing pads for every 50 bearings and | for every additional bearing 2. A laminated bearing pad is required when the thickness of the plain pad is more than 31.75mm and the compressive strain is more than 15%. 3. Variation from a plane parallel to a design surface shall not exceed an average slope of 0.005 for upper surface and 0,006 for a side surface. 4, The compressive stiffness of each bearing tested shall be not differ from (k) by more than 10%, Item 413 — Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork Joint Expansion Fillers for Concrete paving and structural construction Item 414 — Forms and False works 1, Removal of forms shall be at least 1 day. 2. For False work foundation, the maximum allowable bearing capacity for foundation material other than rock is 190 KPa. 3. Unit of Measure is Lump Sum. 1 Page 27 Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, M!Item 415 — Elastomeric, Hot-Applied Joint Sealant with Single-Sized Aggregates for Bridge Expansion Joints (Multi-flex Expansion Joints 1. It accommodates up to +-25mm movement in horizontal direction. 2. Multi-flex Expansion Joints are now used; Multi-flex Rubbers are used. Item 416 — Carbon Fiber Sheet (CFS) *the following data are based on the latest department order for Carbon Fiber Sheet A. Raw Material made up of 90% polyacrylonitrile and 10% rayon/petroleum pitch B. Specifications Properties Specifications Tensile Strength 3, 400 Nimm*2 (min) “Young's Modulus of Elasticity 230 Knimm"2 Densit 1.80 giem”3 WetDry Pull-oif Bond Strength to | 1.50 N/mm’2 (min) Conerete Concrete failure C. Retrofitting Requirements -Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) D, Sampling and Testing -minimum of 2 pull-offs per system or span and failure at the bond at tensile stress below 1.373MPa will cause rejection of sample E. Application -standard length of carbon sheet will be cut from 4 to 6 meters -when lapping 2 CFS, the lap length of not less than 20 em shall be provided —— Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, Page 28MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS: Item No. TEST REQUIREMENTS Item 400 - Piling A. Timber Piles Tests: | - Inspection report for each size and shipment of timber B, Concrete Piles a. Concrete Tests: Same as for Item 405 b. Reinforcing Piles Tests: Same as for Item 404 C, Structural Piles Tests: 1-Q, Quality Test/Mill Test Certificate 1 IR, Inspection Repor Item 403 - Metal]/Tests: 1-Q, Quality Teston Manufacturer's Certificate Structures and Item |} for each type of materials used _1-IR, Inspection Report for each type 402 Timber Structure J] and shipment of timber ‘A. Bar Reinforcement for Concrete | 1-meter sample For every 10,000 kg or fraction thereof for each size: 1-Q, Quality test for Bending, Tension and Chemical Analysis B. Wire and Wire Mesh Ttem 405 - Structural || For every 2000 bags of Cement or fraction thereof: sstst~*«*@YS Concrete O. Quality test Item 406 Wire Stand Tests: 1-Q, For every 20 t or fraction thereof | Structure } Item 410 - Treated or | Untreated Timber__J[1-Q. } Ttem 411 - Paint Tests: 1-Q, one 20-L can for every 100 cans or fraction thereof or 1-Q, one 4-L can for every 100 cans or fraction thereof Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME Page 29PART G - DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION STRUCTURES Item 500 — Pipe culverts and Storm Drains 1, Pipe culverts and storm drains are “conduits”. 2. Joint Mortar for conerete shall be 1:2 which consists of 1 part by volume of Portland ‘cement and two (2) parts of approved sand with water. It shall be used within 30 minutes after its preparation. 3. Bedding A. Class A —continuous concrete cradle B. Class B -minimum thickness of bedding material beneath the pipe is 100mm C. Class C — bedding the conduit to a depth of not less than 10% of its total height, when no bedding is specified, use this class. Item 501 — Under drains 1. A minimum of 150mm bedding layer of granular backfill material shall be placed and compacted at the bottom of the trench for its full width and length. Item 502 — Man Holes, Inlets and Catch Basins 1, Pre-cast Concrete used can be cast in permanent steel forms and shall attain a minimum 28-day compressive strength of 20.682 MPa. 2. ‘Water absorption of individual cores taken from such units shall not exceed 7 percent. Item 503 — Drainage Steel Grating with Frame 1. 3 Classes of Grates that are commonly use: Sump, Trench and Box Grates. 2. Strength classifications and the loading conditions for Sum, trench and box grates. A. Class A—Test Load 10 kN B. Class B —Test Load 80 KN C. Class C Test Load 150KN _D. Class D ~Test Load 210 KN E. Class E, F and G — Test Load 400, 600 or 900 KN 3. Dimension Tolerances: Thickness=+-0.20mm Width =+-0.80mm Length =+50mm/NIL mm Straightness = 6mm in each 1.5m length Item 504 — Cleaning and Reconditioning Existing Drainage Structures Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 30Item 505 — Riprap and Grouted Riprap 1. Rocks should be nearly as rectangular except that riprap of class A may consist of round natural stones. 2. Classes of Stones to be used and minimum thickness based on that class, measured perpendicular to the slope. Class | Stone Weight _| Weight of the 50% Stones | Minimum Thickness A 15kg-25kg. 20k 300mm. B 30kg-70ke S0ke 500mm ie 60kg-100k; 80ke. 600mm D 100kg-200kg 150kg 800mm 3, Surface of riprap shall not vary from the theoretical surface by more than 100mm at any point. 4. Mortar should be 1:3, 1 part cement is to 3 parts sand by volume 5. Weep holes shall be spaced at not more than 2 meters center to center in a staggered ‘manner and shall be at least 50-mm diameter PVC or other pipe materials 6. Horizontal and vertical contact surface between stones shall be embedded by cement ‘mortar having a minimum thickness of 20mm, Item 506 — Stone Masonry A. Stone Dimension Stones shall have a thickness of not less than 150mm and widths of not less than 1.5x their respective thickness and lengths of not less than 1.5x their respective width. B. Mortar ‘A. Maximum projection of rock faces beyond the pitch shall not be more than 30mm and the mortar should be 1:2, I-part cement is to 2 parts sand by volume. B, Mortar should be discarded if not used within 90 minutes and cannot be re~ tempered, Grading of aggregates for mortar should be...“100% passing sieve No. 8 (236mm), not less than 15 nor more than 40 % passing Sieve No. 50 (0.30mm) and not more than 10 % passing sieve No. 100 (0.15mm)” C. Bed and Joints Bed and Joints may vary from 20mm to 0mm thickness. They shall not extend in an unbroken line through stones for bed and 2 stones for joints. They may be at angles with the vertical from 0 to 45 degrees. Face stone shall bond at least 150mm longitudinally and 50mm vertically. D, Curing For curing, it shall be kept wet for a period of at least 3 days. ee aT Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, MI Page 31Item 507 — Rubber Concrete 1. Conerete shall be “Class B” and shall be placed at the prepared bed prior to placing of stones. 2. Clearance between stones shall not be less than 63mm (2 4"), the maximum size of concrete aggregate for ‘Class B”. *Note, MSA for class A is 2” (50mm) 3. In no case shall the vibrator be operated longer than 10 seconds in any location. *Note, ‘for structural conerete, that’s no longer than 15 seconds. Mind the difference Item 508 — Hand-Laid Rock Embankment Alll stones shall be more than 0.015 m*3 in volume and not less than 75% of the total volume of rock embankment shall consist of stones 0.03 m3 in volume. Item 509 — Sheet Piles Item 510 — Concrete Slope Protection Concrete shall be “Class B” and the concrete slabs shall not be greater than 4m by 4m and shall have between slabs, plain vertical straight joints with no joint filler or sealer. Item 511 — Gabions and Mattresses a, Dimension and Tolerances Material_[Width | Length Height [Tolerances Gabions [1.0 m|Muliples of 2,3, and 4x[05t0L0m |+5% (min) width (W.L.A) Mattresses | 2.0m 3.0 to 6.0m 0.17m, +-10% (H) 0.23m, 0.30m | +-5% (W.L) B, Galvanized Wire (Both Gabions and Mattress) Property Specifications | Property Specifications Specific Gravit 1.30t0 135 | Diameter Gabions)_| 2.20 to 3.80 mm Tensile Strength 20.6 MPa Diameter (Mattress) | 2.20 to 2.70 mm Resistance to | 12.0% variation to diameter is +-0.10mm Abrasion C. Rock Fill (Both Gabions and Mattress) Property Specifications Rock Size 100 to 200 mm but not exceeding 2/3 mattress depth Density 1,400 kg/m*3_ Soundness Loss after 5 cycles | 9.0% a Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 32D. Filter Cloth Composition: 70% Polypropylene and 30% Polyethylene E, PVC Coating Thickness for Galvanized Wire and Mesh Type and Opening Material [PVC Coating Thickness | Hexagonal _ Mesh | Mesh Opening for Galvanized Wire Type Gabions | 0.50 mm (min) Type 8 x 10 83 by 114mm_| “Tolerance of| Mattress [ 0.38 mm (min) Type 6x8 64 by 83 mm _| +-10% F. Assembly (Jointing) -Overlapping not less than 300 mm, sawing or by industrial stapling, Item 512 ~ Erosion Control Mats, Roving and Cellular Confinement Systems 1. 