Ultimate Limit State Design of Pre Stressed Concrete Structure PDF

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CHAPTER
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
08 DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE STRUCTURE
8.1 INTRODUCTION
At the ultimate level the prestressed concrete structure is behaves similar like reinforced concrete
structure. After the serviceability requirement is satisfied (below the allowable stress) then ultimate
bending strength of the prestressed concrete member must be checked. The ultimate level of the
prestressed concrete structure is started from the cracking moment until the service load bending
moment. The basic concept of flexural theory of reinforced concrete design can be applied for the
prestressed concrete member. The ductility of the member is an important consideration because
ductile member can undergo large deformation. This large deformation gives early warning of the
failure.
This chapter describes the analysis and design procedure of prestressed concrete flexure member
at ultimate limit state. The calculation of bending strength for bonded member and non-bonded
member is described. The analysis procedure using strain compatibility and simplified method
recommended by code also described.
8.2 BEHAVIOR AT ULTIMATE LEVEL

8.3.1 GENERAL
The external load cause the prestressed concrete member fails is called ultimate load. To resist the
ultimate load the prestressed concrete member must has adequate bending strength. The ultimate
bending strength of the prestressed concrete member is calculated base on the pure material
strength (concrete strength, prestressing steel strength and non-prestressing steel strength). At
the ultimate limit state the prestressed concrete member can undergo large deformation (ductile
behavior) and undergo small deformation (brittle behavior). The ductile design is chosen
because it has better behavior prior to failure. To ensure the ductile design the code limits the amount
of the prestressing steel and non-prestressing steel compared with the concrete effective area.
8.3.2 TYPES OF FAILURE

The failure behavior of the prestressed concrete flexural member is based on the amount of the
reinforcement (prestressing steel / non-prestressing steel). As explained before the failure can be
ductile manner (with failure warning) and brittle manner (without failure warning).
There are three types of failure of the prestressed concrete flexure member, as follows :
Sudden Failure, started by cracking of the concrete and follows by fracture of steel
reinforcement. This member has very small amount of non-prestressing steel reinforcement.
8-1
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Ductile Failure (Under Reinforced), started by yielding of steel reinforcement and follows by
the crushing of the concrete compressive zone. This member has small amount of non-
prestressing steel reinforcement. To increase ductility the compression reinforcement can
be used.
Brittle Failure (Over Reinforced), started by crushing of the concrete compressive zone and
follows by yielding of steel reinforcement. This member has large amount of non-prestressing
steel reinforcement
The step-by-step of failure is as follows :

Due to the applied load the stress-strain diagram start from the decompression stage. The
decompression is a condition which is the concrete stress at the cgs level is zero.
The load is increases and due to the cracking moment the section will crack. The cracking
moment is reached if the actual stress at extreme fiber of the section is more than modulus of
rupture fr.
At the ultimate load the crack is wider and the concrete below neutral axis has no more tensile
strength. The ultimate strength of the section is provides by compressive concrete and
prestressing steel.
8.3 FULLY PRESTRESSING & PARTIALLY PRESTRESSING

8.3.1 GENERAL
The prestressed concrete member can be design either fully prestressed or partially prestressed.
The followings are the basic concept of this two type of prestressing, as follows :
Fully Prestressing, the prestressed concrete member is designed so there is no tensile stress
occurs at the extreme fiber at initial load stage or service load stage.
Partially Prestressing, the prestressed concrete member is designed so the tensile stress is
permitted occurs at the extreme fiber at initial load stage or service load stage. If the tensile
stress is permitted the concrete will crack and the non-prestressing steel must be provided.
8.3.2 FULLY PRESTRESSING

The fully prestressing ensures that there will no any tensile stress occurs at the extreme fiber of the
concrete section. Because there is no tensile stress then the concrete section is crack free. It is not
necessary to provide non-prestressing tensile steel reinforcement to control the crack width.
Fully prestressing system is not economic because the concrete section is usually large.
8.3.3 PARTIALLY PRESTRESSING

The partially prestressing permits tensile stress occurs at the extreme fiber of the concrete section.
Because the tensile stress is not limited then there will be a crack. To prevent extend of the crack the
tensile non-prestressing steel is used.
Partially prestressing system is more economic because the concrete section is smaller than fully
prestressing system.
8-2
8.4 ANALYSIS OF CRACKING MOMENT

8.4.1 GENERAL
When the stress at extreme fiber is exceeds modulus of rupture then crack occurs. Due to this crack
the stiffness is reduced so the deflection also increases.
The crack width must be controlled to prevent the corrosion of the reinforcement or leakage of the
liquid containers.
The crack control is by control the cracking moment. For partially prestressing where the crack is
permitted the ultimate bending strength must be 20% greater than the cracking moment.
The minimum bending strength of partially prestressing beam for crack control purpose is :
φMn ≥ 1.2Mcr [8.1]
where :
Mn = nominal bending strength
Mcr = cracking moment
φ = strength reduction factor (bending)
8.4.2 CRACKING MOMENT

