Lesson 10

Equilibrium of Beams

Chapter(s) covered:
4.1 to 4.5 (Structural Analysis)
6.1 to 6.2 M of M

Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Purpose

• To determine
 Expressions for the shear force and bending moments along the
length of the beam
 Relationship between the shear force and bending moment
 Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams

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 Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Definition of a beam

• A beam is a structural member that is designed to support transverse

loads, that is, loads that act perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
beam. A beam resists applied loads by a combination of internal
transverse shear force and bending moment.

Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Various types of Supports

• Roller support
– Vertical or horizontal reaction

• Pin support
– Vertical and horizontal reactions

• Fixed support
– Vertical, horizontal and moment reactions

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 Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Example

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Z 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X
Fixed-Fixed, at 5 = 53.81mm ↓

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Z 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X Fixed-Roller, at 5 = 117.66mm ↓

Fixed-Pinned, at 5 = 117.66mm ↓

1
Z 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X
Pinned-Pinned, at 5 = 274.54mm ↓

See the effect of incorrect

simplifications ??????

Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Various types of Beams and Loads

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 Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Stress Resultants – Bending Moment and Transverse Shear

• Consider the beam shown

Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Sign Convention

Internal stress
Fig 5.6b, pg 303 resultants in the beam

A positive shear force, V, acts in the –y direction on the +x face

A positive bending moment, M, makes the +y face of the beam concave.

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 Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• To determine the stress distribution in the beam we consider

• Equilibrium
• Material behaviour
• Geometry of Deformation

• To relate the shear forces and bending moments

– Draw free body diagrams
– Write equilibrium equations

Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Previously used a finite free body diagram to obtain the magnitudes

of;
– Shear force, (Vx)
– Bending moments, M(x)

• Need to use infinitesimal free body diagram to relate external loads

to internal resultant forces

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 Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Sign Convention

• The sign convention for internal forces

still hold as shown

• For external loads,

the positive sign convention is

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Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Relationship between p(x), V(x), M(x)

• Consider a infinitesimal section

of the beam shown

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 Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Relationship between p(x) and V(x)

 F Y  0 : V(x) - V(x  x)  p(x)  x  O  (x 2 )  0

where, O  (x 2 )  of the order of, and p  x

Collecting the terms and dividing by x, we obtain

V(x  x) - V(x)

 p(x)  O  (x)
x

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Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Relationship between p(x) and V(x)

V(x  x) - V(x)

Taking the limit as x  0 of  p(x)  O  (x)
x

dV
we obtain  p(x)
dx

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 Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Relationship between V(x) and M(x)

x 2
 M C  0 : M(x) - M(x  x)  p(x) 
2
 O  (p  x 2 )  V(x)  x  0

dM
Collecting the terms and dividing by x, we obtain  V(x)
dx

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Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• Relationship between p(x), V(x) and M(x)

D.E. Relates
dV dM
 p(x) and  V(x) 1. Distributed load to Shear Force
dx dx
2. Shear Force to Bending Moment

x2 x2
dV

x1
dx
dx  V2 - V1   p(x) dx
x1

x2 x2
dM

x1
dx
dx  M 2 - M1   V(x) dx
x1

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 Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

• To design structural elements we need

– Shear Force and Bending Moment envelope
– Maximum Shear Force and Maximum Bending Moment and the locations
– Maximum B.M. usually occurs when S.F. =0

• Required for sizing sections, b x d and material

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Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

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 Lesson 10:
Equilibrium of Beams

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