5 Types of Erosion Control Mats Type Type2 Type3 Typed Types - Straw Mat, Burlap Fabric, Jute Mesh and Woven Paper Straw and coconut mats, excelsior blanket or mulch blanket -Coconut Mat, plain weave mesh with approximately 16 to 25mm’ openings and 100% coconut netting -Synthetic Erosion Control Mats and Meshes -Turf Reinforcement Mats which are colored black and based on observation its functional longevity is $ years with 13mm min thickness. 2.2 Types of Roving (Roving Rate of 0.9kg per minute) 1. Fiber Glass Roving 2. Polypropylene Roving (Bury upslope end of (Rate: 0.63+0.03kg/m2) __(Rate:1.5 +0.2 liters/sqm) the roving 300mm deep) 3. 8 Types of Mulch namely -straw, hay, wood fiber, grass straw cellulose fiber, peat moss, mature compost, straw for hydro-seeding and bonded fiber matrix mulch Item 513 — Permanent Ground Anchors 1. Trumpets used to provide a transition from anchorage to the unbounded length corrosion protection shall have a minimum wall thickness shall be 5mm while the anchorage covers should have a minimum thickness of 2.5mm, 2. The minimum tendon bond length shall be 3 m in rock, 4.5m in soil. 3. Spacers shall be located at 3m maximum centers with the upper one located a maximum of 1.5m from the top of the tendon bond length and the lower one located maximum of 1,5m from the bottom of the tendon bond length. (Centralizers) 4, The unbounded length of the tendon shall be a minimum of 4.5m and afier grouting, it shall not be loaded for a minimum of 3 days. Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, MI “1 Page 33Item 514 — Shotcrete (Concrete Spray) “the following data are based on the latest department order for Shotcrete A, Shoterete Aggregates Properties Specifications Material Passing Sieve No. 200 _| 3% max ‘Sand Equivalent Value 75 min Abrasion Loss 40% max ‘Adherent Coating 1% max B. Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes (PVC) -PVC Pipes shall be 40mm diameter un-clasticized C. Shoterete Mix Design Properties Specifications ‘Minimum Cement Content 325 kg/m’3 Maximum Water Cement Ratio | 0.55 Minimum Water Cement Ratio _ | 0.45 ‘Air-Content Range 5% min Strength at 28 days 28 MPa min [Allowable Design Discharge 3.5 hours max D. Pre-construction Testing test panels shall be 0.6 x 0.6 x 0.15m wood forms -Six — 75mm diameter, 75mm long cores for each test panel -cores shall be soaked 40 hours before testing -3 cores to be tested after 4 days and 3 cores at 28 days -visual quality of cores shall not be lower than Grade 2 E. Shoterete Construction and Acceptance temperature of the mix is 100 to 300 degrees Celsius and shall not be placed lower than 5 degrees Celsius ambient temperature -minimum compressive strength of 5.2 MPa -Slump loss of more than 50mm or 2” compared to the slump recorded at the batching plant shall not be used -Sample shall be taken after at least 0.20 m‘3 are discharge and when continuous at approximately 7.5 m’3 and shall be remove and replace if compressive strength are less than 90% of the f'e F, Shoterete Application -shoterete shall be applied within 4Sminutes of adding cement to the mixture -layer thickness shall be limited to 50mm. -construction joint shall be tapered over distance at least 300mm -minimum slump of wet-mix shall be 25mm cn a anna nn Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME~ Page 34Shoterete Curing -shall be cured uninterrupted for at least 7 days -minimum rate of euring compound shall be 0.25 L/sqm in 1 or 2 uniform applications and with interval of 30 minutes maximum if using 2 applications H. Unit of Measure -Square meter (m“2) Item 51 Mechanically ~Stabi ed Earth (MSE) Retai Walls A, Leveling Pad -conerete “Class A” and cured at least 12 hours before wall erection B. Minimum Wall Embedment is 300mm C. Conerete Face Panels 1. Minimum Compressive Strength ‘A. 30 MPa at 28 Days B.7 MPa must be achieved until supports will be removed C. 24 MPa must be achieved before shipping 2. Minimum thickness of 140mm 3. Minimum conerete cover for RSB is 37.50mm. 4, Panel Squareness — difference between 2 diagonals shall not exceed 13mm D, Properties Properties Specifications Shear Angle of Internal 34 degrees Friction Plasticity Index (PI) maximum Liquid Limit (LL) 30 maximum PH Value 5-10 *Test for sulfate and chloride content are not needed when resistivity is greater than 5,000 ohm-centimeter nF ann emeeeeeeiemneemeeeeeememsemment Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 35Item 516 — Cobble Stone 1. Conerete and Mortar Grout A. Cap, Base and Partition Wall Concrete - 210kg/em*2 @ 28 days B. Filling Concrete = 210kp/em”2 @ 28 days C. Filling Mortar (By Weight not Volume) 1:2:6 =Water: Cement: Sand 2. Classifications of Cobble Stone A. 150-300mm -specific gravity of not less than 2.5 -20kg to 40kg or 150-300mm diameter per piece B, 100-150mm -15kg to 20kg or 100-150mm diameter per piece 3. Weep Holes should be placed at the lowest points where the outlet of water can be obtained and spaced not more than 3m center to center *Note: Unlike for stone masonry, which is 2m center to center 4. The compacted gravel bedding shall have a thickness of 200 mm, Item 517 — Drain Pipe 1, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe shall meet the requirements specified in one of the following specifications: ASTM D 3034, D 2241, D 1785, D 2665, D2680, F789, F 679 or AASHTO M 304 M (D 2729) 2. Galvanized Iron Pipe (GI Pipe) shall meet the requirements specified in one of the following specifications: ASTM A53, AASHTO M 36 or M 218 Item 520 ~ Hydroseeding 1. Consists of furnishing grass seeds mixed with an airtrol geobinder, cellulose fiber mulch, coco-peat and fertilizer to form into consistent and homogenous slurry and then sprayed evenly on the ground, 2. Airtol geobinder is a low cost cementitious binder, when mixed with water and multch, sets in a predictable way to form an erosion resistant crust. Rate of Application shall be 1,500 kg/ha 3. Cocopeat is the by-product of coco fiber consisting coco fiber and dust sieved in Smm. mesh. 4, The entire hydroseeded area shall be grown-in and maintained for 60-90 CD from the date of the hydroseeding completion. we mm Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME- Page 36MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS: TEST REQUIREMENTS I- Pipe for every 50 pieces: Strength, Absorption and Dimension Item 500 — Pipe Culverts and Jj Alternative Requirements: 1-set consisting of 3 conerete cylinder | Storm Drains samples for not more than 25 pipes cast in the field, and 1- Inspection Report for each size for not more than 25 pipes cast in the field. ‘A. Concrete Pipe(Non-Reinforced) Tests: 0.5% of the number of pipes of each size |} but not less than 2 for strength, absorption and dimension. Alternative Requirements: 1-set consisting of 3 concrete cylinder Item 501 - Under drains samples for not more than 25 pipes cast in the field, and 1- Inspection Report for each size for not more than 25 pipes cast in the field. B. Clay Pipe Tests: 1-pipe for every 200 pieces each size, [with 2 minimum of 2 specimens for strength, absorption and dimension A.Conerete Tests: Same as for Item 405, Class A and Catch Basins B. Lids, Cast Iron Frames and Grating Tests:_Inspection Report Ttem 506 - Stone Masonry and ][ A. Cement Quantity: 2 bags/m3 of conerete Tests: For Item 505 Grouted Riprap ‘every 2000 bags or fraction thereof: 1-Q, Quality Test B, Fine Aggregate Quantity: 0.17 m3/m3 of concrete Tests: For every 1500 m3 or fraction thereof: 1-Q, Quality test for: (Same as for Item 405) For every 75 m3 or fraction thereof: 1-G, Grading Test C. Stone Tests: Inspection Report Tests: 1-Certificate from Project Engineer questionable Item 511 Gabions nn a Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 37ART H —- MISCELLANO STRUCTURE Curb and Gutter Item 601 1. For Bedding Materials, all particles shall pass 12.Smm sieve. (1/2 inch) 2. For Cement Mortar, it shall be 1:2, consist of 1 part Portland cement, 2 parts aggregates with water added as necessary to obtain required consistency. All mortar shall be used within 30 minutes of preparation. 3. Any irregularities of more than 10 mm in 3-m straight edge shall be corrected. 