CHAPTER 22

 2201.1 - Flammable liquids have flashpoints below 37.8ºC (100ºF) and

vapor pressures not exceeding 2.068 mm Hg at 37.8ºC (40 psia at
100ºF)
 2201.2 - Class I Liquids include those with flashpoints below 37.8ºC
and may be subdivided as follows:
 Class IA liquids – with flashpoints below 22.8ºC, and boiling points
below 37.8ºC
 Class IB liquids – with flashpoints below 22.8ºC, and boiling points at or
above 37.8ºC
 Class IC liquids - with flashpoints at or above 22.8ºC, and below 37.8ºC
 2201.2.1 - Unstable liquids shall be treated as Class IA liquids
 Liquids with flashpoints at or above 37.8ºC
 Class II liquid – flashpoint at or above 37.8ºC
 Class IIIA liquid – flashpoints at or above 60ºC and below 93ºC
 Class IIIB liquid – flashpoints at or above 93ºC
 2203.1 - applies to piping systems consisting of pipes, tubing, flexible
connectors, pressure-containing parts, and other devices with flowing
fluid.
 2203.2 - This section does not apply to the following:
 Tubing or casing on any oil or gas wells
 Motor vehicles, aircraft, and boats
 Piping within the scope of any applicable boiler and pressure vessel code
 2204.1 - The design, fabrication, assembly, test, and expected working
pressures and structural stresses. Conformity with applicable sections of
ANSI B31, American National Standard, Code for Pressure Piping, and the
provisions of this chapter shall be considered prima facie evidence of
compliance with the foregoing provisions.
 2204.2 - Piping system shall be maintained liquid tight . A piping system
that has leaks that constitute a hazard shall be emptied of liquid or
repaired in a manner acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
 2205.1 - Pressure-containing parts as covered in 2203.1 shall meet the material
specifications and pressure and temperature limitations of ANSI B31.3
 2205.2 - Ductile (nodular) iron shall meet the specifications of ASTM A395,
Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castings for Use at Elevated
Temperatures.
 2205.3 - valves at storage tanks, as required by the 2209.2 and 2209.3, and their
connections to the tank shall be of steel or ductile iron, except as provided for in
2205.3.1, 2205.3.2, or 2205.4
 2205.4 - low melting opint materials such as aluminium, copper, and brass,
materials that soften on fire expose such as plastics; or non-ductile material
such as cast iron shall be permitted to be used underground within the pressure
and temperature limitations of ASME B31
 2205.5 - Piping, valves, and fittings shall be permitted to have combustible
or non-combustible things
 2205.6 - Piping systems of non-metallic materials, including piping
systems incorporating secondary containment, shall be designed and built
in accordance with recognized standards of design or approved
equivalents and shall be built and used within the scope of their approvals
within UL 971, Standard for non-metallic underground piping for
flammable liquids.
 2206.1 - Joints shall be made liquid tight and shall be welded, flanged,
threaded, or mechanically attached. They shall be designed and installed
so that the mechanical strength of the joint will not be impaired if
exposed to fire
 2206.2 - Listed Flexible connectors shall be permitted to be used and
installed in accordance with 2206.3
 2206.3 - Pipe joints dependent upon the friction characteristics or
resiliency of combustible materials for mechanical continuity or liquid-
tightness of piping shall only be used outside of buildings above ground or
below ground.
 2207.1 - Piping systems shall be substantially supported and protected against
physical damage and excessive stresses arising from settlement, vibration,
expansion, or contraction. The installation of non-metallic piping shall be in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instruction.
 2207.2 - Supports, Piping systems shall be substantially supported and protected
against physical damage and excessive stresses arising from settlement,
vibration, expansion, or contraction.
 2207.3 - Pipe Penetrations, Piping that passes through or pierces a dike wall or
the wall of a structure shall be designed to prevent excessive stresses and leakage
due to settlement or fire exposure.
 2207.4 - Protection against corrosion, aboveground piping systems that are
subject to external corrosion shall be suitably protected.
 2208.1 - Underground piping shall be installed on a bedding of at least 150mmof
well compacted backfill material
 2208.2 - In areas subject to vehicle traffic, the pipe trench shall be of suffice
depth to permit a cover of at least 450mm of well compacted backfill material
and pavement. In paved areas where a minimum of 50mm of asphalt is used,
backfill between the asphalt and pipe shall be permitted to be reduced to
200mm minimum.
