Group 1: The Environmental and Natural
Resources Management
Concept of Environment
The term environment refers to our
surrounding which includes physical,
biological and socio-cultural aspect.
Physical aspects- non-living things like air, water,
land, etc.
Biological aspects- plants and trees
Socio-cultural aspect- man-made aspects like
culture, religion, customs, etc.
There is a harmonious relationship among
the components of the environment. The status of
soil, water and other elements determines the
biodiversity because different animals and plants
have special adaptability cyclic relationship.
Environmental condition determines our health
also.
Environment
“Environia, Environ and Environmer” means to
surround. It refers to both abiotic (physical or non-
living) and biotic (living) environment.
The surroundings or condition in which a person,
animal, or plants lives or operates.
Synonyms: Habitat, territory, domain, home,
abode.
More the natural world, as a whole or in a
particular geographical area, especially as affected
by human activity.
Components of Environment
1. Micro environment refers to the immediate
local surroundings of the organism
2. Macro environment refers to all the physical
and biotic conditions that surround the
organism externally
It can be divided as:
a) Physical environment- all abiotic factors or
conditions like temperature, light, rainfall, soil,
minerals, etc. It comprises of atmosphere,
lithosphere and hydrosphere.
b) Biotic environment- all biotic factors or living
forms like plants, animals, micro-organisms.
c) Cultural environment- man-made like railways,
population density, cultural background of the
people, the level of technological development
and factors like personal, domestic, religious,
educational, means of transport, market
facilities, economic conditions, and policies of
the government.
Natural Resource Management
Refers to the sustainable utilization of major
natural resources, such as land, water, air, mineral,
forests, fisheries, and wild flora and fauna.
Together, these resources provide the ecosystem
services that provide better quality to human life.
Natural resources provide fundamental life
support, in form of both consumptive and public-
good services. Ecological processes maintain soil
productivity, nutrient recycling, the cleansing of air
and water, and climatic cycles.
Biological diversity (biodiversity) is the occurrence
of different types of ecosystem, different species of
organism with the whole range of their variants
and genes adapted to different climates, and
environments along with their interactions and
processes.
Classification of Resources
Time for Environme Energy Materi
regenera ntal resource al
tion resources s resour
ces
Renewa < 1 year, Agricultura Solar Salt Some of the measures taken worldwide in
ble controlla l products, energy, protecting the fauna are:
ble by (non- water,
human permanent ethanol • Smart collars embedded with GPS, meters, and
) pollution sensors to keep track of endangered species like
of water rhinos and elephants
and air
• Remote monitoring of wildlife sounds and noises
Semi/ 1 – 200 Fish, Geother to detect any predator harm or natural distress
potentia years no forest, mal
lly human ground, energy, • SIM-based collars for animals near human
renewa influence water, water, habitats to reduce animal-human conflicts
ble (permanen firewood
t) pollution • Gene sequencing techniques to save endangered
of water species from incurable diseases like cancer
and air
Non- No Ozone, Oil, gas, Minera • Conservation drones to track and monitor wild
renewa economic endangere coal, ls, soil forest regions for any natural disasters like
ble relevance d fauna uranium,
and flora ADOPTING A SMARTER LIFESTYLE
Forming a significant part of ecology, man has
Potentially renewable – can be renewable if we do come up with ways to live a safe and a sustainable
not consume them faster than they can be lifestyle for helping the environment, Smart homes
replaced that advocate green living and lesser waste are
gaining popularity nowadays. These houses work
Non-depletable - cannot be depleted no matter on advanced sensors that help in saving energy in
how much we use them e.g. solar, wind, daily activities. Usually powered by a renewable
geothermal, hydroelectric and tidal energy energy source, they track the presence of people in
FUNCTION OF ENVIRONMENT the house to make decisions that can help in
sustainable living.
Saving environment with the technology is
helping us build better ecosystems or remedy They also employ natural waste management
systems with in-built recycling methods, thus,
DEVELOPING RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY generating lesser waste.
One of the most significant ways to STRUCTURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
contribute saving the environment is to sustainably
generate and use the available energy resources. ECOLOGY
Due to the non-renewability of fossil fuels like coal, Ecology is a branch of study of the
petroleum, and natural gas, researchers are coming interrelationships with the organism and its
up with new ways to generate energy with environment. It is a basic fact that the Earth
technology. includes a large variety of living things which
SAVING ENDANGERED WILDLIFE depend in some way on other living and non-living
things. This study of how the existence and activity
Technology- used in saving wildlife. of organism influences its environment and the
vice versa is ecology. Ecology involves collecting
information about organisms and their
environment, looking for patterns, and seeking to
explain these patterns. The ecology that takes I. Food Availability
place in a defined area is called ecosystem. II. Food Access
III. Food Utilization
ECOSYSTEM
IV. Food Stability
A combination of habitat, living things which live
there and the interaction between them. I. Food Availability
Is a functional unit of dynamic system of organisms
❖ measure of the availability of food of
interacting with each other (biotic) and the
individuals to access it.
inanimate environment (abiotic)
❖ there's a reliable and consistent source
FUNCTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES of quality food.
MANAGEMENT DETERMINANTS:

•Technology policy 1. Food production

•Environmental education
•Extramural cooperation
•Technical facility and information network
•International cooperation
•Specific resources management
•Coordinating compensating for resources
•Implementing environmental strategy
GROUP 2: FOOD SECURITY
FOOD SECURITY
Food security “exists when all people, at all
times, have physical, social and economic access to
sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their
dietary needs and food preferences for an active
and healthy life.” – FAO, 1996
Characteristics of being Food Secured:
Concept of food security also includes the
presence of the following characteristics:
● Enough food
● Good food
● Healthy food
● Culturally appropriate food
Factors affecting Food Security:
2. Food import and export
3. Food aid
4. Food stock
FACTORS THAT AFFECTS FOOD AVAILABILITY:
1. Geography
2, Climate
3. Natural disaster
II. Food Access
❖ Food access refers to the affordability and
allocation of food, as well as the preferences
of individuals and households.