The tensile stress at the bottom fiber due to applied external load (MD+MSD+ML)is :
Pe ⎛ ec b ⎞ MT
fb = − ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ + [8.2]
Ac ⎝ r ⎠ Sb
The crack will occur if the bottom concrete stress fb is more than modulus of rupture of the
concrete fr. In this stage the bending moment is called cracking moment Mcr.
So at the cracking stage the formula above becomes :
Pe ⎛ ec b ⎞ Mcr
fr = − ⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ +
A c ⎜⎝ r ⎠ Sb
Pe ⎛ ec b ⎞ Mcr
fr + ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ = [8.3]
Ac ⎝ r ⎠ Sb
⎡P ⎛ ec b ⎞⎤
Mcr = fr Sb + ⎢ e ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟⎥Sb
⎣ Ac ⎝ r ⎠⎦
The cracking moment is :
⎛ r 2 ⎞⎟
Mcr = fr Sb + Pe ⎜ e +
⎜ c b ⎟⎠ [8.4]
⎝
8-3
where :
Mcr = cracking moment
fr = modulus of rupture of the concrete
Sb = bottom section modulus
Pe = effective prestressing force
e = prestressing eccentricity
r = radius of gyration
cb = distance of bottom fiber from the neutral axis
8.5 LIMITS OF NON-PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT

8.5.1 GENERAL
When crack start occurs the tensile non-prestressing reinforcement must be provide to control the
crack width. If the amount of this reinforcement is too small then after first crack occurs the crack
start going wider and cause failure of the section. To avoid this failure the code provides minimum
reinforcement.
If the amount of non-prestressing reinforcement is too large the beam behaves as over-
reinforced beam. The tensile reinforcement will not yield so the ductility is small. To avoid this
condition the code provides maximum reinforcement.
8.5.2 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT

The minimum non-prestressing reinforcement to prevent the cracking of the section is :
TABLE 8.1 MINIMUM NON-PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT

ACI 318 – 1995
REINFORCED CONCRETE
psi MPa
200 1 .4
ρmin = ρmin =
fy fy
where :
ρmin = minimum non-prestressing reinforcement ratio
fy = yield strength of non-prestressing reinforcement
The limits above is applies for rectangular section.
The ratio of the reinforcement ρ is defined as :
As
ρ= [8.5]
bw d
where :
ρ = ratio of reinforcement
As = area of non-prestressing steel
8-4
bw = width of the beam web

d = effective depth
1
In two way plate where the tensile concrete stress at service load exceed f 'c the minimum non-
6
prestressing steel is :
Nc
A s min =
0 .5 fy [8.6]
where :
Nc = tensile force in the concrete due to un-factored DL + LL
In negative moment area of the slab at column support the minimum area of non-prestressing steel
is :
A s min = 0.00075hL [8.7]
where :
h = thickness of the slab
L = span length parallel to the reinforcement to be provided
8.5.3 MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT

The balanced steel ratio of non-prestressing reinforcement to prevent brittle failure (non-ductile failure)
is :
TABLE 8.2 BALANCED STEEL RATIO OF NON-PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT

ACI 318 – 1995
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Psi MPa
0.85β1f 'c ⎛ 87000 ⎞ 0.85β1f 'c ⎛ 600 ⎞

ρb = ⎜ ⎟ ρb = ⎜ ⎟
fy ⎜ 87000 + fy ⎟ fy ⎜ 600 + fy ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
where :
ρb = balanced steel ratio non-prestressing reinforcement
fy = yield strength of non-prestressing reinforcement
f’c = cylinder concrete strength
The coefficient value β1 for concrete strength less than 30 MPa is :
β1 = 0.85 [8.8]
β1 is decrease 0.008 point for each increasing of 1 MPa concrete strength, then the value β1 becomes :
8-5
β1 = 0.85 − {(f 'c −30 )0.008}
β1 = 1.09 − 0.008 f 'c [8.9]

β1 ≥ 0.65
The maximum ratio of non-prestressing reinforcement then defined as :
ρmax = 0.75ρb [8.10]
8.6 LIMITS OF PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT

8.6.1 GENERAL
It is difficult to control the condition of over-reinforced of the prestressed member. The prestressed
member can be under-reinforced or over-reinforced but this condition is accepted as long as the
serviceability requirements are satisfied.
To control the ductility of the prestressed member the code use reinforcement index. The concept of
reinforcement index will be explained in the next section.
8.6.2 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT

The minimum prestressing reinforcement to prevent the cracking of the section is :
TABLE 8.3 MINIMUM PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT

BS CP.110
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Psi MPa
375 2 .5
ρmin = ρmin =
fpu fpu
where :
fpu = ultimate tensile stress of prestressing steel
8.7 LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT INDEX

8.7.1 GENERAL
To control the condition of under-reinforced and over-reinforced for partially prestressed beam the
reinforcement index is recommended by the ACI code. The reinforcement index can be defined for
section with prestressing only and section with prestressing and non-prestressing steel (tensile and
compressive steel).
8.7.2 REINFORCEMENT INDEX

The reinforcement index of prestressing steel and non-prestressing steel is :
8-6
TABLE 8.4 REINFORCEMENT INDEX

NON-PRESTRESSING NON-PRESTRESSING
PRESTRESSING STEEL
TENSILE STEEL COMPRESSIVE STEEL
A ps fps ⎛ fps ⎞ A s fY ⎛f ⎞ A 's f Y ⎛f ⎞

ωp = = ρp ⎜⎜ ⎟ ω= = ρ⎜⎜ Y ⎟⎟ ω' = = ρ' ⎜⎜ Y ⎟
⎟
⎟ bdf 'c
bdp f 'c ⎝ f 'c ⎠ ⎝ f 'c ⎠ bdf 'c ⎝ f 'c ⎠
where :
ωp = reinforcement index of prestressing steel
ω = reinforcement index of non-prestressing tensile steel

