A + B = C + D

Burette

Reacting Moles

Concentration
(moldm-3)

Volume (cm3)

Average Titre (cm3) 0

Moles dispensed
0.00000
from the burette

Moles in the
conical flask

Titration Results
3
Vol (cm ) Rough Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Indicator
Final
Initial
Titre
Average concordant titre (cm3)
B = C + D
Pipette

Known Unknown
#DIV/0!
Known Unknown
#DIV/0!

#DIV/0!

to
 CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COO
Burette

Reacting Moles 1

Concentration
0.25
(moldm-3)

Volume (cm3) 23.05

Average Titre (cm3) 23.05

Moles dispensed
0.00576
from the burette

Moles in the
conical flask

Titration Results
3
Vol (cm ) Rough Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Indicator Phenolphthalein
Final
Initial
Titre This is a titration involving adding a weak acid to
Average concordant titre (cm3)
OH = CH3COONa + H2O
Pipette

1
Known Unknown
0.2
Known Unknown
24.0 #DIV/0!

0.0057625

Pink to Colourless

g adding a weak acid to a strong alkali.

 NH4OH + HCl = NH4Cl +
Burette

Reacting Moles 1

Concentration
0.1
(moldm-3)

Volume (cm3) 22.5

Average Titre (cm3) 22.5

Moles dispensed
0.00225
from the burette

Moles in the
conical flask

Titration Results
3
Vol (cm ) Rough Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Indicator Methyl Orange
Final
Initial
Titre
This is a titration involving a weak alkali being adde
Average concordant titre (cm3)
 HCl = NH4Cl + H2O
Pipette

1
Known Unknown
0.09
Known Unknown
25.0 #DIV/0!

0.00225

Orange to Red

a weak alkali being added to a strong acid.

 H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO
Burette

Reacting Moles 1

Concentration
0.1
(moldm-3)

Volume (cm3) 22.5

Average Titre (cm3) 22.5

Moles dispensed
0.00225
from the burette

Moles in the
conical flask

Titration Results
3
Vol (cm ) Rough Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Indicator Phenolphthalein
Final
Initial
Titre This is a titration involving adding a strong ac
Average concordant titre (cm3)
4
+ 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Burette Pipette

1 2
Known Unknown
0.1 0.18
Known Unknown
22.5 25.0 #DIV/0!

22.5

0.00225

0.0045

Phenolphthalein Pink to Colourless

ation involving adding a strong acid to a strong alkali.

 2CH3COOH + Ca(OH)2 = Ca(CH3C
Burette

Reacting Moles 2

Concentration
0.25
(moldm-3)

Volume (cm3) 23.05

Average Titre (cm3) 23.05

Moles dispensed
0.00576
from the burette

Moles in the
conical flask

Titration Results
3
Vol (cm ) Rough Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Indicator Phenolphthalein
Final
Initial
Titre This titration involves adding a weak acid to a
Average concordant titre (cm3)
H)2 = Ca(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O
Pipette

1
Known Unknown
0.1
Known Unknown
24.0 #DIV/0!

0.00288125

Pink to Colourless

adding a weak acid to a strong alkali.

 2Na2S2O3 + I2 → Na2S4O
Burette (thiosulfate)

Reacting Moles 2

Concentration
0.1
(moldm-3)

Volume (cm3) 22.5

Average Titre (cm3) 22.5

Moles dispensed
0.00225
from the burette

Moles in the
conical flask

Titration Results
3
Vol (cm ) Rough Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Indicator Fresh starch
Final
Initial
Titre
Average concordant titre (cm3) This titration involves a redox reaction. Iodine does not a
is actually iodine dissolved in a potassium iodide solutio
solution. The iodine undergoes reduction with its oxidati
undergoes oxidation with its oxidation number chang
titration. WHY? It can be used as a "back titration" to de
will oxidise iodide ions to iodine. Take a known excess of
the oxidising agent (e.g ClO- ions in bleach or IO3- in sod

OCl- + 2I- + 2H3O+ =

2IO3 - + 10I- + 12H+ =

Na2S2O3 + I2 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
Burette (thiosulfate) Pipette (iodine)

2 1
Known Unknown
0.1 0.05
Known Unknown
22.5 25.0 #DIV/0!

22.5

0.00225

0.001125

Fresh starch blue/black to Colourless

redox reaction. Iodine does not actually dissolve in water. An iodine solution
olved in a potassium iodide solution where the iodine exists as I 3- (aq) ions in
dergoes reduction with its oxidation number falling from 0 to -1. The sulfur
n with its oxidation number changing from +2 to +2.5. This is a well used
be used as a "back titration" to determine the concentration of any ion that
o iodine. Take a known excess of potassium iodide solution and react it with
.g ClO- ions in bleach or IO3- in sodium iodate). The relevant equations are:

Cl- + 2I- + 2H3O+ = I2 + Cl- + 3H2O

O3 - + 10I- + 12H+ = 6I2 + 6H2O

 MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + M
Burette (MnO4-)

Reacting Moles 1

Concentration
0.1
(moldm-3)

Volume (cm3) 22.5

Average Titre (cm3) 22.5

Moles dispensed
0.00225
from the burette

Moles in the
conical flask

Titration Results
3
Vol (cm ) Rough Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Indicator none
Final
Initial As the purple permanaganate enters the flask from the bu
decolourised as a result of being reduced by the iron (III) ion
Titre When all the iron (III) ions are reacted the solution in the flas
Average concordant titre (cm3) will turn pink and stay pink.
8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
Pipette (Fe2+)

5
Known Unknown
0.45
Known Unknown
25.0 #DIV/0!

0.01125

colourless to pink

rs the flask from the burette it gets

uced by the iron (III) ions.
d the solution in the flask
k and stay pink.
Indicator Color on acidic side Range of color change Color on basic side
Methyl Violet Yellow 0.0–1.6 Violet
Bromophenol Blue Yellow 3.0–4.6 Blue
Methyl Orange Red 3.1–4.4 Yellow
Methyl Red Red 4.4–6.3 Yellow
Litmus Red 5.0–8.0 Blue
Bromothymol Blue Yellow 6.0–7.6 Blue
Phenolphthalein Colourless 8.3–10.0 Pink
Alizarin Yellow Yellow 10.1–12.0 Red
 FScullion, May 2012
www.flashscience.co.uk