❖ Food access is a variable condition of
human consumers. And it affects all of us each
and every day.
There are two distinct types of access to food:
Direct access- Household has sufficient land
and other resources to grow its own food.
Economic access- The household has enough
income to purchase food at prevailing prices.
Food access is determined by a variety of factors:

● Climate •The income of people experiencing hunger

● Technology ❖ The UN Committee on Economic, Social,
● Loss of farmland and Cultural Rights noted that the causes of
● Pests and diseases hunger and malnutrition are often not a
● Water stress scarcity of food but an inability to access
● Conflict available food, usually due to poverty.
Poverty Pillars of Food Security: •The racial or cultural background of certain
populations
 ❖ Having access to culturally appropriate ❖ Weather variability, price fluctuations,
food means that people have food that they political factors, economic factors
are familiar and comfortable with including
GROUP 3: FOOD PRODUCTION SYSTEM AND
availability of familiar foods & varieties.
•The distance between people and food markets.
❖ Location can affect access to food and
which type of access a family will rely on.
III. Food Utilization
❖ It includes adequate dietary intake and ability to
use nutrients in the body.
❖ requires a healthy physical environment and
adequate sanitary facilities as well as the
understanding and awareness of proper health
care.

Utilization can be affected by:

● Nutritional value
● Health status
● Food safety
● Preparation and consumption

ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY IN

Dependant on: DIFFERENT LEVELS
Food safety and quality FOOD PRODUCTION SYSTEM
● Food safety refers to practices and
conditions that preserve the quality of food
A food production system has three parts:
to prevent contamination and food-borne
illnesses during preparation, handling and Input: The different ingredients, materials,
storage. machinery and items which go into the system.
● Food quality is the quality characteristics
of food that is acceptable to consumers. Process: The different things that happen to the
Clean water Input which change it into the Output.
● Water is the number one source of
Output: The finished food product.
nutrition.
● Essential not only to remain safe from
disease but also to maintain good health. Precautions taken during the food production
process
Sanitation
● Sanitation is the effective use of tools and
actions that keep our environment healthy. Production: Raw materials must be of high quality.

IV. Food Stability Storage: High-risk foods should be stored below 5

❖ Stability of supply and access degrees Celsius.

Preparation: Equipment and food handlers must
comply with hygiene regulations.
Cooking: Food must be cooked thoroughly to
prevent food poisoning.
Transportation: Temperature control may be
necessary for high-risk foods.
Serving: Food must be kept below 5 degrees
Celsius or above 63 degrees Celsius.
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP)
If a food manufacturer wishes to produce
products which are of high and consistent quality
s/he will need to identify areas of production
where inaccuracies (hazards) could occur. These
inaccuracies are known as hazards.
The food manufacturer must then design checks to
be put into place to prevent hazards from
occurring.
The first stage will be to write a product
specification, which will lay down the exact details
of a product - for example, its size, shape, colour,
storage life and packaging.
The manufacturer will then carry out a risk
assessment that will identify what could go wrong
and then specify how the problem will be dealt
with. A team of people will identify the hazards,
which could be from micro-organisms, chemicals,
people or machinery.
A CCP (Critical Control Point) could be any
part of the production process, which could
affect the finished quality of the product.
Examples are:
• Visual: Checking decorations on cakes, or the
colour of a mixture.
• Electronic: Fridge/freezer thermometers, timing
devices
• Scientific: Carrying out microbe checks on
equipment.
Many of these processes can be monitored
by computer and require very little intervention
from food production workers. Continuous
monitoring will give feedback on all stages of
production and action can be taken quickly to
remedy any problems. Early detection of problems
can prevent waste of ingredients and reduce the
need to shut down the whole production line,
which would be both costly and time consuming.
Quality control is the method used to check and
test a product as it is made.
When a product prototype gets into production,
the following checks need to be made...
• Quality of ingredients
• Working to designated tolerances (for
instance, exact size/weight/viscosity/etc.)
• Sizes/thickness/quantities
• Shape
• Texture
• Colour
•Uniformity
Standard food components
These are ready-prepared ingredients used
during the manufacture of the food products. For
example: Pizza bases, flaky pastry, mayonnaise,
grated cheese and chopped vegetables.
Advantages of using standard food components:
• Products are of a constant quality, size, shape
and flavor.
• It saves time and money.
Disadvantages of using standard food
components:
• Products must be available, in the right quality,
whenever they are required.
• Food producer has no input into the quality or
production of the standard food component.
• Prices may rise without warning.
ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
Close the yield gap
Closing the gap between what is
being produced and what could be
produced would both reduce the need to
clear land for agriculture and feed 850
million people.
Use fertilizer more efficiently
The use of synthetic fertilizers with
nitrogen and phosphorus on wheat, rice
and maize crops could be reduced by 13-29
percent and still produce the same yields.
Target food for direct consumption
Improving irrigation systems and
planting crops that use less water would be
an effective way. For example, rice and
sugar cane are among the crops that need
the most water.
Raise/low water productivity
Farmers grow crops that will ensure
that they and their family can eat, whether
that means eating their own crops or selling
them to be able to afford food.
Reduce food waste
Globally, 30-50 percent of food
production goes to waste because of
inefficient preparation or inadequate
storage facilities. The United States is one of
the biggest culprits for this and needs an
agricultural land base that is 7 to 8 times
larger than a land base in India to
compensate for this waste.
LOCAL LEVEL
1. Balance food and nutritional security.
-consider the nutritional value of the
food we eat.
2. Embrace new technology for knowledge
transfer.
-The use of technology can help to
achieve food security, by sharing
information with the use of gadgets and
social Medias.
3. Take a balanced ‘landscape’ approach to
agriculture.
-Agriculture is a huge part of making
landscapes profitable, but so too are other
industries.
 4. Stop the spread of non-native invasive
species.