ω = reinforcement index of non-prestressing compressive steel
Aps = area of the prestressing steel
As = area of non-prestressing tensile steel
A’s = area of non-prestressing compressive steel
fps = prestressing steel stress at failure
fy = yield strength of non-prestressing steel
b = width of the beam
dp = effective depth to cgs
d = effective depth to non-prestressing tensile steel
ρp = prestressing steel ratio
ρ = non-prestressing tensile steel ratio
ρ’ = non-prestressing compressive steel ratio
8.7.3 UNDER REINFORCED & OVER REINFORCED

The ACI code determine that the under reinforced behavior can be achieved if the reinforcement
index is follows the condition below :
Re inf orcement Index ≤ 0.36β1 [8.11]
And the over reinforced is achieved if follows the condition below :
Re inf orcement Index > 0.36β1 [8.12]
The prestressed beam must be design at the under reinforced condition to satisfy the ductile behavior
at failure.
The following table shows the under reinforced condition for rectangular section and T section with
combination of prestressing steel and non-prestressing tensile and compressive steel.
8-7
TABLE 8.5 UNDER REINFORCED CONDITION – RECTANGULAR SECTION

NON-PRESTRESSING
PRESTRESSING STEEL
TENSILE & COMPRESSIVE STEEL
⎡d ⎤
ωp ≤ 0.36β1 ωp + ⎢ (ω − ω')⎥ ≤ 0.36β1
⎣⎢ p
d ⎦⎥
TABLE 8.6 UNDER REINFORCED CONDITION – T SECTION

NON-PRESTRESSING
PRESTRESSING STEEL
⎡d ⎤
ωpw ≤ 0.36β1 ωpw + ⎢ (ωw − ω'w )⎥ ≤ 0.36β1
⎢⎣ dp ⎥⎦
TABLE 8.7 OVER REINFORCED CONDITION – RECTANGULAR SECTION

NON-PRESTRESSING
PRESTRESSING STEEL
⎡d ⎤
ωp > 0.36β1 ωp + ⎢ (ω − ω')⎥ > 0.36β1
⎢⎣ dp ⎥⎦
TABLE 8.8 OVER REINFORCED CONDITION – T SECTION

NON-PRESTRESSING
PRESTRESSING STEEL
⎡d ⎤
ωpw > 0.36β1 ωpw + ⎢ (ωw − ω' w )⎥ > 0.36β1
⎣⎢ dp ⎦⎥
The factor β1 is the concrete strength effect, as follows :
TABLE 8.9 CONCRETE STRENGTH EFFECT

psi MPa
β1 = 0.85 − ⎣0.00005(f 'c −4000 )⎦ ≥ 0.65 β1 = 0.85 − {(f 'c −30 )0.008} ≥ 0.65
8.8 EMPIRICAL BENDING STRENGTH – OVER REINFORCED CONDITION

8.8.1 GENERAL
The ACI code recommends the empirical formula to calculate the bending strength of prestressed
beam with over reinforced condition. The empirical formula can be used to approximate the bending
strength value but for accurate analysis the strain compatibility analysis must be done.
The empirical formula based on the ratio of the depth of concrete compressive block to effective
depth.
8-8
The depth of concrete compressive block used to derived the formula below is :
a = 0.36dp [8.13]
8.8.2 RECTANGULAR SECTION

The empirical nominal bending strength of over reinforced rectangular prestressed beam is :
Mn = 0.25f 'c bdp2 [8.14]
where :
b = width of beam
The design bending strength in over reinforced condition is :
φMn = 0.70(Mn ) [8.15]
8.8.3 T SECTION
The empirical nominal bending strength of over reinforced T prestressed beam is :
Mn = 0.25f 'c b w dp2 + 0.85f 'c (b − b w )hf (d − 0.5hf ) [8.16]

where :
b = width of flange
bw = width of beam web
d = effective depth to non-prestressing steel
hf = thickness of flange
The design bending strength in over reinforced condition is :
φMn = 0.70(Mn ) [8.17]
8.9 ULTIMATE STRAIN AND STRESS OF PRESTRESSING STEEL

8.9.1 GENERAL
Before the bending strength of prestressed concrete member is calculated the ultimate strain and
ultimate stress of prestressing steel need to be calculated first. The calculation procedure of ultimate
8-9
strain and ultimate stress of prestressing steel is different with the ultimate strain and stress calculation
of reinforced concrete member.
8.9.2 ULTIMATE STRAIN OF PRESTRESSING STEEL

A. General
The ultimate strain of the prestressing steel is calculated different as in strain of non-prestressing steel.
The reason is at initial loading stage the prestressing steel is already stressed so it has initial strain
at the beginning before the external load is applied.
The major different of ultimate strain of prestressing steel with non-prestressing steel is as follows :
Strain of Non-Prestressing Steel, the ultimate strain of non-prestressing steel is occurs after the
application of the external load. No initial strain because there is no initial tension load
applied to the non-prestressing steel.
Strain of Prestressing Steel, the ultimate strain of prestressing steel is combination of initial
strain, decompression strain and strain due to overload condition. The initial strain and
decompression strain is occurs at prestressing steel because initial tension is applied at the
prestressed concrete member.
B. Effective Prestressing Stage