4, For Pre-cast curb and gutter, it shall be not more than 20em in width at the top, not more than 25 em at the base and shall be 1.0 m in length, It shall be provided or inserted with 2-25mm diameter PVC pipes for fitting and placed 25mm from both edge during plastic state of fresh concrete. Item 601 — Sidewalk 1. For Concrete Sidewalk, Expansion Joint Filler shall have a thickness of Smm., 2. For Asphalt Sidewalk, bed course shall be compacted in layers not exceeding 100mm 3. The edges of the sidewalk and transverse cuts shall be round with radius of 5mm. Item 602 — Monuments, Markers and Guide Post 1. Consist of right-of-way monuments, kilometer posts, and marker and guide posts. Item 603 ~ Guard Rails 1. For timber, only Ipi-Ipil, Molave, Tindaloor Yacal shall be used. 2. For post construction, it shall be embedded in a concrete foundation block and shall remain undisturbed for a minimum of 48 hours and then, each layer in the backfilled portion shall not exceed 100 mm, It shall be painted with 3 eoats of white paint within 200 mm of the ground line and its first 200mm above ground will be 2 coats of black paint. 3. For bolts, it shall be of sufficient length to extend beyond the nuts at least $ mm but not more than 10 mm Item 604 ~ Fencing During installation of Chain Link Fence Fabric, where splicing of the fence is necessary, or at joint, the lapping of the chain link fence fabrie shall be for a minimum of 100 mm. and shall occur only at the post. Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 38Item 605 — Road Sign 1. Sign panels for warning, regulatory and informatory signs shall be manufactured from aluminum sheeting at least 3 mm thick. 2. The minimum reflective brightness values of the reflective sheeting as to angle of divergence is 0.5 and the brightness of the reflective sheeting totally wet by rain shall be not less than 90% of the given values on the table, 3. Reflective Sheeting shall show no damage when bent 90 degrees over a 30mm diameter mandrel and after being subjected to the dropping of a 25-mm diameter steel ball from a height of 2 m into surface. Item 606 — Pavement Markings 1. Reflectorized pavement marking paint shall confront to AASHTO M 248 for the following 2 types (Type 1 -Alkyd with specific gravity of 1.5 and Type I -Chlorinated Rubber Alkyd) 2. Reflectorized Paints shall consist of pigments, vehicles and glass beads/glass spheres. 3. The amount of glass beads to be mixed with the paint shall be 500 grams per liter of paint and its index of refraction shall be within the range of 1.50 to 1.60 when tested by the liquid immersion method at 29 degrees. 4. Traffic paint shall be applied to the pavement at the rate of 0.33L/sqm and shall dry sufficiently to be free from cracking in from 15 to 30 minutes and shall be carried out by ‘machine but where brushes are use, only round/oval brushes not exceeding 100 mm in width will be permitted. 5, Sampling must be in accordance with PS 484/ISO 1412 or other Philippine Standard ‘Method of Sampling Paints and Varnishes. Item 607 — Reflective Pavement Studs “to visualize this item, google the image of reflective pavement studs first 1. Reflective studs shall be either the “flush surface” or “raised profile” type: 1. Flush Surface -reflector shall be the short base type having a maximum base area of 180 mm x 140mm with 5 years design life 2.Raised Profile reflectors shall consist of an acrylic plastic shell and shaped of a shallow frustum of a pyramid with base dimensions approximately 100 mm x 100mm and thickness of not more than 20 mm. The shell contain 2 prismatic reflectors each at an angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal and having an area not less than 20 square meters. 2. The reflectors shall have the minimum specific intensity values expressed as “Candle Power per Foot-Candle of illumination” and the unit of measure. eee ae Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 393. During testing, each reflector shall be located with the center of the reflecting face at a diameter of 1.5m from a uniform bright light source having effective diameter of Sm. The width of the photocell shall be 1.2m and distance from the centers of the light source and photocell shall be Smm. Failure of more than 4% of the reflective faces shall cause rejection of the complete batch. Finally, it shall support a vertical load of 10 KN during testing. 4, Used 2-parts epoxy as adhesive when raised type are used and mortar should be 1:2, 1- part cement, 2 parts fine aggregates, Item 608 = Top Soil Top soil shall contain not less than 5% organic matter and shall be compacted with a light roller to a depth of not less than 100mm. Item 609 ~ Sprigging 1. Consist of planting sprigs of living grass into ground limestone which contains not less than 83% calcium and magnesium carbonates. During harvesting, grass and woods shall be moved to a height of 50-75mm and planting of sprigs should not be more than 24 hours’ time elapses from harvesting. 2. The quantity of sprigging to be paid for shall be the number of units of 100 square meters. Unit of Measure: 100 Square Meter 3. The Contractor shall notify the engineer at least 5 days before harvesting of sprigs. Item 610 — Sodding 1, The sod shall be cut into uniform squares approximately 300mm x 300mm and with a thickness of approximately 40 mm. 2. Soil on the area to be sodded shall be loosened to a depth not less than 300mm within 24 hours. tem 611 — Tree Planting 1. Consist of planting shade, flowering trees and evergreen trees less than 150mm diameter on the areas and arranged as plan. 2. The wire to be used in bracing trees 75 mm or less in diameter shall be 3 mm (No.11) galvanized steel wire and for trees over 75 mm diameter, 40mm (N0.9) shall be used. 3. The center to center spacing between trees along national roads shall be 10-20 meters and for roads without curbs, the trees shall be planted with a minimum clear distance of 0.60m beyond the edge of the shoulder but in no case less than 3.0m from the edge of the pavement. While for roads with curbs, trees shall be planted with a minimum setback of 1.0 m beyond the face of the curb. 4. Deciduous trees from 1.20-1.80m in height shall have 1 support stake and for 1.80-2.50m in height shall have 2 vertical support stakes. Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 40Item 61 Form Reflective Thermoplastic Stripping Material (Sol 1: It shall conform to AASHTO M 249 and shall be applied by mechanical means with surface application of glass beads at a rate of not less than 350 g/L of glass beads by drop- in methods. 2, Glass Beads (Pre-Mix) shall be uncoated, minimum reflective index of 1.80 and ‘minimum spheres percent of 90 and maximum specific gravity of 2.18 3, The material shall readily extrude or heated during application at a temperature within 211-+-7 degree Celsius to produce a continuous and uniform in shape line of 3.2 to4.8 mm thick. 4, Sampling. A minimum weight of 10 kg RT Paint shall be taken for every 100 bags or fraction thereof and tested according to AASHTO T 250. 5, During packing, the blocks of cast thermo-plastie material shall be approximately 300 915 x 5mm and shall weigh 23kg. Item 613 — Concrete Joint Sealant (Hot-Poured Elastic and Cold Applied) 1..No material shall be heated above 38 degrees Celsius. 2, Concrete joint sealer shall be applied to joint using a Melter-applicator. 3, Sampling. Hot-poured Type shall weigh 800 +-50g while cold type shall be 3.785 liters for each component of sealant material. Item 614 — Water Stops 1, Water stops are used to prevent water seepage at the expansion and construction joints of concrete structures. 2, There are 3 types provided —Copper, Rubber and Plastic water stops. A. Copper Water stops B, Rubber Water Stops “Before installation performance test data, I-meter sample for each type and at least | preliminary field splice shall be submitted “Tensile strength of 17 MPa and water absorption maximum of 5% C. Plastic Water Stops “fabricated from a homogenous elastomeric plastic compound of basic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and use a 10%solution of NaOH for 7-day test period and manufacturer’s value +-0.02 “Tensile strength of 9.6 MPa Item 618 — Reflectorized Thermoplastic Rubble Strips 1. RT Rubble strips shall have the following dimensions: ‘A.Height — -4.0mm to 13.0mm B. Width — - 50mm to 100mm C.Spacing - 200mm to 500mm. ‘Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 412. Recommended length of road section where RT rubble strips are to be installed shall be from 20m to 30m depending on the advisory of speed limit of the road section. 3. The Pattern of rubble strips shall finish within 50 m of any hazard it is associated with, Item 620 — Chevron Signs 1. There are 2 types of Chevron Signs, HM-1A 450mmx600mm for more than 60KpH speed limit and HM-1B 600mmx80mm for less than 60 kpH, shall be used to guide drivers through a chance in horizontal alignment of the road such as curves and less than sharp turns. 