- Preventing the arrival of invasive
species in the first place is obviously
important: Having better plant biosecurity
and proper pest risk analysis is essential.
5. Create careers in agriculture for young
people and women.
HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY
-At the household level, food
security refers to the ability of the
household to secure, either from its
own production or through
purchases, adequate food for
meeting the dietary needs of all
members of the household.
Household food security exists when all the
people living in the household have
physical, social and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food at all
times that meets their dietary needs and
food preferences for an active and healthy
 Availability (physical supply of food)
 Access (the ability to acquire food)
 Utilization (the capacity to transform food
into the desired nutritional outcome).
Causes of Food Insecurity
a) Rapid population growth- A high rate of
population growth calls for more food
production and the need for ploughing more
land. This leads to deforestation. At
the household level the food produced from
the same plot of land that the household has
may not be sufficient.
b) Deforestation- Leads to high top soil erosion
and poor soil fertility. It will lead to decreased
rainfall and dryness.
c) Poor governance- Corruption and diversion of
public resources to personal usePoor
distribution of resources.
d) Lower level of saving- Leads to poor purchasing
power of households.
e) Extreme production fluctuation- Decreases
food supplies available for consumption
GROUP 4: THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF CLIMATE
CHANGE
What is Climate Change?
-A long-term change in the Earth's overall
temperature with massive and permanent
ramification.
-It is when the Earth climate system can result in
new weather patterns, which can last ranging from
several decades to even million years.
What are the causes of Climate Change?
1.) NATURAL CAUSES
a. Volcanic Eruptions -the sudden occurrence
of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic
material.
b. Ocean currents - An ocean current is a
continuous, directed movement of sea water
generated by a number of forces acting upon
the water, including wind and breaking
waves.
c. Solar variation- Solar variations are events
where the Sun’s energy changes.
2.) HUMAN CAUSE/ MAN-MADE CAUSES
a. Increasing the amount of greenhouse gases
Greenhouse Gases
1.) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2.) Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted
during the production and transport of coal,
natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also
 result from livestock and other agricultural
practices and by the decay of organic waste in
municipal solid waste landfills.
3.) Nitrous oxide (N2O)
4.) Fluorinated gases: Hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and
nitrogen trifluoride are synthetic, powerful
greenhouse gases that are emitted from a
variety of industrial processes.
b. Deforestation - is the permanent removal of
trees to make room for something besides
forest.
c. Coal Mining- Coal mining is the process of
extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued
for its energy content and has been widely
used to generate electricity. Steel and cement
industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of
iron from iron ore and for cement production.
d. Burning of fossil fuels - Fossil fuels are
hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or natural
gas, formed from the remains of dead plants
and animals. The burning of fossil fuels by
humans is the largest source of emissions of
carbon dioxide, which is one of the
greenhouse gases that allows radiative forcing
and contributes to global warming.
e. Industrial processes- a systematic series of
mechanical or chemical operations that
produce or manufacture something.
f. Agriculture -Any activity directly related to the
production or processing of crops, dairy
products, poultry, or livestock for initial
commercial sale or as a principal means of
personal subsistence.
VARIOUS IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO THE
FOLLOWING:
1. ECONOMY
a) Agriculture
b) Infrastructure
c) Human health and productivity
d) Tourism
e) Businesses and the financial
market
f) Climate change and opportunity
g) Individuals
h) Businesses and financial entities
i) Governments
2. GEOGRAPHICAL
An area of study that deals with the
location of countries, cities, rivers,
mountains, lakes, etc.
: the natural features (such as rivers,
mountains, etc.) of a place
a) Ice melting- This contributes to sea level
rising, expanding ocean waters ( due to
rising temperature ),
b) Drought -a prolonged period of abnormally
low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water.
3. BIOLOGICAL
-Climate has far reaching impacts on
biological systems. Survival and
reproduction depend on how well adapted
individuals are to local climate patterns.
Observation of the Biological to the impact of the
Climate change
The Earth’s climate has been in a state of
change for most of the history of life, and ample
evidence exists to show how biological systems
respond to changes in temperature and moisture.
We know from fossils and other remains of long
dead organisms that biological systems have
undergone dramatic changes in response to past
changes in climate.
4. METEOROLOGICAL
Meteorite impacts nowadays, most of what is on
the Earth stays on the Earth; very little material is
added by meteorites and cosmic dust. The only
material lost to space is in space hardware.
However, meteorite impacts have contributed to
climate change in the geological past; a good
example is the Chicxulub crater, Yucatán Peninsula
in Mexico.
Large impacts such as Chicxulub can cause a range
of effects that include dust and aerosols being
ejected high into the atmosphere that prevent
sunlight from getting through. These materials
insulate the Earth from solar radiation and cause
global temperatures to fall; the effects can last for
a few years (Kring, 2007).
After the dust and aerosols fall back to Earth, the
greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, water and
methane), caused by the interaction of the
impactor and its 'target rocks', remain in the
atmosphere and can cause global temperatures to
increase; the effects can last decades (Kring, 2007).
Sum of the parts
Each of the above factors contribute to changes in
the Earth’s climate, however the way they interact
with each other makes it more complicated.
A change in any one of these can lead to additional
and enhanced changes in the others.
For example, we understand that the oceans can
take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere:
When the quantity of CO2 in the atmosphere
increases, the temperature of the Earth rises.
This in turn would contribute to a warming of the
oceans. Warm oceans are less able to absorb CO2
than cold ones, so as the temperature rises, the
oceans release more CO2 into the atmosphere,
which in turn causes the temperature to rise again.
GROUP 5: Application of STS concept to the issues
of climate change
The effects of global warming are
already bringing harm to human communities and
the natural world. Further temperature rises will
have a devastating impact and more action on
greenhouse gas emissions is urgently required.
Population and climate change are directly linked.