 2208.3 – In areas not subjected to vehicle traffic, the pipe trench shall be of
sufficient depth to permit a cover of at least 150mm of well-compacted backfill
material.
 2208.4 – Piping shall not need to be separated by more than 230mm
 2208.5 – Two or more levels of pipes within the same trench shall be separated
by a minimum of 150mm of well-compacted backfill
 Piping systems shall contain a sufficient number of valves to operate the system
properly and to protect the equipment. Piping systems in connection with
pumps shall contain a sufficient number of valves to properly control the flow of
fluid
 2209.1 – If loading and unloading is done through a common pipe system, a
check valve shall not be required. However, an isolation valve shall be provided.
 2209.2 – Each connection to an aboveground tank through which liquid can
normally flow shall be provided with an external or internal valve located as
close as practical to the shell of the tank
 2209.3 – Each connection below the liquid level through which liquid does not
normally flow shall be provided with a liquid tight closure such as a valve, plug,
or blind.
 2210.1 – Initial Testing. Unless tested in accordance with the applicable sections
of ASME B31, Code for pressure piping, all piping shall be tested before being
covered, enclosed, or placed in use. Testing shall be done hydrostatically to 150%
of the maximum anticipated pressure of the system or pneumatically to 110% of
the maximum anticipated pressure of the system.
 2210.2 – Initial Testing Of Secondary Containment Piping. The interstitial
(annular) space of secondary containment-type piping shall be tested
hydrostatically or with air pressure at gauge pressure of 34.5 kPa or shall be
tested in accordance with its listing or with the manufacturer’s instruction.
 2210.3 – Testing During Maintenance. Existing piping shall be tested in
accordance with this subsection if there is indication that the piping is leaking.
 Piping systems shall be bonded and grounded in accordance with
2211.1.
 2211.1 – All metallic equipment such as tanks, machinery, and piping
shall be designed and operated to prevent electrostatic ignitions. All
metallic equipment shall be bonded or grounded.
 Tanks and their piping shall be protected by either:
 A properly engineered, installed and maintained cathodic protection
system in accordance with recognized standards of design.
 Approved of listed corrosion-resistant materials or systems, which may
include special alloys, fiberglass, reinforced plastic, or fiberglass
reinforced plastic coatings
 2213.1 – Selection of the type of protection to be employed shall be
based upon the corrosion history of the area and the judgement of the
qualified engineer.
 Controlled drains shall be employed to prevent liquids due to leaks
from entering natural water courses, public sewers, or public drains
 2214.1 – Emergency drainage systems shall be provided to direct
flammable or combustible liquid leakage and fire protection water to
a safe location
 2215.1 – Tanks can be installed aboveground, underground, or, under
certain conditions, inside buildings. Openings and connections to tanks,
for venting, gauging, filling, and withdrawing, can present hazards if they
are not properly safeguarded.
 2215.2 – Aboveground Storage Tanks. Storage tanks come in a variety of
design and construction types, they are designed into three general
categories:
 Atmospheric tanks (0 – 6.9 kPa)
 Low-pressure tanks (6.9 – 103 kPa)
 Pressure vessels (103 kPa and above)
 2215.2.1 – All aboveground storage tanks shall be built of steel or
concrete, unless the character of the liquid necessitates the use of
other materials.
 2215.2.2 – When intended for storing corrosive liquids, the thickness
of the tank shell shall be increased to provide additional metal to
allow for expected service life of the tank.
 2215.2.3 – Tanks designed for aboveground use shall not be used as
underground tanks
 2215.2.4 – Tanks designed for underground use shall not be used as
aboveground tanks
 2215.2.5 – Materials. Tanks shall be designed and built in accordance
with recognized engineering standards for the material of
 2216.1 – Foundations for anchor of tanks
 2216.1.1 – Tanks shall rest on the ground or on foundations made of concrete,
masonry, piling, or steel.
 2216.1.2 – Where tanks are supported above their foundations, tank supports
shall be installed on firm foundations
 2216.1.3 – Steel structures or exposed piling for tanks storing Class I, Class II,
or Class IIIA liquids shall be protected by materials having a fire resistance
rating not less than 2 hours.