At the initial stage which is before the external load is applied the prestressing steel is stressed with
initial tension load Pi. Due to the initial tension load the prestressing steel will has initial elongation /
initial strain. This initial strain must be considered in the analysis.
Due to prestressing loss the strain of prestressing steel at service load is :
fpe
ε1 = [8.18]
Eps
where :
ε1 = strain of prestressing steel due to effective prestressing force
fpe = effective prestressing steel stress
Eps = modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel
C. Decompression Stage
Decompression is a condition that is the concrete stress at the level of cgs is zero. This condition
happens because there is enough bending moment of applied load to decompress the concrete
at cgs level. During the achievement of decompression stage there is transition of concrete strain from
decompression strain to zero. Because of there is prefect bond between prestressing steel and
surrounding concrete so the strain of prestressing steel is the same as strain at concrete. The
decreasing of concrete stress is the same value of increasing of prestressing steel strain.
The following figure shows the concept of the decompression strain.
8 - 10
FIGURE 8.1 DECOMPRESSION STRAIN
The followings are the explanation of the decompression concept, as follows :

Due to eccentric prestressing the concrete stress is calculated as uniform compressive
concrete stress with the linear tensile and compressive concrete stress.
The concrete stress at cgs level is combination of uniform compressive stress and
compressive stress due to the eccentricity. The total compressive concrete stress is
Pe ⎛ e2 ⎞
fc = ⎜1 + ⎟.
Ac ⎜ r 2 ⎟⎠
⎝
This compressive concrete stress will decompress until zero stress due to application of
external bending moment. With the assumption of perfect bond the change of stress in
concrete is the same of change of stress in prestressing steel (concrete stress decrease,
prestressing steel stress is increase).
The strain due to this decompression stress is called decompression strain. The decompression
strain is calculated only due to effective prestressing force (due to external bending moment
will be accounted separately).
The decompression strain due to effective prestressing force, is :
Pe ⎛ e2 ⎞
ε2 = ⎜1 + ⎟
A cEc ⎜ r 2 ⎟⎠
[8.19]
⎝
where :
ε2 = decompression strain of prestressing steel
Ac = cross section area of concrete
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
e = eccentricity of prestressing force
r = radius of gyration of the section
D. Beyond Decompression Stage

Beyond the decompression stage the strain of prestressing steel is calculated based on the linear
strain distribution just like in reinforced concrete member.
8 - 11
The linear strain distribution is achieved with the condition concrete strain at extreme fiber at failure
is assumed 0.003.
The additional prestressing steel strain beyond the decompression stage is :
⎛ dp − c ⎞
ε3 = 0.003⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ [8.20]
⎝ c ⎠
where :
ε3 = prestressing steel strain beyond decompression
c = distance of compression fiber from neutral axis
E. Ultimate Strain
The ultimate strain of prestressing steel at failure is :
εps = ε1 + ε2 + ε3 [8.21]
where :
εps = ultimate strain of prestressing steel
ε1 = strain of prestressing steel due to effective prestressing force
ε2 = decompression strain of prestressing steel
ε3 = prestressing steel strain beyond decompression
8.9.3 ULTIMATE STRESS OF PRESTRESSING STEEL

A. General
The ultimate stress of prestressing steel is difficult to observe. The reason is prestressing steel is high
strength material which is the yield point of the material is not well defined. Some method can be used
to predict the ultimate stress.
B. Stress – Strain Relationship

The ultimate stress of prestressing steel at failure fps can be obtained based on the stress-strain
relationship of the actual material supplied by the fabricator. Using this procedure we must ask the
actual test result of the prestressing steel that is shows the stress-strain curve of the material.
Based on the total ultimate strain of prestressing steel ε3 we can plot the strain value to the curve
and the corresponding stress fps can be obtained.
C. Strain Compatibility Method

The ultimate stress of prestressing steel can be obtained from the strain compatibility relationship if
follows the condition below :
8 - 12
Pe
fpe = < 0.50fpu
A ps [8.22]
where :
fpe = effective stress of prestressing steel
Aps = cross section area of prestressing steel
The ultimate stress of prestressing steel then determined as follows :

fps = εpsEps ≤ fpy [8.23]
where :
fps = ultimate stress of prestressing steel
εps = ultimate strain of prestressing steel
Eps = modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel
fpy = yield strength of prestressing steel
D. ACI Code Approximation

The ACI approximation can be used to determine the ultimate stress of prestressing stele if follows the
condition below :
Pe
fpe = ≥ 0.50fpu
A ps [8.24]
where :
fpe = effective stress of prestressing steel
The ultimate stress of bonded prestressing steel is :
TABLE 8.10 ACI CODE APPROXIMATION OF FPS – BONDED TENDON
BONDED TENDON
psi MPa
⎡ γp ⎛ fpu ⎞⎤ ⎡ γp ⎛ fpu ⎞⎤
fps = fpu ⎢1 − β1
⎜ρ
⎜ p +
d
(ω − ω')⎟ ⎥
⎟⎥
fps = fpu ⎢1 − β1
⎜ρ
⎜ p +
d
(ω − ω')⎟ ⎥
⎟⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ f 'c dp ⎠⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎝ f 'c dp ⎠⎦
8 - 13
The ratio of prestressing steel is :

A ps
ρp = [8.25]
bdp
The following requirements must be achieved if the equation in table above is used, as follows :
⎛ ⎡ fpu ⎤ ⎡ d ⎤⎞
⎜ ρ
⎢ ⎥ + ⎢ (ω − ω')⎥ ⎟ ≥ 0.17
⎜ p
f 'c ⎦ ⎣⎢ dp ⎟
⎝⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎠ [8.26]
d' ≥ 0.15dp
And the constant γp is :
TABLE 8.11 γP – BONDED TENDON
fpy Fpy
γp
fpu ASSUMPTION
0.55 ≥ 0.80 fpy = 0.80fpu Prestressing Bars
0.40 ≥ 0.85 fpy = 0.85fpu