Every additional person increases carbon emissions
— the rich more than the poor — and increases the
number of climate change victims – the poor more
than the rich
CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
1. OCEANS
Ice sheets are melting
All that melted ice eventually ends up in the
ocean, causing sea level to rise, as it has many
times in the geologic past. At present, sea level is
rising about 3–4 mm per year, more than ten times
the rate of 0.1–0.2 mm/year that has occurred over
the past 3000 years.
2. WEATHER
 Warmer temperature makes weather more
extreme
3. FOOD
4. HEALTH
GROUP 6: HISTORY
The Premechanical Age: 3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.
Writing and Alphabets--communication.First
humans communicated only
through speaking and picture drawings.3000 B.C.,
the Sumerians in
Mesopotamia (what is today southern Iraq)
devised cuniformAround 2000
B.C., Phoenicians created symbolsThe Greeks later
adopted the
Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the
Romans gave the letters
Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.
Paper and Pens--input technologies.Sumerians'
input technology was a
stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay.About
2600 B.C., the
Egyptians write on the papyrus plantaround 100
A.D., the Chinese made
paper from rags, on which modern-day
papermaking is based.
Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage
Devices.Religious leaders in
Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books"The
Egyptians kept scrollsAround
600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of
papyrus vertically into
leaves and bind them together.
The First Numbering Systems. Egyptian system:The
numbers 1-9 as
vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the
number 100 as a
coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus
blossom.The first
numbering systems similar to those in use today
were invented between
100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created a
nine-digit numbering
system.Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was
developed.
The First Calculators: The Abacus. One of the very
first information
processors. As shown on the image above.
The Mechanical Age: 1450 - 1840
 The First Information Explosion.Johann
Gutenberg (Mainz,
Germany)Invented the movable metal-type
printing process in 1450.The
development of book indexes and the widespread
use of page numbers.
 The first general purpose
"computers"Actually people who held the
job
title "computer: one who works with numbers."
Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's
Machine.Slide Rule.
 Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English
clergyman, invented the
slide rule Early example of an analog computer.
 The Pascaline. Invented by Blaise Pascal
(1623-62).
 One of the first mechanical computing
machines, around 1642.
 Leibniz's Machine.Gottfried Wilhelm von
Leibniz (1646-1716), German
mathematician and philosopher.
 Babbage's Engines Charles Babbage (1792-
1871), eccentric English
mathematician
 The Difference Engine.Working model
created in 1822.The "method of
differences".
 The Analytical Engine. As shown in the
image above.
Joseph Jacquard - Jacquard's loom.
Designed during the 1830s
Parts remarkably similar to modern-day
computers.The "store"The
"mill"Punch cards.
Punch card idea picked up by Babbage from Joseph
Marie Jacquard's
(1752-1834) loom. Introduced in 1801. Binary logic
Fixed program that would operate in real time.
Augusta Ada Byron (1815-52). The first
programmer
Electromechanical Age (1840-1940)
 The discovery of ways to harness electricity
was the key advance made
during this period. Knowledge and information
could now be converted
into electrical impulses.
 The Beginnings of Telecommunication.
 Voltaic Battery.Late 18th century.
 Telegraph.Early 1800s.
 Morse Code.Developed in1835 by Samuel
Morse Dots and dashes.
 Telephone and Radio - Alexander Graham
Bell.1876
 Followed by the discovery that electrical
waves travel through space
and can produce an effect far from the point at
which they originated.
 These two events led to the invention of the
radio Guglielmo Marconi
1894
Electromechanical Computing
Herman Hollerith and IBM.Herman Hollerith (1860-
1929) in 1880.
*Census machine
*Early punch cards.
The first large-scale automatic digital computer in
the United States
was the Mark 1 created by Harvard University
around 1940. This
computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and
weighed 5 tons - HUGE.
It was programmed using punch cards. How does
your PC match up to this
hunk of metal? It was from huge machines like this
that people began
to look at downsizing all the parts to first make
them usable by
businesses and eventually in your own home.
D. The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present.
First Tries.Early 1940s Electronic vacuum tubes.
Eckert and Mauchly.The First High-Speed, General-
Purpose Computer
Using Vacuum Tubes: Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
*1946.
*Used vacuum tubes (not mechanical devices) to
do its
calculations.Hence, first electronic computer.
*Developers John Mauchly, a physicist, and J.
Prosper Eckert, an
electrical engineer. The Moore School of Electrical
Engineering at the
University of Pennsylvania
*Funded by the U.S. Army.
*But it could not store its programs (its set of
instructions)
Share
The First General-Purpose Computer for
Commercial Use: Universal
Automatic Computer (UNIVAC).
Late 1940s, Eckert and Mauchly began the
development of a computer
called UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer)Remington Rand.First
UNIVAC delivered to Census Bureau in 1951.
But, a machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic Office)
went into action a
few months before UNIVAC and became the
world's first commercial
computer.
The Four Generations of Digital Computing.
1. The First Generation (1951-1958).
Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements.
Punch cards to input and externally store data.
Rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of
data and programs
Programs written in Machine language Assembly
language Requires a
compiler.
2. The Second Generation (1959-1963).
Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic
element.AT&T's Bell
Laboratories, in the 1940s Crystalline mineral
materials called
semiconductors could be used in the design of a
device called a
transistor
Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched
cards as external
storage devices.
Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets quite a clunker.Windows wouldn't take off until
that could be version 3 was released
polarized in one of two directions to represent in 1990.
data) strung on wire
within the computer became the primary internal Role of Science & Technology in the Phil. National
storage Building
technology.High-level programming languagesE.g., Brief History
FORTRAN and COBOL Pre-Spanish
3. The Third Generation (1964-1979). Science
Individual transistors were • Plant their crops that provide them food
replaced by integrated circuits. • Taking care of animals
 Magnetic tape and disks completely replace • Interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to
punch cards as external predict seasons and
storage devices.Magnetic core internal memories climates. Technology
began to give way to a • Building houses
new form, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) • Irrigations
memory, which, like • Developing tools
integrated circuits, used silicon-backed chips. • Musical instruments
Operating systems Advanced programming Spanish Rule
languages like BASIC • Brought their own cultures and practices
developed.Which is where Bill Gates and Microsoft • Established schools and introduced the concepts
got their start in of subjects and
1975. discipline. • Learning of Science in school focuses
4. The Fourth Generation (1979- on understanding
Present).Large-scale and very largescale different concepts related to the human body,
plants, animals, and
integrated circuits (LSIs and VLSICs)
bodies. • Technology focuses on using and
Microprocessors that contained memory, logic, and
developing house tools.
control circuits (an
Spanish Era - Modernized
entire CPU = Central Processing Unit) on a single
• Filipinos replicated technology brought by the
chip.Which allowed
Spaniards using
for home-use personal computers or PCs, like the
indegenous materials. • Medicine and advanced
Apple (II and Mac)
science were introduced
and IBM PC.Apple II released to public in 1977, by
in formal college and universities.
Stephen Wozniak and
Galleon Trade - it is used by merchants to sell the
Steven Jobs.Initially sold for $1,195 (without a
spaniards spices,
monitor); had 16k
porcelain, ivory, processed silk cloth and other
RAM.First Apple Mac released in 1984.IBM PC
commodities. • The
introduced in 1981.Debuts
country became one of the center of the global
with MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System).
trade in the SEA.
Fourth generation language software products E.g.,
American Period
Visicalc, Lotus 1-2
• Public education system
-3, dBase, Microsoft Word, and many
• Improved engineering works and health of the
others.Graphical User Interfaces
people.
(GUI) for PCs arrive in early 1980sMS Windows
• Mineral resources were explored and exploited.
debuts in 1983, but is
Health and Sanitation According to Biotechnology Innovation
• Filipinos learned the value of cleanliness, proper Organization, “Biotechnology is technology
based on biology – biotechnology
hygiene, and
harnesses cellular and biomolecular
healthy practices. • Hospitals, clinics and health processes to develop technologies and
center established. products that help improve our lives and
Infrastractures the health of our planet.
• Built roads, streets, and bridges
• Boulevards, Zone districts, and Center of Leisure Types of Biotechnology:
1. Medical Biotechnology
were also
Examples:
established. •Vaccines
•Antibiotics
ISSUES THAT CURRENT AFFECT PHILIPPINES 2. Agricultural Biotechnology
SOCIETY Examples:
1. Slow and expensive internet •Pest resistant crops
•Plant and Animal Breeding
 Our country is still lagging in internet speed Applications of Biotechnology
and is more expensive compared to 1. Nutrient Supplementation
other countries in Asia. 2. Abiotic Stress Resistance
2. No 3G, 4G LTE coverage or connectivity 3. Industrial Biotechnology
4. Strength Fibres
3. “UNLIMITED” services
5. Biofuels
4. Fair Usage Policy aka FUP 6. Health Care
5. Hacking
 Hacking is still a prevalent issue not just in GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM
powerful countries like the US and China (GMO)
but in developing countries as well like the
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), is a
Philippines. plant, animal, microorganism or other
6. Cyberbullying and social media flogging organism whose genetic makeup has been
7. Social media addiction modified in a laboratory using genetic
8. When no one Likes or Retweets my post engineering or transgenic technology.
9. Hoaxes
A common approach to thinking about the
 The objective of a hoax is to trick someone ethics of the genetic engineering of food
into believing something that is not true. crops and the appropriate regulatory
10. Online scams environment is by evaluating safety and
 Online scams or internet fraud is an ongoing weighing potential risks and benefits. The
risk side of the ledger includes (Food and
issue especially in the Agriculture Organization of the United
Philippines. Nations):
GROUP 7: BIOTECHNOLOGY
1BSA2A, Group 8 First are potential risks to the
Figuracion, Furaque, Kayas, Obina, Pintang environment and wildlife.
Genes may "escape" and find their way
into other members of the species or other
BIOTECHNOLOGY species. Imagine the trouble if herbicide-
resistant genes found their way into
weeds. GM crops could compete or breed
with wild species threatening biodiversity.
DEFINITION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Monogenetic crops may not react
sufficiently to environmental stresses,
posing the danger of a reenactment of
Ireland's potato famine. What are the risks
to birds, insects and other non-target
species that come into contact with or
consume GM plants?
Second are potential risks to human
health.
There is the potential that allergy-
producing genes will be inserted into
unrelated foodstuffs. Since GM foods are
not labeled, a person could suffer a
potentially fatal allergic reaction, e.g., an
allergenic Brazil nut gene was transferred
to a soybean variety, but the resultant
modified crop was never released to the
public. GM products may inadvertently
enter the human food supply as evidenced
by the settlement earlier this month
between Syngenta and the U.S.
government over the accidental sale of
unapproved GM (Bt10) corn seed to
farmers.
Third are potential socio-economic
effects.
Small-scale farmers could be negatively
impacted by the market dominance of a
few powerful seed companies. Some worry
about the potential loss of traditional
farming practices such as collecting,
storing, and replanting seed. The
proprietary nature of biotechnology may
slow basic research, and patent protection
may hinder the entry of GM foods into
developing countries as has been the case
with pharmaceuticals.
Fourth is the potential risk to public trust
generated in part by industry refusal to
label GM foods as such.
The benefit side of the ledger stresses:
First, there are potential benefits to
agricultural productivity through the
development of crops more resistant to
pests, disease, and severe weather,
decreasing the risk of devastating crop
failure.
Second are potential benefits to the
environment including:
Improved productively could result in more
food from less land and a decreasing
reliance on the cultivation of marginal
land. Genetically engineered pest and
disease resistance could reduce the need
for pesticides and other chemicals, thereby
decreasing the environmental load and
farmer exposure to toxins. The potential
longer shelf life of fruits and vegetables
could decrease the gross wastage
associated with transportation and storage.
Third are potential benefits to human
health and wellbeing.
GMO Impact on Health
While GMO research is still in its early
stages, critics of GMOs mention a number
of health concerns related to the
consumption for GMOs.