2. The point of arrow shall be visible for at least 150m and with a minimum lateral offset of 1.80m from the edge of the pavement. 3. Should be installed 1.5m above the ground in the rural areas and 2.2m in the urban areas. 4. Reflective sheeting shall perform effectively for a minimum of 7 years from date of fabrication and retain at least 70% of its original brightness, 5. Post required for the erection of signs shall be made of galvanized steel pipes not less than 75mm outside diameter x 3.25mm thick but aluminum alloy and plastic can be considered. Item 622 — Coconet Bio-Engineering Solutions 1. Coconut coir fiber materials for use in fabrication of coconut geonets shall be a multi- cellular fiber with 12-14 microns in diameter and ratio of length to diameter shall be 35. The fiber shall also be hygroscopic with moisture content of 10-12% at 65% humidity and 22-55% at 95% relative humidity. 2. Minimum dimensions of Coco-Net as follows with factor of safety = 0.002 A. Thickness -10.0mm — B, Width-1.0m ——_C. Length -25.0m 3. During anchoring on common/compacted soil, the coconut geo-nets shall be secured to the ground using bamboo pegs at average of 3 pegs per square meter while for hard rock, it shall be anchored using metal stake pins with a minimum diameter of 8.0mm and length of 200-300mm. 5, There are 3 types of vegetation can be used: A. Vetiver Grass Hedgerow —planted on the slopes at 150mm plant interval and. row distance from 1.0-4.0 m depending on the steepness and erosivity of the soil B.Grass Cover C. Trees 6. Coco-twine ~ string made of coir strands twisted together with diameter of 5.0 +- 1.0mm and minimum strength of 150 N/twine 7. Coco Log — tubular structure of coconut coir fiber filled with coco coir and cocopeat and shall be installed at least 50cm from the edge of the slope and '4 of its diameter shall be embedded 8. Coco peat ~ natural residual material from coconut husk that serves as soil conditioner Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 42MUM TEST REQUIREMENTS: TEST REQUIREMENTS ‘A. Conerete Quantity: Item 600 - Curb and/or Gutter 0.078 m3/m (Curb only) 0.092 m3/m (Curb and gutter, type A) 0.149 m3/m (Curb and gutter, type B) 0.074 m3/m (Curb and gutter, type C) Tests: Same as for Item 405 B, Joint filler Tests: Same as for Item 311 ‘oncrete Tests: Same as for Item 405, Class A B. Pre-molded Expansion Joint Filler Tests:_Same as for Item 311 Item 602 - Monuments, [[ A. Concrete Tests: Same as for Item 405 Markers and B. Reinforcing Steel ‘Tests: Same as for Item 40 C. Timber Tests: Same as for Item 410 Tests:_Same as for Item 411 A. Steel Posts Tests: Same as for Item 403 B, Timber Posts Tests: Same as for Item 410 C. Concrete Tests: Same as for Item 405 D. Reinforcing Steel Tests: Same as for Item 404 E. Rail Tests: Inspection Report F. Paint Tests:_Same as for Item 411 Item 604 - Fencing ‘A. Barbed Wire, Chain Link Fabric Tests: 1-Q, Quality test B. Conerete Post Tests: Same as for Item 405 Steel Reinforcement: Same tests as for Item 40 Item 605 to 611 Inspection Report except Item 606 with the same for Item 411 Certificate of Accreditation, document signed by the Director of BRS issued 10 Testing Laboratory authorizing them to perform the required test in behalf of DPWH ART I—- MATERIALS DETAILS Seen EEEEEEEEEEEeT Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 43Item 700 — Hydraulic Cement 1. Cement shall conform to the requirements of the following cited specifications for the type specified or permitted: Type Specifications Portland cement AASHTO M 85 (ASTM C 150) Blended Hydraulic Cements AASHTO M 240 (ASTM C 595) Masonry Cement AASHTO M 150 (ASTM C 91) 2. Adequate Compressive strength of mortar samples tested at 7 days should not be less than 23.46 MPa which is 85% of the compressive strength for 28 days (27.6 MPa) when. tested with ASTM C 150 3. The minimum compressive strength of Blended Hydraulic Cement is 25 MPa. 4 Masonry Cement — brown is the color upon packing. Item 70: lvdrated) ‘onstru in 1, Hydrated Lime shall conform to the requirements of PHILSA I-1-68 or ASTM C 207 and shall be of the following type TypeN _-Normal hydrated Lime for masonry purposes Types Special hydrated lime for masonry purposes TypeNA — -Normal air-entraining hydrated lime for masonry purposes TypeSA ——_-Special air-entraining Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes 2. Most commonly packed in paper bags with 23 kg, 11.5 kg, 4.5 kg and 2.3 kg. Item 702 ~ Bituminous Materials 1. Bituminous Materials shall conform to the AASHTO Requirements: Asphalt Cement AASHTO M 226 Rapid Curing Liquid Asphalt AASHTO M 81 Medium Curing Liquid Asphalt. AASHTO M 82 Emulsified Asphalt (anionic) AASHTO M 140 (ASTM D 977) Emulsified Asphalt (Cationic) AASHTO M 208 Acceptance of Alternative Samples AASHTO T 40 2. For all grades of Asphalt cement, maximum application spray is 204, as required to achieve viscosity of 75-150 seconds to achieve a kinematic viscosity of 150-300 square meters per second or 150-300 centi-stokes Item 703 — Aggregates Ce ee Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 441. Aggregates for Portland Cement Concrete ~ Sieve No. 4 is the boundary between fine (passing) and coarse (retained) aggregates. 2. Aggregate for Portland Cement Treated and Stabilized Base Course -The Plasticity Index shall be 4 to 10 3. Aggregate for Bituminous Concrete - Sieve No. 8 is the boundary between fine (passing) and coarse (retained) aggregates - Abrasion loss shall not exceed 40 mass percent for Open-Graded Asphalt - Abrasion Loss shall not exceed 45 mass percent for Lightweight Ageregate (Except Slag) and the dry mass per cubic meter shall not exceed 1080 kg and after testing through 5 cycles of the magnesium sulfate soundness test, the loss shall not exceed 10 mass percent 4. Aggregate for Bituminous Plant Mix Surfacing A. The minimum for Sand Equivalent is 35. B. The Durability Index not less than 35 for Fine and Coarse Aggregates 5. Aggregate for Road Mix Bituminous Pavement A. Sodium Sulfate Soundness loss shall not exeeed 12 mass percent 6. Aggregate for emulsified asphalt treated base course - Sieve No. 4 is the boundary between fine (passing) and coarse (retained) aggregates. -Coarse Aggregates shall have a percent of wear of not more than 35 at S00 revolution while both aggregates, shall show a durability factor not less than 35, Item 703A — Mineral Filler 1, Mineral Filler shall have a plasticity index not greater than 4 2. Minimum sampling requirement shall be 2.5 kilogram Item 704 — Masonry Units 1. Conerete Hollow Blocks shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C90 2. 1-Q, Qui test for every 10,000 units or fraction thereof Item 705 — Joint Materials 1. For Joint Mortar, it shall be used within 30 minutes after its preparation. 2. For Rubber Gaskets bands with projections or flat bands, shall be 12.5mm greater than the nominal depth of the corrugation and shall be 9.5 mm for corrugated bands. 3. For Oakum used for jointing bell and spigot pipe shall be made from hemp (Cannabis Sativa) lie or Benares Sunn Fiber of from combination of these fibers. Item 706 — Concrete, Clay, Plastic and Fiber Pipe Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 45There are 21 types of pipes indicated on the item with the following ASTM and AASHTO requirements. Item 707 — Metal Pipe 1. Pipe of diameter more than 1.2m shall conform to ANSI Standard for Cast Pit Cast Pipe for specified diameter and strength class. 2. The minimum coating thickness of bituminous coated iron steel pipe for under drains shall be 0.75mm. Item 708 — Chemical Admixture for Concrete ixture stated on the blue book: 1. There are 7 Type of Adi A.TypeA - Accelerating admixture, B.TypeB - _—_Retarding Admixture C.TypeC = ——_ Water-redueing admixture D.TypeD - —_ Water-Reducing High Range Admixture = Reduces quantity of water by 12% or greater E.TypeE - —_ Water-Reducing and Accelerating Admixture F.TypeF - _ Water-Reducing and Retarding Admixture G.TypeG - _ Water-Reducing, High Range and Retarding Admixture *Type A reduces water content by 25-35% *Superplasticizer increases strength 50 to 70% 2. Sampling can either be by grab or composite sampling (3 or more grabs). ‘A. Liquid Admixture At least 0.5 liter per grab, minimum of 3 grabs B. Non-Liquid Admixture Grab samples shall represent not more than 2 tons of admixture and shall have a mass at least 1 kg. ‘A minimum of 4 grabs shall be taken. 3. Packing. A. Liquid Admixture -packed in 4, 20 and 200-liter containers B. Non-Liquid Admixture —packed in 25kg containers Item 709 ~ Paint 1. Paint is composed of 21% pigment and 79% vehicles. 