Stress Relieved Strand
0.28 ≥ 0.90 fpy = 0.90fpu Low Relaxation Strand
The ultimate stress of un-bonded prestressing steel is :
TABLE 8.12A ACI CODE APPROXIMATION OF FPS – UN-BONDED TENDON
UN-BONDED TENDON
L
≤ 35
h
psi MPa
⎛ f 'c ⎞ ⎛ f 'c ⎞
fps = fpe + 10000 + ⎜ ⎟ fps = fpe + 70 + ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 100ρp ⎟ ⎜ 100ρp ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
fps ≤ fpy fps ≤ fpy
(
fps ≤ fpe + 60000 ) (
fps ≤ fpe + 414 )
TABLE 8.12B ACI CODE APPROXIMATION OF FPS – UN-BONDED TENDON
UN-BONDED TENDON
L
> 35
h
psi MPa
⎛ f 'c ⎞ ⎛ f 'c ⎞
fps = fpe + 10000 + ⎜ ⎟ fps = fpe + 70 + ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 300ρp ⎟ ⎜ 300ρp ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
fps ≤ fpy fps ≤ fpy
(
fps ≤ fpe + 30000 ) (
fps ≤ fpe + 207 )
8 - 14
8.10 ULS ANALYSIS – BONDED & NON-BONDED TENDON

8.9.4 GENERAL
The concept of ultimate analysis of prestressed concrete beam is similar as ultimate analysis of
reinforced concrete beam. The strain of each reinforcement layer is calculated first and we can get
the stress of each reinforcement layer. Based on the force resultant (tensile and compressive
force) and lever arm each force the bending strength can be calculated.
The different of ultimate analysis of prestressed concrete member with reinforced concrete member is
the prestressing steel had already stressed with initial prestressing force. This initial stress must
be considered when calculate the ultimate stress of prestressing steel.
The other different is the decompression stage of prestressed concrete beam. There is increment of
tensile stress at prestressing steel due to service load.
8.9.5 BASIC ASSUMPTION

The followings are the basic assumption of ultimate analysis of prestressed concrete flexural member,
as follows :
Plane Section Remains Plane, the section is plane before and after the bending, this is the
Bernoulli’s method. This assumption cause the strain distribution is assumed to be linear
over the height of section.
Perfect Bond, perfect bond between steel and surrounding concrete. This assumption cause
the strain change of steel is equal to the strain change of surrounding concrete.
Rectangular Concrete Compressive Zone, the concrete compressive zone is assumed to be
rectangular (Whitney’s proposal) with maximum ultimate concrete stress is 0.85f’c. This
assumption can be used with little loss of accuracy.
Concrete Weak in Tension, the tensile strength of the concrete material is neglected. This
assumption cause the tension zone of the section is not considered in the analysis.
Ultimate Strain = 0.003, the concrete strain at ultimate stage is 0.003 regardless the strength of
material, shape of section and amount of reinforcement. It is also the same for light weight
and normal weight concrete.
8.9.6 BONDED TENDON

Bonded tendon is usually used for pre-tensioned member which is the concrete is cast around the
tendon so it is provide full bond. Bonded tendon also can be achieved for post-tensioned member
which is the tendon duct is grouted under pressure after the tendon is stressed.
The ultimate analysis of bonded tendon is based on the strain compatibility method. The strain of each
layer of prestressing steel is calculated and the stress is calculated based on that strain.
8.9.7 NON-BONDED TENDON

Post-tensioned member which is the tendon duct is not grouted after the tendon is stressed is the
condition of non-bonded tendon.
The followings are the behavior of non-bonded tendon at ultimate limit state, as follows :
8 - 15
When the external load is applied slip result between tendon and concrete. Due to this slip the
tendon is deform uniformly along the entire length.
The increase of tensile stress is uniformly along the length not concentrated in the crack area.
So the number of crack is lesser than in bonded tendon.
The ultimate analysis of non-bonded tendon is similar as in bonded tendon.
8.11 ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED RECTANGULAR SECTION

8.11.1 GENERAL
Just like in the reinforced concrete analysis the actual concrete stress distribution is parabolic
shape. For the design purpose the parabolic shape can be replaced with the equivalent rectangular
block proposed by Whitney with little loss of accuracy.
8.11.2 PRESTRESSING STEEL ONLY

The figure below shows the stress and strain distribution for prestressing rectangular section with
prestressing steel only.
FIGURE 8.2 RECTANGULAR SECTION – PRESTRESSING STEEL ONLY
The resultant of concrete compressive force is :
C = 0.85f 'c ba [8.27]
where :
C = resultant of concrete compressive force
b = width of beam
a = depth of concrete compressive zone
The depth of concrete compressive zone is defined as :
a = β1c [8.28]
where :
8 - 16