1) Harm from Bt Protein:
Bt is a naturally occurring insecticide (a
substance used to kill bugs) made from a
type of bacteria called Bacillus
thuringiensis. Genetic engineers remove
the gene that produces Bt from the
bacteria and then reinsert it into the DNA
of plants. After this genetic modification,
plants that have been genetically modified
to contain Bt can protect themselves from
insects, therefore reducing the need for
farmers to use harmful superficial
insecticides to protect their crops. A new
finding has also been revealed that the use
of Bt crops has greatly reduced the use of
synthetic insecticides.
2) Allergies:
According to a recent national survey, the
potential that GMO foods may trigger
allergies is highly concerning to
consumers. To begin with, virtually any
food is capable of causing an allergic
response. Awareness of GMO’s and their
link to potential allergens has increased
due to the knowledge that allergy inducing
proteins known to be present in one
specific species will remain an allergen
after being engineered into a second
species. A well-known example of this is
the Brazil nut allergen, which was
transferred into the soybean species. It
was discovered that the allergy producing
property associated with the particular
protein in the Brazil nut was still produced
even after being expressed in the soybean,
which could obviously be bad news bears
for someone with a nut allergy enjoying
some French fries cooked in soybean oil.
3) Constituents that can Alter
Nutrient Bioavailability:
Genetic modifications can potentially
influence the bioavailability of certain
nutrients (bioavailability is the ability our
body has to absorb nutrients). Mycotoxins,
for example, are toxins produced by molds
and other fungi. It is possible that changes
to a crop by genetic modification may
make the crop more or less susceptible to
mycotoxin production. These changes in
myotoxin production have been seen with
corn modified to express Bacillus
Thuringiensis . Another example involves
phytoestrogens, which we know are
naturally present in soy and other
legumes. It’s possible that genetic
engineering can increase or decrease the
amount of phytoestrogens in the crop,
which in turn may have positive health
effects for some individuals, and negative
health effects in excess for others.
4) Random Gene Insertion
Critics of GMOs often worry of the dangers
of inserting a gene into DNA, as it is
thought that the randomness of it may
cause mutations or change the way genes
are expressed. This may be true, but it is
also true in other forms of conventional
breeding. Genes and larger fragments of
DNA can often get rearranged or inserted
during conventional plant breading, and
some experts believe that this process is
far more unpredictable in conventional
breeding then in the heavily-regulated GM
process. Furthermore, changes in DNA are
also a natural part of evolution. It happens
every day to a wide range of crops as part
of evolution, so what we see in GMOs is not
exactly novel.
5) Lack of Long-Term Studies
An updated review was conducted in 2016,
where Domingo re-iterates the concern
with the lack of long-term studies. The
researcher also states the majority of GMO
research is based on nutritional studies
(which has shown GMO and non-GMO foods
are nutritionally equivalent) but limited
long-term toxicology studies exist. One
positive thing that Domingo points out in
his review is that recently GMO research
has reached a certain equilibrium, meaning
aside from just biotechnology companies
funding research, there have also emerged
a number of studies conducted by
independent research groups that do not
have the intention of commercializing the
GM crop. Kicking biased studies to the curb
means we can more confidently support
the findings in these studies.
GMO Impact on the Environment
There have been concerns with respect to
the influence of GM crops on biodiversity.
Let’s look at some of the potential
concerns.
1) Honey Bees
Genetically modified (GM) plants and their
impact on honey bees have been widely
studied, and the results indicate that
genetically modified plants are actually not
harmful to honey bees. A review by Malone
and Pham-Delègue looked at seven
studies. Their conclusion was that “Bt
transgene products are very likely to be
safe for honey bees and bumblebees.” One
large study by Duan et al. looked at 25
different studies and concluded that “the
Bt Cry proteins used in genetically
modified crops for control of caterpillar and
beetle pests do not negatively affect the
survival of honey bee larvae or adults in
the laboratory.” The study included an
experiment where they exposed honey
bees to 50 times the dose of Bt varieties
and there was no mortality noted.
2) Superweeds
Superweeds are weeds that have become
immune to the herbicides sprayed on
them. One of the most common herbicides
used to kill weeds is the “Roundup”
(glyphosate) because it is less toxic than
other common herbicides. You’ve probably
heard about Monsanto’s GMO line of seeds
called Round Up Ready seeds, which were
manufactured to be resistant to Round Up.
In other words, farmers could use a less
toxic herbicide to kill the weeds but not
damage their crops.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanoscience and nanotechnology involve the
ability to see and to control individual atoms
and molecules. Everything on Earth is made
up of atoms—the food we eat, the clothes we
wear, the buildings and houses we live in,
and our own bodies.
But something as small as an atom is
impossible to see with the naked eye. In fact,
it’s impossible to see with the microscopes
typically used in high school science classes.
The microscopes needed to see things at the
nanoscale were invented relatively recently
—about 30 years ago.
Once scientists had the right tools, such as
the scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
and the atomic force microscope (AFM), the
age of nanotechnology was born.
Although modern nanoscience and
nanotechnology are quite new, nanoscale
materials were used for centuries. Alternate-
sized gold and silver particles created colors
in the stained glass windows of medieval
churches hundreds of years ago. The artists
back then just didn’t know that the process
they used to create these beautiful works of
art actually led to changes in the
composition of the materials they were
working with.
Today's scientists and engineers are finding
a wide variety of ways to deliberately make
materials at the nanoscale to take advantage
of their enhanced properties such as higher
strength, lighter weight, increased control of
light spectrum, and greater chemical
reactivity than their larger-scale
counterparts.
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Military applications
A high proportion of nanotechnology
research is sponsored by the military and
thus focused towards military applications.
The potential military applications include
nanorobotics, magnetorheological fluid
(MRF), artificial intelligence and molecular
manufacturing.
The advanced developments in military
technology may have implications for
societal and political relations within the
community. Modern defense armies are
protected from today’s civilian threats in a
way that never had before. It is likely that
nanotechnology will further widen the gap
between the means of political violence
available to the military and those available
to the civilian population.