 2216.1.4 – Where a tank is located in an area subject to flooding, provisions
shall be taken to prevent tanks, either full or empty, from floating during a
rise in water level up to the maximum flood stage
 2216.2 – Installation of Aboveground Tanks
 2216.2.1 – Location with respect to property lines, public ways, and
important buildings on the same property
 2216.2.2 – Shell-to-shell spacing between any two adjacent aboveground
tanks
 2216.2.3 – Control of spills from aboveground tanks. Every tank contains
a Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquid shall be provided with means to
prevent accidental release of liquid from endangering important
facilities and adjoining properly or from reaching waterways.
 2216.2.4 – Vent Piping for aboveground tanks. Piping for normal and
emergency relief venting shall be constructed in accordance with 2203.0
 2216.2 – Installation of Aboveground Tanks
 2216.2.5 – Tanks operating other than vents for aboveground tanks
 2216.2.5.1 – Each connection to an aboveground tank through which liquid can
normally flow shall be provided with an internal or external valve.
 2216.2.5.2 – Each connection below the liquid level through which liquid does not
normally flow shall be provided with a liquid-tight closure such as a valve, plug, or
blind.
 2216.2.5.3 – Openings for gauging on tanks storing Class I liquids shall be provided
with a vapor-tight cap
 2216.2.5.4 – Fill pipes that enter the top of a tank shall terminate within 150mm of the
bottom of the tank.
 2216.2 – Installation of Aboveground Tanks
 2216.2.6 – Requirements for aboveground tanks located in areas subject
to flooding
 2216.2.6.1 – Vertical tanks shall be located so that the tops of the tanks extend
above the maximum flood stage by at least 30% of their allowable storage
capacity
 2216.2.6.2 – Horizontal tanks that are located where more than 70% of the tank’s
storage capacity will be submerged at the established flood stage shall be
secured.
 2216.2.6.3 – Tank vents or other openings that are not liquid-tight shall extend
above the maximum flood stage water level.
 2216.2.6.4 – A dependable water supply shall be available for filling an empty or
partially filled tank.
 2216.2.6.5 – Spherical or spheroid tanks shall be protected by any of the
 2216.3 – Installation of Underground Tanks
 2216.3.1 – Location. Excavation for underground tanks shall be made
with due care to avoid undermining of foundations of existing
structures.
 2216.3.2 – Burial Depth and Cover
 2216.3.2.1 – all underground tanks shall be installed in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instruction and shall be set on firm foundations and surrounded
at least 150mm of noncorrosive inert material.
 2216.3.2.2 – underground tanks shall be covered with not less than 600mm of
earth, or with not less than 300mm of earth on top of which shall be place a slab
reinforced concrete not less than 100mm thick.
 2216.3.2.3 – Maximum depth of cover shall be specified by the tank
manufacturer and marked on the tank.
 2216.3.3 – Vent piping for underground tanks. Vent pipes from
 2216.3 – Installation of Underground Tanks
 2216.3.4 - Tank openings other than vents for underground tanks.
 2216.3.4.1 – Connections for all tank openings shall be liquid tight
 2216.3.4.2 – Openings for manual gauging, if independent of the fill pipe, shall
be provided with a liquid-tight cap or cover.
 2216.3.4.3 – Fill and discharge lines shall enter tanks only through the top. Fill
lines shall be sloped toward the tank
 2216.3.4.4 – Fill pipes that enter the top of a tank shall terminate within 150mm
of the bottom of the tank.
 2216.3.4.5 – Filling and emptying and vapor recovery connections for Class I,
Class II, or Class IIIA liquids that are connected and disconnected shall be
located outside of buildings at a location free from any source of ignition.
 2216.3.4.6 – Tank openings provided for purposes of vapor recovery shall be
protected against possible vapor release by means of a spring-loaded check
 2216.3 – Installation of Underground Tanks
 2216.3.5 – Requirements for underground tanks located in areas subject
flooding
 2216.3.5.1 – At locations where an ample and dependable water supply is available,
underground tanks containing flammable or combustible liquids, placed so that
more than 70% of their storage capacity will be submerged at the maximum flood
stage, shall be anchored, weighed, or secured as to prevent movement when filled or
loaded with water and submerged by floodwater.