2. Aluminum Paint, Field Coats on Structural Steel, shall be mixed in the proportion of 0.242 kg of aluminum powder of paste per liter of vehicle. Item 710 — Reinforcing Steel and Wire Rope Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 46Tie Bars shall be deformed bars and dowel bars shall be plain round bars. ‘d R: Item 71 Fence and Gi Aluminized and galvanized coiled spring steel tension wire shall 7 gauges (4.425mm) and for aluminized, minimum coating mass of 0.12 kg per square meter of aluminum. Item 712 — Structural Metal 1. During forging of pins and rollers, minimum Rockwell Seale B Hardness shall be 85 any other material not meeting specifications shall be accepted provided it develops a tensile strength of 482.3 MPa and a yield point of 248.04 MPa. 2. Standard length for welded stud shear connectors is 101.6mm Item 7. Treated and Untreated Timber Preservative used shall be creosote oil or creosote-petroleum oil blend. But for marine use timber, using ereosote-petroleum is not permitted, Item 712 — Water Acceptance criteria for Questionable water supplies: Physical Properties Limits pH Value 45 08.5 Total Solids 300 Parts/million max Compressive Strength at 7 days 90 Time of Setting Deviation from | From 1:00 earlier to Control 1:30 Later Item 715 — Geo-textiles 1. Geo-textiles at the bottom of the fence shall be buried a minimum of 130mm in a trench so that no flow ean pass under the barriers. Fence height shall be no ease shall exceed 900 mm above ground surface. The geo-textiles shall be spliced together only at a support post with ¢ minimum 150 mm overlap. 2. However, on soft soil sub-grades the overlap shall not be less than 400mm Item 716 — Drilling Slurry 1. Three types of drilling slurry are provided for this item: water, mineral and polymer Polymer - most types of ground formations but it shall not be used in solids classified as “soft” or “very soft’ cohesive soils because they will encapsulate and cause settlement of clay particles from the soil cutting. 2. Mineral and Polymer slurries during usage shall be maintained to a height sufficient to prevent caving. A minimum of 1.5 differential head shall be obtained so that the ee Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME=1 Page 47hydrostatic pressure is greater inside the borehole to prevent entry of ground water formation, Item 719 — Epoxy-Resin-Base Bonding Systems for Concrete 1. This item shall provide for classifications of epoxy-resin bonding systems by: ‘A. Type —7 types from 1 to VIL B, Grade -3 Grades of Systems according to their flow characteristics Grade 1 Itis the intent of this Specification to require at least 450 kg of cement per cubic meter ‘of conerete with 0.40 kg maximum water-cementitious ratio to meet the minimum strength requirements 3. To achieve smooth pavements with values for International Roughness Index (IRI) of not more than 3.0 m/km 4, Workable concrete having a slump between 100 to 150 mm if vibrated Item 418 - Asphaltic Plug Joints (APJ) for Bridges 1. The APJ system is composed of a bridge joint binder, aggregates, steel plate, locating pins and backer rod designed to limit the gap movement of up to +-25 mm Ttem 1015A - Asphalt Roofing Shingles 1. The shingles should not be laid any closer than 150 mm to the lines. 2, Shingle panels used for hips and ridges protection shall be cut from strip shingles with a dimension of 310 mm by 300 mm 3, Fasteners to be used are preferably galvanized roofing nails with a minimum 12-gauge shank and head diameter of at least 10 mm Item 737 - Mechanical Couplers for Reinforcing Steel 1. Before accepting samples, ensure each sample has these physical parameters: 1.Sample length. For rebars sizes 25 mm and smaller, sample length must be at least 1.5 m. and for sizes 30 mm and larger, sample length must be at least 2 m. 2, Coupler Length must be less than 10 times the nominal bar diameter. 3, With the exception to spliced hoops, the alignment across the splice must be straightened within 7 mm in 0.9 m of length. 2, Four (4) samples from each lot shall be used for the slip, tensile and fatigue loading ‘ests, The two (2) samples shall be tested using the slip and tensile strength tests; and fatigue loading for the remaining two (2) ITEM 1043 -Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) cladding panels 1. Acceptance: "Visible" means visible to a person with normal eyesight when viewed from six (6) meters in broad daylight with warranty of 1 year. Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 54Item 416A - Carbon Fiber Plate (CFP) 1. Application of Epoxy Resin for Undercoat on the surface at the rate of 0.2 - 0.3 kg/m2 2. Testing: Failure at the bond line at tensile stress below 1.379 MPa will be the cause for rejection of the repair. A minimum of two (2) pull-off tests per system (span) shall be performed. Item 1213 ~ Public Address System Warranty of 1 year Standard Specification on the Use of SF-Crete Conerete technology to One (i)- Day Portland Cement Conerete Pavement 1, Conditional Approval from December 21, 2016 to December 20, 2021 2. This technology requires additional cementations materials with a computed blain value based on particle size distribution at around 12, 000 em2/g DEPARTMENT ORDERS -2017 (New Item or Revision/Update) Item 807 —Site Development 1. Turfing -the planting area shall be cultivated into a depth of 150mm and shall be later finished by lightly rolling with a roller not exceeding 136 kgs in weight , Bach wire mesh gabion unit shall be assembled by binding together all vertical edges ‘with wire ties on approximately 152 mm spacing or by a continuous piece of connecting ‘wie stitched around the vertical edges with a coil every 102 mm. 3, Method of Tensile Test for the Rope 2. The rope for lifting and tying the net bags shall be made of spun-dyed polyester b. The rate of loading shall be within 300 mm/min until the load reaches 50 percent of the specified tensile strength and thereafter within 150 mm/min. 4, Method of Tensile Test for the Net Yarn a. The specimen shall have a length of 250 mm and 10 test pieces shal be taken from the area at least 50 cm from the end of net fabric b. The laboratory shall be 20 °C2 and relative humidity shall be 6522 percent. C. Five (5) test pieces for each in lateral and longitudinal directions from the specimen that is a total of 10 pieces ET Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME- Page 61Item 1728 — Concrete Block Slope Protection 1. This consists of furnishing and placing of precast concrete block for slope protection. 2. The lean concrete should have a minimum compressive strength of 13.8 MPa. 3. Precast Concrete Block ‘A. Requirements for Precast Concrete Block Property Requirement Density Air (Min) 2350 ke/m3 (23KN/m3) Compressive Strength (Min) | 20.7 MPa Water Absorption 3% of Weight of Aggregates B. Requirements for Dimension of Precast Concrete Block Tolerance ‘Square [mension a Tolerance ees ‘Regular [Demerson ——[ 3-50 Weragen __[ Tolerance | 5 Item 1719 — Under drains and Flap Gates Underdrains 1. Material Requirements for Under Drain ‘A. Under drain pipes shall be either 100 mm or 127 mm in diameter with smooth or corrugated tubing. B. The size of the under drain to be furnished will be based on the nominal internal diameter of a pipe. Sizes from 150 mm to 254 mm shall be considered as special provision and supported with hydrologic data. 2. Material requirements for Fiber Reinforced Plastic Mortar (FRPM) Pipe Culvert ‘A. For FRPM pipe with specified nominal diameter ranging from 200 mm - 500 mm, the dimensional tolerances shall be within the following range for each property: Pipe tiekness Taner diameter of straight Bibs part | ‘Outer diameter of straight pipe part | Length of socket Saale [Efecve length ofthe pipe | $30.0 10 3. FRP shall be in 300mm, 750mm and 900mm diameter Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 62Flap gates 1. Frame and cover, either an ultraviolet stabilized Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) or Aluminum Alloy 5083, as appropriate to the flap gate body material 2. The flap gate manufacturer shall submit three (3) copies of their most recent product brochure for the FRP flap gate product covered by this Specification 3. Rectangular Aluminum Flap gates shall be 2mx2m and 1.7mx.7m DEPARTMENT ORDERS -2019 (New Item or Revision/Update) Item 206 (3) - PermaZvme as Soil Stal ional) izer ears Con 1. This consist of application of Perma-Zyme (enzyme-based soil additive) to improve the strength and other properties of ordinary soil for use as road base/ sub-base/ sub-grade and maybe applied even at impending bad weather condition 2. Date of affectivity is December 6, 2018 and will expire on December 5, 2023 and Toxicology reports and Soil Design plan are needed prior to construction. 