The advancement of nanotechnology might
contribute to terrorism, as it can exacerbate
existing trends towards asymmetric warfare.
If the military forces of the industrialized
world become more difficult to attack and
defeat due to nanotechnology, this may
force those involved in the war with them to
adopt new strategies, including sabotage
and attacks on civilians and other targets.
The enhancement of military application in
nanotechnology may thus indirectly increase
the occurrence of terrorist attacks in the
future.
The patent attorney must establish
uniqueness and obviousness in the process
of nanotechnology patent application. A
patent examiner may state that a
nanostructured product lacks novelty
because the relevant nanostructure material
was present in an existing product, even
though the nanostructure material was not
recognized.
Intellectual property issues
Pundits have warned that the resulting
patent creates an adverse effect in progress
in technology and have argued that there
should be held patents on "basic"
nanotechnologies. IBM holds an early and
basic patent on single-wall CNT which can
identify as one of the most significant
patents that could have an impact on the
future development of nanotechnology. CNT
has great potential to replace major
conventional raw materials. However, as
their application expands, anyone
manufactures or sell CNT, no matter what
the uses, must first buy a license from IBM.
Effect on employment
The nanotechnology impact on labor is in its
use of particular factors of production.
During the improvement of nanotechnology,
firms are likely to have high demands for the
scientists, engineers, and technicians who
have to build and integrate the new ideas
into processes and products. In addition,
there is a need for supporting labor services,
which creates career opportunities.
Nanotechnology is likely to have even less
impact on labor market inequalities. This is
because most of us do not need to be literate
in nanotechnologies any more than we are
literate about computer circuit design.
The balance between the citizens and
governments
Nanotechnology can be expected to
concentrate political power in the hands of
governments. Nanotechnology can be
expected to be applied to further miniaturize
and advanced surveillance technologies such
as cameras, listening devices, tracking
devices, and face and pattern recognition
systems.
The improvements in the field of electronics
and computer memory that nanotechnology
makes possible the capacity of government
to collect, store, and examine data.
Developments in nanotechnology, can
therefore, be expected to significantly
increase the ability of governments to keep
track of their citizens.
POSSIBLE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
IMPACTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
SOCIETY
POSITIVE
Efficiency and Environmental
Friendliness
'Molecular Scale Manufacturing ensures that
very little raw material is wasted and that we
make only what we intend to make, no more.
Factories begin to look more like clean
rooms' Rogers, B Adams, J & Pennathur, S
(2008) Nanotechnology Understanding Small
Systems. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis
Group.
A study in 2007 details how nanomaterials
can be created that are not only safe, but
also cost less and perform better than
conventional materials. "Green
Nanotechnology: It's Easier Than You Think,"
was written by the Washington D.C. think
tank, the Woodrow Wilson International
Center for Scholars. The study, which is free
online, is based on a series of dialogues with
scientists, policymakers and industry
representatives about green
nanotechnology.
Financial Benefits for Countries
involved in Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is expected to be a $2.6
trillion market by 2015. Each country
involved, including Ireland, has a bright
financial future ahead when it comes to
gaining money with nanotechnology. For us
in Ireland nanotechnology has received
excellent funding which is good to hear as
nanotechnology could be a useful ploy in
helping with our current national financial
situation.
NEGATIVE
Weapons of War
On the instrumental level, concerns include
the possibility of military applications of
nanotechnology (for instance, as in implants
and other means for soldier enhancement
like those being developed at the Institute
for Soldier Nanotechnologies at MIT) as well
as enhanced surveillance capabilities
through nano-sensors. There is also the
possibility of nanotechnology being used to
develop chemical weapons and because they
will be able to develop the chemicals from
the atom scale up, critics fear that chemical
weapons developed from nano particles will
be more dangerous than present chemical
weapons.
Fear of the Unknown
Nanotechnology is quite a new concept and
some effects are time dependent so it's
difficult for experts to predict the damage
nanoparticles might do. There are concerns
about how nano-particles may accumulate in
nature. Could large amounts be ingested by
fish? And if so, would it be harmful? Would
the particles be passed along the food chain
like DDT. Thresholds need to be determined.
It's vital to find out how to remove or simply
detect nanomaterials if they become
problematic.
The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
(PEN), also Washington-based, says it has
inventoried more than 600 consumer
products in 20 countries with nano-scale
materials, and "new nanotech products are
hitting the market at the rate of three to four
per week." The interest in nanomaterials is
coming at a time of growing awareness of
how chemicals – many of which we don't
know are manufactured into the products we
use on a daily basis – may be causing us
harm.
What happens to nanoparticles such as silver
nanoparticles which are used quite a bit, for
example is certain socks? In an experiment
reported at the American Chemical Society
meeting, two Arizona State University
scientists, Troy Benn and Paul Westerhoff,
washed seven brands of nanosilver socks
and then tested the wastewater. All but one
pair leaked silver.That silver, of course, ends
up in our sewers, rivers and lakes. Results
like this have strengthened the calls among
scientists and environmentalists for a closer
examination of nanoparticles and their
effects on humans and the environment. You
can find nanosilver in products from clothing
and shoes to mattresses and pillows to
appliances like Samsung's SilverCare
washers, and Conair's Infiniti Nano Silver hair
straighteners. The TTC also intends to paint
the stanchions in its new subway cars with
antimicrobial silver. Considering how quickly
the market is expanding worldwide,
scientists doubt that current regulations are
sufficient. They also point out the lack of
regulations that specifically address
nanoparticles and say that not enough is
being spent on their health effects.
False Hype
Some worry that nanotechnology will end up
like virtual reality -- in other words, the hype
surrounding nanotechnology will continue to
build until the limitations of the field become
public knowledge, and then interest (and
funding) will quickly dissipate.