c = distance of extreme compression fiber to neutral axis
The resultant of prestressing steel tensile force is :
T = A ps fps [8.29]
where :
T = resultant of prestressing steel tensile force
At ultimate condition the horizontal equilibrium of the tensile and compressive force must be achieved,
as follows :
C=T
[8.30]
0.85 f 'c ba = A ps fps
And depth of concrete compressive zone can be obtained as follows :
A ps fps
a= [8.31]
0.85f 'c b
The nominal bending strength is :
⎛ a⎞
Mn = A psfps ⎜ dp − ⎟ [8.32]
⎝ 2⎠
where :
If the ratio of prestressing steel is defined as :
A ps
ρp = [8.33]
bdp
So the equation above can be rearranged as follows :
8 - 17
⎛ A ps fps ⎞
Mn = ρp fpsbdp ⎜⎜ dp − ⎟
⎝ 2(0 .85 f 'c b ) ⎟⎠
⎛ ⎡ fps ⎤ ⎞
Mn = ρp fpsbdp2 ⎜1 − ⎢0.59ρp ⎥ ⎟⎟
[8.34]
⎜ f '
⎝ ⎣ c ⎦⎠
( [
Mn = ρp fpsbdp2 1 − 0.59ωp ])
Which is
⎛ fps ⎞
ωp = ρp ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ [8.35]
⎝ f 'c ⎠
where :
ωp = reinforcement index
ρp = ratio of prestressing steel
8.11.3 PRESTRESSING STEEL & TENSILE REINFORCEMENT

prestressing steel & tensile reinforcement.
Ts
Tps
FIGURE 8.3 RECTANGULAR SECTION – PRESTRESSING STEEL & TENSILE REINFORCEMENT
C = 0.85f 'c ba [8.36]
where :
b = width of beam
Tps = A ps fps [8.37]
8 - 18
where :
Tps = resultant of prestressing steel tensile force
The tensile force resultant of non-prestressing tensile steel is :
Ts = A sfy [8.38]
where :
Ts = tensile force resultant of non-prestressing tensile steel
As = cross section area of non-prestressing tensile steel
fy = yield strength of non-prestressing tensile steel
as follows :
C = Tps + Ts
[8.39]
0.85 f 'c ba = A ps fps + A s fy
A ps fps + A s fy
a= [8.40]
0.85 f 'c b
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ a⎞
Mn = A ps fps ⎜ dp − ⎟ + A s fy ⎜ d − ⎟ [8.41]
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
where :
The equation above can be written as :
8 - 19
⎛ ⎡ fps ⎤ ⎞ ⎛ ⎡ fy ⎤ ⎞
Mn = ρp fpsbdp2 ⎜1 − ⎢0.59ρp ⎥ ⎟⎟ + ρfybd ⎜⎜1 − ⎢0.59 ⎥ ⎟⎟
2
⎜ f ' f '
⎝ ⎣ c ⎦ ⎠ ⎝ ⎣ c ⎦⎠
[8.42]
⎛ ⎡ d ⎤ ⎞⎟ ⎛ ⎡d ⎤⎞
Mn = A ps fps ⎜ 1 − 0.59 ⎢ωp + ω⎥ + A s fy ⎜1 − 0.59 ⎢ ωp + ω⎥ ⎟
⎜ dp ⎥⎦ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎣⎢ ⎠ ⎝ ⎣⎢ dp ⎦⎥ ⎠
The equation above is assumed the tensile reinforcement is yields.
8.11.4 PRESTRESSING STEEL & COMPRESSIVE REINFORCEMENT

All the equation derived in this section is with the assumption that the tensile reinforcement is yields
and compressive reinforcement also yields. Commonly the compressive reinforcement is not
yield at ultimate so the strain compatibility analysis needs to be done for more accurate analysis.
prestressing steel, tensile reinforcement and compressive reinforcement.
T's
C
Ts
Tps
FIGURE 8.4 RECTANGULAR SECTION – PRESTRESSING STEEL &

COMPRESSIVE REINFORCEMENT
C = 0.85f 'c ba [8.43]
where :
b = width of beam
Tps = A ps fps [8.44]
8 - 20
where :
Tps = resultant of prestressing steel tensile force
The tensile force resultant of non-prestressing tensile steel is :
Ts = A sfy [8.45]
where :
Ts = tensile force resultant of non-prestressing tensile steel
The compressive force resultant of non-prestressing compressive steel is :
T 's = A 's fy [8.46]
where :
T’s = compressive force resultant of non-prestressing compressive steel
A’s = cross section area of non-prestressing compressive steel
fy = yield strength of non-prestressing compressive steel
as follows :
C + T's = Tps + Ts
[8.47]
0.85 f 'c ba + A 's fy = A ps fps + A s fy
A ps fps + A s fy + A 's fy
a= [8.48]
0.85 f 'c b
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ a⎞ ⎛a ⎞
Mn = A ps fps ⎜ dp − ⎟ + A s fy ⎜ d − ⎟ + A 's fy ⎜ − d' ⎟ [8.41]
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
where :
A’s = cross section area of non-prestressing compressive steel
8 - 21

d’ = distance of extreme compressive fiber to center of compressive steel
8.12 ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED T SECTION

8.12.1 GENERAL
T section is a section with flange at the top of the section, T section consist of web and flange. The T
section can behave as rectangular section and as pure T section depend to the depth of the
concrete compressive zone.
The followings are the behavior of the T section, as follows :

Behave as Rectangular Section, if the concrete compressive zone is less or equal to the
flange thickness then T section behaves as rectangular section. The ultimate analysis is the
same as rectangular section but the width b is taken as the effective width of the flange.
Behave as T Section, if the concrete compressive zone is greater than flange thickness then
T section behaves as pure T section. The ultimate analysis is divided into two section which is
beam W (consist of web) and beam F (consist of flange).
FIGURE 8.4 T SECTION– PRESTRESSING STEEL
This section describes the analysis of T section which is behave as pure T section, the analysis of the
rectangular T section is similar as in the analysis of rectangular section as explained before.
8.12.2 PRESTRESSING STEEL ONLY