 2217.1 - Scope. Subsection 2217.0 shall apply to installations of tanks
storing Class I, Class II, and Class IIIA liquids in storage tank
buildings.
 2217.2 - Location. Tanks and any associated equipment within the
storage tank building shall be so located that a fire in the area shall
not constitute an exposure hazard to adjoining buildings or tanks for
a period of time consistent with the response and suppression
capabilities of the fire-fighting operations available to the location.
 2217.2.1 – The minimum distance from exposed property lines and
buildings for tank installations within structures having walls with a fire
resistance rating of less than 2 hours shall be in accordance.
 2217.2.2 – Where a storage tank building has an exterior wall facing an
exposure, the distances shall be modified
 2217.2.3 – Other equipment associated with tanks, such as pumps, heaters,
filters, and exchangers, shall not be located closer than 7.6m to property lines
where the adjoining property is or can be built upon or to the nearest
important building on the same property that is not integral part of the
storage tank building
 2217.2.4 – Tanks in which unstable liquids are stored shall be separated from
potential fire exposures by a clear space of at least 7.6m.
 2217.2.5 – Each storage tank building and each tank within the building shall
be accessible from at least two sides for fire fighting and fire control
 2217.3 – Construction of Tank Buildings
 2217.3.1 – Storage tank buildings shall be constructed so as to maintain
structural integrity for 2 hours under fire exposure conditions and to provide
adequate access and egress for unobstructed movement of all personnel and
fire protection equipment.
 2217.3.2 – Buildings or structures shall be at least 2 hour fire resistance rating
except for noncombustible or combustible construction shall be permitted
when protected by automatic sprinklers or equivalent protection.
 2217.3.3 – Class I liquids and Class II or Class IIIA liquids heated above their
flash points shall not be stored in basements.
 2217.3.4 – Storage tanks shall be separated from other occupancies within the
building by construction having at least 2 hour fire resistance rating.
 2217.3 – Construction of Tank Buildings
 2217.3.5 – Storage tank buildings shall have exit facilities arranged to prevent
occupants from being trapped in the event of fire.
 2217.3.6 – Access isles of at least 0.9m shall be maintained for movement of
fire-fighting personnel and fire protection equipment
 2217.3.7 – Clearance between the top of the tank and the building structure
shall be a minimum of 0.9m for buildings protected in accordance with
2217.2.3
 2217.4 Ventilation of Tank Buildings
 2217.4.1 – Storage tank buildings storing class I liquids, or Class II or
Class IIIA liquids at temperatures above their flashpoints, shall be
ventilated at a rate sufficient to maintain the concentration of vapors
within the building at or below 25& of the lower flammable limit.
 2217.4.2 – Ventilation requirements shall be confirmed by calculations
based on the anticipated fugitive emissions, sampling of actual vapor
concentration under normal operating condition, and ventilation at a
rate of not less than 0.3 m3/min of exhaust air for each m2 of solid floor
area
 2217.4.3 – Ventilation shall be accomplished by natural or mechanical
ventilation, with discharge or exhaust to a safe location outside the
building.
 2217.5 – Drainage from tank buildings
 2217.5.1 – Drainage systems shall be designed to minimize fire exposure
to other tanks and adjacent properties or waterways.
 2217.5.2 – A facility shall be designed and operated to prevent the normal
discharge of flammable or combustible liquids to public waterways,
public sewers, or adjoining property
 2217.5.3 – Except for drains, solid floors shall be liquid tight and the
room shall be liquid tight where the walls join the floor and for at least
100mm above the floor
 2217.5.4 – Openings in interior walls to adjacent rooms or buildings shall
be provided with noncombustible, liquid tight raised sills or ramps at
least 100mm in height
 2217.5.5 – The containment area shall have a capacity not less than that
 2217.6 – Vents for tanks inside tank buildings
 2217.6.1 – Vents for tanks inside tank buildings shall be designed to ensure the
vapors are not released inside the building..