3. The ideal soil specification for the use of an enzyme soil stabilizer to strengthen soil consists of the following gradation and Atterberg Limits: = Se 4, Perma-Zyme stabilization product shall be less than 0.5% by weight of soil to be treated and the mixture ratio will be less than or equal to 0.5% by volume when mixed with water which is l-part Perma-Zyme soil stabilizer to 200-parts of water. 5. The unsoaked CBR value shalll be greater than the 30% for sub-base and greater than 80% for base and this item shall me measure by Liters. 6. Existing subgrade / sub-base/ base materials shall be scarified to a minimum depth of 30 cm and a maximum depth of 90-centimeters. Railway sub-base/base must be treated to a depth of 90 cm. Airfield sub-base must be treated to a depth of 90 em. Ponds must be treated to a depth of 30 em. 7. The project site shall be allowed to cure for 72-hours after the last 10 cm layer has been compacted to desired thickness before allowing traffic flow. ‘ Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME. Page 63Items 311(7)_and_311(8) PCCP with- (Bar Chip) Macro Synthetic Fiber, Unreinforced and Reinforced, Respectively 1. Macro Synthetic Fiber is an additive to Portland Cement Concrete Pavement to create concrete composites that are more durable than plain concrete. 2, The amount of Macro Synthetic Fiber to be added in a concrete mix shall not be less than 1.25 kg per cubic meter of concrete which will be homogenously distributed throughout the batch mix after five (5) minutes of mixing. 3. Properties of Macro Synthetic Fibers: Type of Cerficaion = Nor-metae high performance macro sync fibers Shall have 3 CE Mark aca a vabe uptodate Cercte {9 Contry o Class Fess Marnal oes Gea Design > Macro monefiamert Poelegn == sBmm(Min) Diameter azn Stape = Rectangular Fully embossed color 2 me SpecicGrity = «090-082 Tensie Svengt) = GAO MPa (Min) Young's Mocs acca (hin) Malteg Pont 1s8c-179¢ vic Bordig Excelent AS OF APRIL 2019 NOTHING FOLLOWS- Page 64 Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE,MOST COMMONLY USED FORMULAS 1, Index of Retained Strength (IRS) IRS = BEESROTE x100 70% Minimum as per specification 2, Specific Gravity of the Asphalt Mix 100% Yasphalt aggregates Gravity of Mix — Gravity of Asphalt * Gravity of Aggregates Gravity of mix (Air Voids) = Gravity of Mix (100% - %air voids) 3. Bulk Specific Gravity of Asphalt Mix Wair Wwater Density asphal Density water Wss Specific Gravity of Mix Volume Density of asphal Density of water = Ig/ec=62.4lb/ft3=1,000kg/m3 4. Effective Asphalt Content (EAC) absorbed asphalt’ EAC = Asphalt content — ( a ) (100 - asphalt content) 5. Variation in Mass (VM) Nominal Mass ~ Mass Specimen OF me Nominal Mass 6. Moisture Content (MC) _ Orignal weight — Oven Dry Weight _ mass of water ia Oven Dry Weight mass of solids 7. Abrasion Loss Original Weight — Weight Retained No.12 Abrasion loss = Original Weight 8, Degree of Compaction Dry Density Density Site Die Git 607, COME ACHHOT rere SID ERSIEY (HDD mi DERSIEVIUGE: Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 65Dry Densty = feeb 9. Optimum / Effective Asphalt Content (EAC) Max. Stability + Max. Density + 4% Air Voids BAC = 7 10. Loading Strength for Pipe Required to produce 0.30mm crack or the ultimate strength aaa = e es Force N “Area Laying Length x Internal Diameter _m+*mm Note: There are many of ways to solve this but here's the simplest one for me: a. Convert the P KN load to pound-force directly and multiply by 1,000 Follow conversion: 1 KN = 224.809 Ib*force 11. Absorption for Masonry Units Weight wet — Weight dry Weight wet — Welght Suspended/immerse™ °° % Absorption = Specification: Absorption = 240 kg/m’ Maximum Moisture Content = 45% Maximum 12, Elongation of Reinforeing Stee! Bars = New Length~Original Length Elongation = ee ea x10 13. Fineness Modulus (FM) = Yeretained from’3/e" to steve Not00 aS 100 14, Bulk Specific Gravity (BSG) Weight in Air—SSD weight inair Welght inwater BSG 15. Degree of Compaction 856 eta ‘BSG laboratory 00 %DC= Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 66PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD -CDPNS49:2001 STEEL BARS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT ~ SPECIFICATION 1, The standard length of steel bars shall be 6.0, 7.5m, 9.0, 10.5 and 12.0 meters with most common sizes from 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 28mm, 32mm and 36mm. 2. Unit mass = 0.00785 g/imm3 * (bar's nominal cross-sectional are in mm) or: D2 . 3g ¥0.222 = Unit mass 3. The tolerance for length of steel bars shall conform to the values specified below: Length Tolerance 6.0m +-40mm [For every additional 1.0 m or faction | Add Smm to the above but not exceeding += | thereof, 60mm. 4, The tolerance on the mass of one piece of steel bar shall be +-6.0% maximum. 5. The tolerance on the mass of one lot of steel bars shall be +-4.0% maximum. 6. Dash and Color Codes Grade Dash Color Code Grade 230 (G33) 0 White. Grade 275 (G40) i Yellow Grade 415 (G60) 2 Green Non - Weldable “No W’ fs Weldable Ww Red (Additional) ‘Quenched and | _ Silver Tempered 7. Markings Co (5) a Manufucwre?s —__|} NS Gate may ra ae, ee ———— ca ace f z Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 678. Mechanieal Properties cise | i |e wt | asi || ae + Maines Fares asad oA rh sarvhedr| ‘Milf alowed rst . Se ee (Sect their mt tee ee |__SRSERS Ceca ie cca 9, Maximum phosphorus content is 0.06%. 10. Re-testing requirement: If the result of an original tension test specimen fail to meet the specified minimum requirements and are within 14 MPa of the required tensile strength, within 7 MPa of the required yield strength, or within 2% unit of the required elongation, a retest shall be permitted on 2 random specimens for a lot. Ifall results of these retest specimens meet the specified requirements, the lot shall be accepted and if not, it shall be rejected. a Page 68 Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME~LABORATORY TEST FOR AGGREGATES, CEMENT ND CONCRETE (FRESH AND HARDENED LABORATORY TEST FOR AGGREGATES, 1. Sieve Analysis / Grading Analysis 2. Specific Gravity 3. Absorption 4. Unit Mass / Unit Weight 5. Abrasion Test 6. Soundness Test 1. Sieve Analysis / Grading Analysis Types of Aggregates | Sampling Specifications Other Fine Aggregates ‘50kg/1,500m73 3% passing Sieve No. | Fineness Modulus 200 (Maximum) Coarse Aggregates | 70 kg/1,500 m3 Note: The higher the Fineness Modulus, the Coarser the aggregate Sampling shall be bottom ~ middle — top portion 2. Specific Gravity / Absorption [Types of Aggregates _| Reagent Soaking Time Sample Requirement Fine Aggregates Kerosene 15-19 Hours Coarse Aggregates 15 — 19 Hours Retained Sieve No. 4 ‘Note: The higher absorption value may indicate doubtful quality of aggregate 3. Abrasion Test evaluates structural strength of coarse aggregate, resistance to impact and wear -the spheres of the Los Angles Abrasion Machine is made up of Cast Iron or Steel of 1 7/8” diameter or approximately 48mm diameter, each weighing between 390 — 455 grams -samples should retained in sieve No. 12 (1.7mm) temperature requirement is 105 to 110 degree Celsius for oven -drying -the speed of the abrasion machine is 30-33 rpm @ 500 and 1,000 revolutions -500 revolutions for 5,000 gram sample and 1,000 revolutions for 10,000 gram sample -Formula for Abrasion Loss: Original Weight — Weight Retained No.12 Abrasion loss = OF gral STE Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 69Specifications for 500 Revolutions Grading Type A B c D No. of Spheres [12 im 8 6 Weight oF | 1250 4-25 2500 +25 2500-20 5000 +15 Samples (total | 1250 +-25 2500 +-25 2500 +-20 | weight of | 1250 +-25 5,000g) 1250 +-25 Specifications for 1,000 Revolutions Grading Type A B c No. of Spheres 12 12 12 Weight of Samples | 2500 4-25 5000 +-25 5000 +-25 (total weight of | 2500 +-25 5000 +-25 5000 +-25 10,0003) 5000 4-25 4. Soundness Test -determines an aggregate’s resistance to disintegration by weathering and freeze-thaw cycles with the following important details: A. Specific Gravity of Sodium Sulfate is 1.151 to 1.174 B. Specific Gravity of Magnesium Sulfate is 1.295 to 1.308 C. cooling temperature of 21 +-1 degree Celsius is maintained for 48 hours. 