E. General
The T section is analyzed by divide the section into two sections containing web only and over hanged
flange. The analysis becomes rectangular section analysis and the total bending strength is obtained
by superposition two of the results.
The section contain web only called beam W and the section contain flange only called beam F.
F. Beam F
The following figure shows the beam F and its strain and stress distribution.
8 - 22
FIGURE 8.5 T SECTION BEAM F– PRESTRESSING STEEL
The resultant of concrete compressive force of beam F is :
Cf = 0.85 f 'c (b − b w )hf [8.42]
where :
Cf = resultant of concrete compressive force (beam F)
b = effective width of the flange
The resultant of prestressing steel tensile force of beam F is :
Tf = A psf fps [8.43]
where :
Tf = resultant of prestressing steel tensile force (beam F)
Apsf = cross section area of prestressing steel (beam F)
as follows :
Cf =T f
0.85f 'c (b − b w )hf = A psf fps

[8.44]
The area of prestressing steel of beam F can be calculated as :
0.85f 'c (b − b w )hf

A psf =
fps [8.45]
8 - 23
The nominal bending strength of beam F is :
⎛ h ⎞
Mnf = A psf fps ⎜ dp − f ⎟ [8.46]
⎝ 2⎠
where :
Mnf = nominal bending strength (beam F)
G. Beam W
The following figure shows the beam W and its strain and stress distribution.
FIGURE 8.6 T SECTION BEAM W– PRESTRESSING STEEL
The area of prestressing steel of beam W is :
A psw = A ps − A psf [8.47]
The resultant of concrete compressive force of beam W is :
Cw = 0.85f 'c b w a [8.48]
where :
Cw = resultant of concrete compressive force (beam W)
8 - 24
The resultant of prestressing steel tensile force of beam W is :
Tw = A psw fps [8.49]
where :
Tw = resultant of prestressing steel tensile force (beam W)
Apsw = cross section area of prestressing steel (beam W)
as follows :
C w =T w
[8.50]
0.85 f 'c b w a = A psw fps
A psw fps
a= [8.51.a]
0.85 f 'c b w
Or it can be written as :
a=
(Aps − Apsf )fps
0.85 f 'c b w
⎜ A ps − 0.85f 'c (b − b w )hf

⎛ ⎞
⎟fps
⎜ fps ⎟
a=⎝ ⎠ [8.51.b]
0.85f 'c b w
A ps fps − [0.85 f 'c (b − b w )hf ]

a=
0.85 f 'c b w
The nominal bending strength of beam W is :
⎛ a⎞
Mnw = A psw fps ⎜ dp − ⎟ [8.52]
⎝ 2⎠
where :
Mnw = nominal bending strength (beam W)
8 - 25
H. Beam F + Beam W
Total nominal bending strength of the T section is the superposition of the bending strength of beam F
and beam W.
The nominal bending strength of T section is :
⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ a⎞
Mn = A psf fps ⎜ dp − f ⎟ + A psw fps ⎜ dp − ⎟ [8.53]
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
where :
8.12.3 PRESTRESSING STEEL & TENSILE REINFORCEMENT

A. General
The T section is analyzed by divide the section into two sections containing web only and over hanged
flange. The analysis becomes rectangular section analysis and the total bending strength is obtained
by superposition two of the results.
The section contain web only called beam W and the section contain flange only called beam F.
FIGURE 8.7 T SECTION – PRESTRESSING STEEL & TENSILE REINFORCEMENT
8 - 26
B. Beam F
The following figure shows the beam F and its strain and stress distribution.
FIGURE 8.8 T SECTION BEAM F– PRESTRESSING STEEL & TENSILE REINFORCEMENT
The resultant of concrete compressive force of beam F is :
Cf = 0.85 f 'c (b − b w )hf [8.54]
where :
Cf = resultant of concrete compressive force (beam F)
b = effective width of the flange
as follows :
Cf =T f
[8.55]
Tf = 0.85 f 'c (b − b w )hf
The tensile force resultant of prestressing steel & tensile reinforcement of beam F is :
Tf = 0.85f 'c (b − b w )hf [8.56]
where :
Tf = tensile force resultant of prestressing steel & tensile reinforcement
(beam F)
The nominal bending strength of beam F is :
8 - 27
⎛ h ⎞
Mnf = {0.85f 'c (b − b w )hf }⎜ davg − f ⎟ [8.57]
⎝ 2⎠
where :
davg = average of dp and d
b = effective width of section
bw = width of web
The average of d for prestressing steel and non-prestressing tensile steel can be calculated as follows :
A ps fpsdp + A s fy d
davg = [8.58]
A ps fps + A s fy
C. Beam W
The following figure shows the beam W and its strain and stress distribution.
FIGURE 8.9 T SECTION BEAM W– PRESTRESSING STEEL & TENSILE REINFORCEMENT
The resultant of concrete compressive force of beam W is :
Cw = 0.85f 'c b w a [8.59]
where :
Cw = resultant of concrete compressive force (beam W)
The tensile force resultant of prestressing steel & tensile reinforcement of beam W is :
Tw = T − Tf
Tw = A ps fps + A sfy − {0.85 f 'c (b − b w )hf }

[8.60]
where :
8 - 28
Tw = tensile force resultant of prestressing steel & tensile reinforcement