Social Justice and Civil Liberties Picture
''Those nations, governments, organizations,
and citizens who are unaware of this
impending power shift must be informed and
enabled so that they may adequately adapt''
James Canton, President of the Institute for
Global Futures, said of nanotechnology and
its disruptive economical potential.
Social justice and civil libertiesConcerns are
frequently raised that the claimed benefits of
nanotechnology will not be evenly
distributed, and that any benefits (including
technical and/or economic) associated with
nanotechnology will only reach affluent
nations. The majority of nanotechnology
research and development - and patents for
nanomaterials and products - is concentrated
in developed countries (including the United
States, Japan, Germany, Canada and
France). In addition, most patents related to
nanotechnology are concentrated amongst a
few multinational corporations, including
IBM, Micron Technologies, Advanced Micro
Devices and Intel. This has led to fears that it
will be unlikely that developing countries will
have access to the infrastructure, funding
and human resources required to support
nanotechnology research and development,
and that this is likely to exacerbate such
inequalities.
The agriculture and food industries
demonstrate the concentration of
nanotechnology related patents. Patents
over seeds, plant material, animal and other
agri-food techniques are already
concentrated amongst a few corporations.
This is anticipated to increase the cost of
farming, by increasing farmers' input
dependence. This may marginalize poorer
farmers, including those living in developing
countries. Scrinis G, and Lyons K (2007).
"The Emerging Nano-Corporate Paradigm
and the Transformation of Agri-Food
Systems". International Journal of Sociology
of Agriculture and Food 15.
Producers in developing countries could also
be disadvantaged by the replacement of
natural products (including rubber, cotton,
coffee and tea) by developments in
nanotechnology. These natural products are
important export crops for developing
countries, and many farmers' livelihoods
depend on them. It has been argued that
their substitution with industrial nano-
products could negatively impact the
economies of developing countries, that
have traditionally relied on these export
crops.
It is proposed that nanotechnology can only
be effective in alleviating poverty and aid
development "when adapted to social,
cultural and local institutional contexts, and
chosen and designed with the active
participation by citizens right from the
commencement point" (Invernizzi et al.
2008, p. 132)
Robots Taking over the World
Believe it or not there is a very real fear out
there of robots controlling the world one day.
This is not as far removed as one might think
as robots are becoming freakishly
independent. Nanotechnology is playing a
major role in the creation of these robots.
Take a look at the video on the right made in
February of this year which has gone viral.
The video shows robots which are completely
autonomous playing an eerie version of the
James Bond theme tune on various
instruments.
Group 8: What is gene therapy?
Gene therapy is an experimental technique that
uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the
future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a
disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells
instead of using drugs or surgery. Researchers are
testing several approaches to gene therapy,
including:
 Replacing a mutated gene that causes
disease with a healthy copy of the gene.
 Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated
gene that is functioning improperly.
 Introducing a new gene into the body to
help fight a disease.
W. French Anderson, the 'Father of Gene Therapy'
Problems of Gene Therapy
1. Short Lived
Hard to rapidly integrate therapeutic
DNA into genome and rapidly dividing
nature of cells prevent gene theraphy for
long time. Would have to have multiple
rounds of theraphy.
2. Immune Response
New things introduced leads to
immune response increased response when
a repeat offender enter.
3. Viral Vectors
Patient could have toxic, immune,
inflammatory response also may cause
disease once inside.
4. Multigene Disorder
Heart Disease, high blood pressure,
Alzheimer's, arthrits and diabetes are hard
to treat because you have to introduced
more than one gene. May induce a tumor if
integrated in a tumor suppressor gene
because insertional multigenesis.
2 types of Gene therapy:
1. Somatic gene therapy, which involves
introducing a "good" gene into targeted cells to
treat the patient — but not the patient's future
children because these genes do not get passed
along to offspring.
2. Germline gene therapy, which involves
modifying the genes in egg or sperm cells, which
will then pass any genetic changes to future
generations. Experimenting with this type of
therapy, scientists injected fragments of DNA into
fertilized mouse eggs. Although it has potential for
preventing inherited disease, germline gene
therapy is controversial and very little research is
being done, for technical and ethical reasons.
Five of the ways gene therapy can cure, stop, or
slow a disease...
1. Cancer
2. Vision
3. Movement
4. Infectious diseases
5. Rare diseases
Detriments of gene therapy have comparable value, in terms of cost-
effectiveness, to less expensive conventional
Gene therapy has some potential risks. A gene
treatments. To assess the extent to which cell and
can't easily be inserted directly into your cells.
gene therapies offer true breakthrough health
Rather, it usually has to be delivered using a
benefits, we compared the incremental quality-
carrier, called a vector.
adjusted life year (QALY) gains associated with cell
The most common gene therapy vectors are and gene therapies to corresponding gains for
viruses because they can recognize certain cells conventional (small molecule) drugs and biologics.
and carry genetic material into the cells' genes.
Researchers remove the original disease-causing
genes from the viruses, replacing them with the
genes needed to stop disease.
This technique presents the following risks:

 Unwanted immune system reaction. Your

body's immune system may see the newly
introduced viruses as intruders and attack
them. This may cause inflammation and, in
severe cases, organ failure.
 Targeting the wrong cells. Because viruses
can affect more than one type of cells, it's
possible that the altered viruses may infect
additional cells — not just the targeted cells
containing mutated genes. If this happens,
healthy cells may be damaged, causing
other illness or diseases, such as cancer.
 Infection caused by the virus. It's possible
that once introduced into the body, the
viruses may recover their original ability to
cause disease.
 Possibility of causing a tumor. If the new
genes get inserted in the wrong spot in your
DNA, there is a chance that the insertion
might lead to tumor formation.
The gene therapy clinical trials underway in the
U.S. are closely monitored by the Food and Drug
Administration and the National Institutes of
Health to ensure that patient safety issues are a
top priority during research.
Expensive Cell And Gene Therapies May Fare Well
In Cost-Effectiveness Analyses
Expensive therapies—even those with record high
prices—may offer substantial health gains and thus