5. Other Test on Aggregates: 1. Clay Lump and Soft Fragment -passing percentage of loose coarse aggregates when tested by clay lump is 1 mass percent while tested by soft fragments is 3.5 mass percent 2. Decantation -determines the % weight of fine material adhering to the coarse aggregate due to handling or contamination by silt or clay -as per specification, 3% decantation value is the maximum, an FnnEIE NET arSTIE REET IIPPITEI RRR Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 70LABORATORY TEST FOR CEMENT 1. Chemical Analysis A. Loss of Ignition B. Insoluble Residue C. Sulfur Trioxide 2. Physical Analysis A. Specific Gravity and Density B, Soundness Determination C. Normal Consistency D. Fineness E, Time -Setting -Gill more Test F. Compressive Strength of Cement Mortar (using 50mm cube specimen) 1, Chemical Analysis A. Loss of Ignition (LOD) -maximum of 3% -weight % lost when cement is heated at 950 +-50 degree Celsius until constant weight is obtained high percentage value means pre-hydration and carbonation -muffle furnace used shall have a capacity of 1,200 degree Celsius Weight before ignition — weight after ignition Lor Weight before ignition B. Insoluble Residue -maximum of 0.75% determines acid-insoluble materials in cement -Ignition Time is 60 minutes for I-gram sample C. Sulfur Trioxide (% S03) -regulates initial setting and hardening reactions during hydration -Reagent used is Barium Chloride -Ignition Time is 30 minutes at 850 +-50 degree Celsius -Formula: % SO3=Weight final x 34.3 2. Physical Analysis A, Specific Gravity and Density -specific gravity of cement is 3.15 or normally between 3.12 to 3.19 -density is numerically equivalent to specific gra -sample needed is 64 kg with a unit of glem3 ingr, Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, MI Page 716a Density = Firat meading-mival Reading B. Soundness Determination -provides index of potential delayed expansion -there are 2 most common method: 1, Le Chatelier Method 2. Autoclave Method -heating in 3 hours at 295 +-10 psi and the result should be nearest 0.10% -maximum autoclave expansion of cement is 0.80% C. Normal Consistency apparatus used is Vicat Needle, 10mm diameter and 50mm long, -Formula: Normal Consistency = Volume of Water/Weight of Cement D. Fineness -Formula; % Fineness = 100 ~ (Weight Residue/Weight Sample *100) -Weight of Residue is equal to weight retained sieve No. 200 E, Time -Setting -Gill more Test Initial setting time for Portland Cement is 30 minutes to achieve 500 psi -Final setting time for P. Cement is 600 minutes to achieve 4,000 psi F. Compressive Strength of Cement Mortar (using 50mm cube specimen) -Proportion of Mix shall be 1:2.75 (Ipart cement, 2.75 parts sand) Testing Time shall-be 3, 7 and 8 days -Rate of loading is 3,000 Ib. at 20-80 seconds only -result should be reported at nearest 70 kpa LABORATORY TEST FOR CONCRETE (FRESH AND HARDENED) SAMPLING OF FRESH CONCRETE A.Specification ©: = ASTMC172-171 B, Time Elapsed Not Exceeding 15 minutes C. Sample Size : Minimum of L-cubie foot D. Interval Sampling : 2 or more at Middle Portion of the Batch Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 72TEST OF CONCRETE A. Fresh Concrete 1, Slump Test 2. Unit Weight and Yield B, Hardened Concrete 3. Compression Test 4. Flexural Test (Mid-Point and Third Point Method) 5. Core Test 1, Slump Test (ASTM C143) ‘A. Apparatus - Scoop, Trowel, Tamping Rod (5/8” or 16mm diameter and 24” or 600mm. long) and Mold — Galvanized Mold No. 16 Gauge, Frustum of a Cone with the following dimension B. Procedure 3 Layers, approximately 1/3 volume of the mold per layer -each layer will be rodded 25 strokes, penetrating 1” into underlying layer C.3 Types of Slump 1. True Slump 2.Shear Slump 3. Collapse Slump D. Rate of lifting the cone is 5 +-2 Seconds E. Time to finished slump test is within 2.5 minutes only F. Report Slump to nearest 14” or Smm. 2. Unit Weight and yield of Conerete (AASHTO T141) ‘A. Measure (apparatus) capacity is 14 liters B. Procedure -3 layers with 25 strokes per layer 10-15 times tapping each side with a mallet C. Formula net mass of Concrete __Totat Mass of batch Unit weight = "Trine of measure °F = Gate weignt of Concrete Page 73 Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME~3. Compression Test (ASTM C39) A, Specimen Size “Cylindrical with Length equals twice of diameter (L=2D) “Standard size is 6” diameter x 12” High “Diameter of Specimen is 3.0 x MSA (Maximum Size Aggregate) B. Sampling ~3 equal layers at 25 strokes per layer “then left undisturbed of 24 hours at 23+-2-degree Celsius temperature C. Compression Machine Calibrated Once a year Rate of loading is 20 to 50 psi = Beating faces shall be at least 3% greater than the diameter of the specimen being tested 1D. Compressive Strength Calculation ® ; Maximum toad _P. COMET ese tye Strength = Gross Sectional Area A E. Altemative Specimen Based on ASTM (Not practiced here in the Philippines) a. Cube with 150 mm dimension, prepared in 4 layers and tamps 35 blows/layer F. Report result to nearest 0.10 MPa or 10 Psi 4. Flexural Test (ASTM C78 and AASHTO 197) en Size “Beam Mold, 150mmx150mmx525mm or 6"x6'x21” Standard Size “Beam Mold, 3” longer than the required span length A.Sp B. Sampling “strike the mold 10-15 times with a rubber mallet -1 blows per 2 square inches 2 equal layers at 63 blows/layer = 21"x6” /2sqinches “shall be tested in moist condition, curing continues until | hour prior to testing C. Rate of Loading -125 to 175 psi/min Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 74D, Flexural Strength Calculation 1. Mid-Point Loading Method -Minimum of 4.5 MPa or 650 psi at 14 days -Formula: = JP Centerpoint Loadin = aoara PSt e : Modulus of Rapture specimen width faximum Load during Testing depth of specimen L = Length of span Note: the diameter of steel ball is 38 mm avon «tt ___» ‘Span Length = L 2. Third — Point Loading Method -Minimum of 3.8 MPa or 550 psi at 14 days -Formula: Third-point Loading when fracture is within the middle third spa bana when fracture is outside middle third or “ by 5% length Span Length = L -discard results 1. Fracture occurs outside middle third by more than 5% of its length =a 2. If outside the cases stated above with the following formulas 5. Core Test (AASHTO T24) ~this is actually @ under Compression Test but using concrete core -compressive strength of 24.1 MPa of 3,500 psi or the required strength of the structure -Curing: 40 hours submerged in water prior to testing Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 75SOIL: CLASSIFICATION, SAMPLING AND COMMO! LABORATORY TEST SOIL CLASSIFICATION, Soil Classification Based On Particle Size 1, Granular / Coarse Grained Soil -passing 75mm or 3” and retained on 0.075mm or Sieve No. 200 ~Stone/Gravel and Sand 2. Fine Grained Soil -passing sieve No. 200 -Silt (No.200 -0.002), Clay (0.002 ~ 0.001) and. colloids (passing 0.001mm, highly organic soil) A. Gravel — Passing Sieve 3” and retained sieve No. 10 B, Sand -Passing Sieve No. 10 and retained sieve No. 200 C. Silt Clay — Passing Sieve No. 200 Soil Classification by AASHTO T145-91 -7 Main groups based on “Group Index”, which measures relative supporting power of the subgrade soil, GI'= (F-350) [0.2 + 0.005 (LL-40)] + 0.01(F-15) (PI-10) F = % passing 0.075mm or Sieve No. 200 Gl=0 is a good subgrade material, all granular soil belong here, no negative value GI=20 means very poor quality, the higher the Gl, the poorer the material 1. Granular Materials -containing 35% or less passing sieve No. 200 -Ac1, A-2, A-3 are Fine Sand 2, Silt-Clay Materials ~ containing more than 35% passing sieve No. 200 -A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7 (A-7-5 and A-7-6) -Group A-8 are highly organic soil such as peat and muck SOIL SAMPLING -gathering and collecting of soil samples in the field for testing -Type of soil sample and method of sampling: A. Undisturbed Soil 1, Density Determination 2. Permeability 3. Consolidation 4, Tri-Axial 5. Shear Test 6. Hydrometer Analysis Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 76B. Disturbed Soil 1, Wash and Grading Test 2. Atterberg Limit Test 3. Moisture Density Relation 4. Abrasion 5, Field Density Test (FDT) 6. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) -sampling tube is approximate 1 '4” minimum diameter and 6 feet length -the length of the Shelby tube of an undisturbed sample is 18” -the weight of disturbed sample from hard auger or split spoon is at least 1 Kilogram COMMON LABORATORY TEST FOR SOIL 1. Moisture Content Determination 2. Particle Size / Sieve Analysis 3, Atterberg Limit Test (LL, PL, PI) 4, Abrasion Test 5. Compaction Test (MDR) 6. California Bearing Ration (CBR) +For better understanding, Ladvised you to watch video tutorials on YouTube at least once ‘for every laboratory test mentioned in this book, information shown in this book are only the significant information for Material Engineer Accreditation Exam. 1. Moisture Content (MC) Determination “moisture content is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the oven dry soil -oven at temperature of 110+-5 degree Cel Wisir2 _ Weight Griginal—weight oven dry waewe = ——_welgntovendry wl = weight of wet soil + container eight of oven dry soil + container eight of container -Formulas = MC = w2 we 2, Particle Size / Sieve Analysis oven temperature is 110+-5 degree Celsius “Solution to be used is Sodium Hexametaphosphate which is diluted to a 1-liter distilled water for every 40 gram Sodium Hexametaphosphate Gumsveight passing 499 -Formula: cummulative % passing = TTT 3. Atterberg Limit Test (LL, PL, PI) = Requirement: Soil Sample is passing sieve No. 40 « liquid limit should be perform first, then plastic limit id Limit Test Liquid Limit is the lowest moisture content at which soil will flow upon the application of a very small shearing force and measures shearing resistance of a soil when mixed with water -at least 16 hours the sample shall be saturated and soake distilled water Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RC! Page 77Important detail on its procedure: A, maximum depth when soil is divided by grooving tool should be 10mm only B. Rotation of the crank should only be 2 rotations/second until closure about 13mm from the bottom C. 4 determinations to be made from 15-35 blows, liquid limit is at 25" blow B. Plastic Limit Test -Plastic Limit is the minimum moisture content which soil can be easily molded without breaking or crumbling -thread diameter is 3.2mm or 1/8” then breaking it to 6 -8 pieces eight of crumbled soll thread.g weight of oven dry soll thread, -Formula: Plastic Limit = C. Plasticity Index - it gives indication of a dry content of the soil - the higher the value of the PI, the clayey the material -Formula: PI = LL — PL 4. Abrasion Test -kindly refer to the abrasion test on Aggregates, it is the same for soil 5, Compaction Test (Moisture - Density Relation) -determines the right amount of mixing water in compacting a soil fill to obtain maximum density and uses straight edge made of hardened stee! at least 10” length -when graphing, Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) is at the ordinate (y-axis) and Maximum Dry Density (MDD) at abscissa (x-axis) forming a Parabolic Curve Formula: Dry Density = BEER s G6 Compaton = amet -Four Stages of Compaction: 1. Wetting - water is added 2, Lubrication - soil particles move closer and density increases 3. Swelling - lubrication is not possible thus density decreases 4, Saturation - reduces volume, all free-air are expelled and replaced by water ee Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME- Page 78-Methods of Compaction: Standard Proctor Test and Modified Proctor Test 1. Method of Compaction Test Method | Diameter of Mold ] No. of Blows | Maximum Size (Height of 4.5") perlayer | Aggregate (MSA) x * 25 4.73mm B 6” 56 4.75mm_ Cc e 25 19mm D & 56 19mm 2. Modified Proctor Test Test Weight of | Height of Drop | No.of | No.of Hammer Layer_| Blows ‘AASHTO T-99 (Standard) | 2.5kgor 5.5 Ibs | 12" or 304.8mm | 3 25 AASHTO T-180 (Modified) | 4.5 kg or 10 Ibs_| 18” or 457.2mm 5 56 6. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test -assessed the strength of sub-grade / bearing capacity of the fill -soaking time of 96 hours uniform rate at which the removable head of the CBR Machine travel is 0.0Sin/min -Maximum size Aggregate is #2” and sample weight is 50 kg for every 2,500 m*3 -generally selected at 0.10 inches or 2.54mm -forcing the plunger into the sample to a depth of 2.5mm SOIL: OTHER IMPORTANT THINGS TO. 1. Soil Mechanics Terminologies and Formula ‘A. Degree of Saturation (S) - relative amount of water in the voids B. Porosity (N) -spaces or voids in a soil sample which decreases as soil particle increases C. Void Ratio (¢) — ratio between volume of voids to volume of soil solids wow ness w= VarVw=Vs; Vi= Var Vw Ss iw ie "ve 2. Other Soil Test A. Hydrometer Test -determines the particle size distribution of fine-grained soils passing 75 sieve. -the hydrometer measures the specific gravity of the soil suspension at the center of its bulb -Sample Weight: For Silty = 50 grams and For Sandy = 100 grams a Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 79B. Tri-Axial test -measures the properties of soils, but can also be used on more solid materials like rock and used to solve problems of stability by: Determining the shear strength and stiffness of soil when retaining reservoirs of water. ~test cohesion and internal friction of soil strata C. Specific Gravity of Soil by Water Pyenometer -soil sample should be passing sieve No. 4 D, Field Density Test ~a Quality Control test carried out at site for knowing the increased density or compaction achieved at site on the soil layer -Things to Remember on its apparatuses: A. Sand ~ maximum particle passing Sieve No. 10 and to be acceptable, the bulk density variation between any one determination shall not be greater than 1% of the average and the coefficient of uniformity Cu = D60/D10 <2.0 and less than 3% by weight passing No. 60 B. Sand Cone -walls of the cone will form 60 degrees angle, 6.5” is the top diameter and 0.50 inches of 13mm is the diameter of the orifice C. Base Plate —round/square with minimum of 3 inches larger than the funnel or sand cone - Benefits of Compaction 1, Increase Shear Strength 2. Minimize Permeability 3. Minimize Compressibility 3. Boring and Soil Exploration 1. Soil Survey along new route of the Road 0 m below NGL 2. Minimum Depth of Boring for Bridge =20.0m 3. Minimum Depth of Boring for Building Om 4, Number of Boring for Building =5 (4 corners + | center) 5. Number of Boring for Flood Control 6. Minimum depth of Soil Exploration = 1.50m (Ordinary) and 3.0 (Bed rocks) ee es Engr. Mark Lowill Almeda, RCE, ME-1 Page 80ASPHALT ‘TOPIC OUTLINE: 1, Important Engineering Properties of Asphalt 2. Types of Asphalt 3. Composition and Characteristics of Bituminous Mixture 4. Testing on Asphalt 5. Testing on Bituminous Mixture 6. Apparatus and Devices in Asphalt Construction 7. Common Defects in Asphalt Pavement Construction 8. Core Test on Asphalt Pavement 9. Others: General Knowledge IMPORTANT ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ASPI 1. Stability — loss of cohesion in the mix & resistance to displacement of compacted mix 2. Flexibility — ability of pavement to bend without breaking 3. Skid Resistance — resistance offer by pavement against slipping / skidding of vehicles 4, Durability — resistance to disintegration due to weathering and aging 5. Permeability -the porosity / perviousness of the mixture TYPES OF ASPHALT 1, Natural Asphalt -naturally came from Lake or Rock Asphalt - Pitch Lake is the largest natural asphalt deposit in the world 2, Manufactures Asphalt -produced from refining petroleum or crude oil and there are 3 main sub-types A. Asphalt Cement — also known as Penetration Grade Asphalt or Hot Asphalt B. Blown Asphalt — Oxidized and mainly used as joint fillers C. Liquid Asphalt — mixed with solvents known as “cutter stock” C.1 Cut-Back Asphalt - combination of asphalt cement and solvents 1. Rapid Curing — asphalt cement + gasoline 2. Medium Curing — asphalt cement + Kerosene 3, Slow Curing — asphalt cement + crude oil C.2 Emulsified Asphalt - combination of asphalt + water + emulsifier 1. Anionic - negatively charged 2. Cationic — positively charged it , Page 81COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURE ‘A, The dividing coarse between fine and coarse ageregate for bituminous mixture is No. 8 B, Bituminous Mixture is composed of 5-8% asphalt, 92-98% aggregates and 0.5-1.0% additive by weight of aggregates C. Gray is the color when asphalt is over cooked D. Blue Smoke is the indication that asphalt mixture is overheated E. Softening Point is the period wherein asphalt begins to melt TESTING ON ASPHALT A, Asphalt Cement 1. Penetration Test ~ measures consistency and hardness of asphalt and basis of classification of all solid and semi-solid asphalts 2. Ductility Test ~measures ability to stretch and elongate without breaking 3. Flash Point — measures tendency of asphalt to form a flammable mixture with air and indicates safe working temperature of asphalts without catching fire 4. Solubility — determines the total bitumen content of an asphaltic material using trichloro -ethylene 5. Spot test — determines the temperature during manufacturing (ex: if overheated) 6. Loss on Heating — determines loss in mass volatiles B. Emulsified Asphalt 1. Viscosity — measures consistency of liquid asphalt ad used in classifying liquid asphalts into grades (do not be confuse with penetration test) 2. Distillation — determines the amount of asphalt cement in liquid asphalt TESTING ON BITUMINOUS MIXTURE A. Extraction Test ~

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