Nama : Rinaldo Ginting

NIM : 01071190210

DISORDERS OF GROWTH, DIFFERENTIATION, &

MORPHOGENESIS

1. Normal and abnormal growth in single tissues:

i. Increased growth →Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
ii. Decreased growth→Atrophy and hypoplasia

2. Type of growth in tissue:

i. Multiplicative (Growth takes place only by an increase in the volume of cells)
→Example: all tissues during embryogenesis
ii. Auxetic(Growth takes place only by an increase in the number of cells.)
→Example: growing skeletal muscle
iii. Accretionary (It involves a cell secretion to increase the volume of the
extracellular spaces)
→Example: bone and cartilage
iv. Combined patterns (Growth involves the formation of different types of cells)
→Example: embryological development

3. -Differenciation is the process where a cell develops into specialized function or

morphology that distinguish it from its parent cell.
- Morphogenesis is the process for development of structural shape and forms of organ
which involves cell growth and differenciation and movement of cells.

4. Regeneration is the process of replacing injured or dead cells. However, different cell types
have different regenerative ability:
i. Labile cells are capable of proliferation and do not live throughout life (they have a fixed
life span)
Ex : →Haematopoietic cells of bone marrow and lymphoid cells
→Epithelial cells of skin, mouth, pharynx, etc
ii. Stable cells are capable of proliferation on demand and live throughout life of an
individual if not insulted.
Ex : : →Liver cells, endocrine gland, bone, fibrous tissue, renal tubule
iii. Permanent cells are not capable of proliferation and live throughout life of an individual if
not insulted.
Ex : →Neurone cells, retinal photoreceptor,neurons in eye, cardiac muscle cells, skeletal
muscle cells

5. Cell turnover means there is an interruption in the cell cycle such as increase in duration of
cell cycle

6. Endocrinal growth control and disorders:

Cells are stimulated to grow by presence of:
1. Hormone →hormones can be synthesized and stored in specific tissues (glands)
→got 3 different mechanisms:
i. Endocrine mechanism →hormone is released into blood
 ii. Autocrine mechanism →hormone is synthesized by and passed to cell
itself
iii. Paracrine mechanism →hormones is passed to neighbouring cell in
same tissue
2. Growth factors :
- Hormones (eg.reduce fetal insulin receptor level)
- Genetic (eg.short parents lead to short child)
- Nutrition (eg.maternal nutrition lead to small fetal size)
- Environmental factor (eg. Maternal smoking will reduce birthweight)
- Disease

7. Systemic growth disorders:

i. Endocrine
- decreased growth hormone →dwarfism
- increased growth hormone →gigantism
ii. Genetic
- Autosomal chromosome →down syndrome (trisomy 21)
- Sex chromosome →turner’s syndrome
- Alteration of skeletal growth - Achondroplasia

8. Normal and abnormal growth in single tissue:

Similarity is: hypertrophy and hyperplasia are both caused by increased in cell size
Difference is: in hypertrophy, cell size increase without cell division while in hyperplasia,
cell size increase with cell division (mitosis)

9. A decrease in cell size is known as atrophy. This may be caused by apoptosis (cell death),
failure of organ development, failure of morphogenesis

10. Metaplasia is when cells are in reversed position (eg, from vertical position become
horizontal). Metaplasia may indirectly transform into dysplasia and then into neoplasia.
Example of disease caused by metaplasia:
- Epithelial squamosal
- Stone in bile duct, salivary gland and pancreas
- Vitamin A deficiency
- Reflux gastric acid into oesophagus (glandular metaplasia)
- Bronchial cartilage and Calcium deposition in atheromatous arterial walls (osseous
metaplasia, in bone formation)

11. Dysplasia is characterized by increase in cell growth, presence of atypical morphology

(abnormal large nuclei), decreased differenciation producing immature cells, chemical injury,
and often pre-neoplastic.

12. polyp → a smooth mass of tissue which projects outwards from surface organs
Polyposis → multiple polyps in an organ

13. Neoplasia is characterized by abnormal excessive cell growth that persist after initiating
stimulus withdrawn and is associated with genetic alteration

14. Confuse condition:

→ Anomaly organogenesis
 i. Agenesis (aplasia) →failure of organ or structural development
ii. Atresia →failure of development of lumen in tubular structure.
iii. Hypoplasia →failure of organ to maintain normal size
iv. Dysgenesis (maldifferenciation) →failure of normal organ differenciation
v. Ectopia (heterotopia) →development of mature tissue in wrong site.
vi. Achalasia →failure of sphincter to relax causing proximal dilation (not a growth
disorder).
vii. Atrophy →shrinkage of organ (during maturation and ageing, it is normal for
organ shrinkage).
viii. Dystrophy →abnormal development
Wound healing:
1. Cell starts to migrate when there is an increase in chemical and cytokine mediators which
releases cellular chemoattractans.
2. process of wound healing:
i. Leucocyte migration
ii. Macrophage phagocytose dead bacteria
iii. Endothelial cells make new capillaries
iv. Fibroblast, myofibroblast, and pericytes synthesize connective tissue
3. Extracellular matrix (ECM):
- Collagen
→Reduced collagen lead to failure in healing
→Excess collagen lead to fibrosis (scleroderma, keloid, chronic liver)
- Elastin
- Matrix glycoproteins (laminin and fibronectin)
→mediators between cell and ECM
- Glycosaminoglicans and proteoglycans
→promote or inhibit cell motility/adhesion
4. Condition of wound is determined based on its location and systematic factors
(eg.coagulation defect, anemia, etc)

5. Suboptimal wound repair:

- Deficient scar formation
- Excessive scar formation (eg. Keloid)
- Excessive contraction
- Excessive regeneration (eg. Pyogenic granuloma)