 2217.6.2 – Vents for tanks inside tank buildings shall be as required in
2215.2.3.1 and 2215.2.3.2, except that emergency venting by the use of roof-to-
shell seam shall not be permitted
 2217.6.3 – Piping for normal and emergency relief venting shall meet the
requirements of 2203.0
 2217.7 Tank openings other than vents for tanks inside tank buildings
 2217.7.1 – Tank openings other than vents for tanks inside tank buildings
shall be designed to ensure that flammable liquids or vapors are note
released inside the building
 2217.7.2 – All tank openings that are located at or below the maximum
liquid level shall be liquid tight; those that are located above the
maximum liquid level shall be normally closed and shall be
mechanically secured to prevent release of vapors
 2217.7.3 – Each connection through which liquid can gravity flow from a
tank inside a building shall be provided with an internal or external
valve.
 2217.7.4 – Each liquid transfer connection on any storing Class I or Class
II liquids inside buildings shall be provided with a normally closed
 2217.7 Tank openings other than vents for tanks inside tank buildings
 2217.7.5 – Openings for manual gauging of Class I or Class II liquids, if
independent of the fill pipe, shall be provided with a vapor tight cap or
cover.
 2217.7.6 – Fill pipes that enter the top of a tank shall terminate within
150mm of the bottom of the tank.
 2217.7.7 – The inlet of the fill pipe and the outlet of a vapor recovery line
for which connections to tank vehicles and tank cars are made and
broken shall be located outside of buildings at a location free from any
source of ignition and not less than 1.5m away from any building
opening
 2217.7.8 – Tanks storing Class I, Class II, or Class IIIA liquids inside
buildings shall be equipped with a device , or other means shall be
 Installation of electrical utilization equipment and wiring shall meet
the requirements of the Philippines Electrical Code – this is used to
determine the extent of classified locations for the purpose of
installation of electrical equipment.
 2217.10.1 – An approved means shall be provided to promptly notify
those within the plant and the available public or mutual aid fire
department of any fire or other emergency,
 2217.10.2 – areas with potential exists for flammable liquid shall
include the following methods: a) Personnel observation or patrol;
and b) Monitoring equipment that indicates a spill or leak has
occurred in an unattended area.
 Fire fighting equipment is equipment designed to extinguish fires or
protect the user from fire. It may be used by trained fire fighters,
untrained users at the scene of a fire, or built into a building's
infrastructure (such as a sprinkler system). Fighting equipment
includes not only fire hoses and fire extinguishers but also fire-
resistant protective clothing, fire-resistant gloves, respirators, and
communication equipment.
 Fire prevention and control, the prevention, detection, and
extinguishment of fires, including such secondary activities as
research into the causes of fire, education of the public about fire
hazards, and the maintenance and improvement of fire-fighting
equipment.
 Keep the automatic shutoff valve free and unobstructed. A disabled
automatic shutoff prevents the valve from closing to prevent an
overfill.
 Pay close attention before, during, and after product delivery to help
the delivery person avoid overfilling your UST.
 Immediately report spills to your implementing agency.
 High waters can dislodge unanchored tanks causing spills and
environmental and property damage.
 Loose propane tanks may explode, potentially causing serious
injuries.
 Buried tanks can be pushed to the surface by the buoyant effect of soil
saturated by water. Floating tanks become battering rams, causing
additional property damage.
 When an unanchored tank in your basement is moved by flood
waters, the supply line can tear free and your basement can become
contaminated by oil.
 Tank handling activities during closure may involve such tasks as
hazard recognition and AST system; overseeing or verifying cleaning
of the storage tank system; dismantling an AST; removal of ancillary
equipment and piping system; demolishing or excavating foundation
and containment structure; ventilating and rendering an AST
inoperative when the tank is closed and left on-site; and initial, on-
site staging of soil and debris.
 Accurate inventory records or a leak detection program shall be
maintained on all Class I liquid storage tanks for indication of
possible leakage from the tanks or associated piping.
 Flammable and combustible liquids are packaged, shipped, and
stored in bottle, drums, and other containers ranging in size up to
225L. Additionally, liquids are shipped and stored in intermediate
bulk up to 3000L and portable intermodal tanks up to 20,818L.
Storage requirements for these containers are covered in the NFPA 30
chapter on “Container and Portable Tank Storage.”
 Outdoor containers storage should be located in such a manner as to
reduce the spread of fire to other materials in storage, adjacent buildings,
or neighboring properties. The storage area should be graded in a manner
to divert possible spills away from buildings or other exposures, or curbing
should be used to contain spills.