(beam W)
Aps = area of prestressing steel
As = area of non-prestressing tensile steel
fy = yield strength of no-prestressing tensile steel
as follows :
C w =T w
0.85 f 'c b w a = A ps fps + A s fy − {0.85f 'c (b − b w )hf }

[8.61]
A ps fps + A s fy − {0.85 f 'c (b − b w )hf }

a= [8.62]
0.85 f 'c b w
The nominal bending strength of beam W is :
⎛ a⎞
Mnw = Tw ⎜ davg − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
[ ⎛
] a⎞
Mnw = A ps fps + A s fy − {0.85 f 'c (b − b w )hf } ⎜ davg − ⎟
[8.63]
⎝ 2⎠
where :
fy = yield strength of no-prestressing tensile steel
D. Beam F + Beam W
Total nominal bending strength of the T section is the superposition of the bending strength of beam F
and beam W.
The nominal bending strength of T section is :
Mn = Mnf + Mnw [8.64]
8 - 29
Mn = {0.85f 'c (b − bw )hf }⎛⎜ davg − hf ⎞⎟ +

⎝ 2⎠
[Apsfps + A sfy − {0.85f 'c (b − bw )hf }]⎛⎜ davg − a2 ⎞⎟

⎝ ⎠
where :
b = effective width of T section
8.13 PRELIMINARY ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE DESIGN

8.13.1 GENERAL
The preliminary ultimate limit state design of prestressed concrete member can be done with the
followings assumption, as follows :
Assume the lever arm of the prestressing steel is :
jd = 0.8h
Assume the ultimate stress of prestressing steel is :
fps = 0.90 fpu
8.13.2 REQUIRED PRESTRESSING STEEL AREA

Based on the above assumption the required prestressing steel area is :
Mu φ
A ps =
0.9fpu (0.80h) [8.65]
where :
Aps = required prestressing steel area
Mu = ultimate bending moment
h = depth of the member
8 - 30

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8.2 BEHAVIOR AT ULTIMATE LEVEL

8.3.2 TYPES OF FAILURE

The step-by-step of failure is as follows :

8.3 FULLY PRESTRESSING & PARTIALLY PRESTRESSING

8.3.2 FULLY PRESTRESSING

8.3.3 PARTIALLY PRESTRESSING

8.4 ANALYSIS OF CRACKING MOMENT

φMn ≥ 1.2Mcr [8.1]

8.4.2 CRACKING MOMENT

So at the cracking stage the formula above becomes :

The cracking moment is :

8.5 LIMITS OF NON-PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT

8.5.2 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT

TABLE 8.1 MINIMUM NON-PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT

The limits above is applies for rectangular section.

The ratio of the reinforcement ρ is defined as :

bw = width of the beam web

A s min = 0.00075hL [8.7]

8.5.3 MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT

TABLE 8.2 BALANCED STEEL RATIO OF NON-PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT

0.85β1f 'c ⎛ 87000 ⎞ 0.85β1f 'c ⎛ 600 ⎞

The coefficient value β1 for concrete strength less than 30 MPa is :

β1 = 0.85 − {(f 'c −30 )0.008}

β1 = 1.09 − 0.008 f 'c [8.9]

The maximum ratio of non-prestressing reinforcement then defined as :

ρmax = 0.75ρb [8.10]

8.6 LIMITS OF PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT

8.6.2 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT

TABLE 8.3 MINIMUM PRESTRESSING REINFORCEMENT

8.7 LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT INDEX

8.7.2 REINFORCEMENT INDEX

TABLE 8.4 REINFORCEMENT INDEX

A ps fps ⎛ fps ⎞ A s fY ⎛f ⎞ A 's f Y ⎛f ⎞

ω = reinforcement index of non-prestressing tensile steel

8.7.3 UNDER REINFORCED & OVER REINFORCED

Re inf orcement Index ≤ 0.36β1 [8.11]

And the over reinforced is achieved if follows the condition below :

Re inf orcement Index > 0.36β1 [8.12]

TABLE 8.5 UNDER REINFORCED CONDITION – RECTANGULAR SECTION

TABLE 8.6 UNDER REINFORCED CONDITION – T SECTION

TABLE 8.7 OVER REINFORCED CONDITION – RECTANGULAR SECTION

TABLE 8.8 OVER REINFORCED CONDITION – T SECTION

The factor β1 is the concrete strength effect, as follows :

TABLE 8.9 CONCRETE STRENGTH EFFECT

8.8 EMPIRICAL BENDING STRENGTH – OVER REINFORCED CONDITION

8.8.2 RECTANGULAR SECTION

Mn = 0.25f 'c bdp2 [8.14]

The design bending strength in over reinforced condition is :

φMn = 0.70(Mn ) [8.15]

Mn = 0.25f 'c b w dp2 + 0.85f 'c (b − b w )hf (d − 0.5hf ) [8.16]

The design bending strength in over reinforced condition is :

φMn = 0.70(Mn ) [8.17]

8.9 ULTIMATE STRAIN AND STRESS OF PRESTRESSING STEEL

8.9.2 ULTIMATE STRAIN OF PRESTRESSING STEEL

B. Effective Prestressing Stage

Due to prestressing loss the strain of prestressing steel at service load is :

FIGURE 8.1 DECOMPRESSION STRAIN

The followings are the explanation of the decompression concept, as follows :

The decompression strain due to effective prestressing force, is :

D. Beyond Decompression Stage

The additional prestressing steel strain beyond the decompression stage is :

8.9.3 ULTIMATE STRESS OF PRESTRESSING STEEL