STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY – Core Subject LESSON 5.

2: The z-Test for a Mean

Definition 5.2: Z-test
CHAPTER 5: HYPOTHESIS TESTING - If the sample size is greater than or equal to 30 sample units, the
LESSON 5.1: HYPOTHESIS TESTING z-test is the most appropriate test statistics.
Definition 4.1: Hypothesis
- Is a very good way to choose between two claims with minimum  One Sample Mean
risk of making a wrong decision. ( 𝑥 − 𝜇)√𝑛
𝑍𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 =
- Is a tentative statement. 𝜎
- These are the premises or claims that needs to be test. Where:
𝑥 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝜇 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝜎 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛′𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Two Sample Mean
TWO TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS: 𝑥1 − 𝑥2
1. Null Hypothesis (Ho) – there is no different between the 𝑍𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 =
parameter and the specific value. 2 2
√𝑆1 + 𝑆2
2. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) – there exist a difference between 𝑛1 𝑛2
the parameter and a specific value. Where: 𝑥1 = 1𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥2 = 2𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑛1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
 One-tailed of hypothesis: 𝑛2 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒.
a. 𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇 = 𝑘 𝑣𝑠. 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇 > 𝑘 𝑆1 = 1𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑. 𝑑𝑒𝑣. 𝑆2 = 2𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑. 𝑑𝑒𝑣.
b. 𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇 = 𝑘 𝑣𝑠. 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇 < 𝑘
LESSON 5.3: The t-Test for a Mean
 Two-tailed of hypothesis: Definition 4.3:
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇 = 𝑘 𝑣𝑠. 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇 ≠ 𝑘 - The t-Test is most appropriate statistics test, if the sample size is
less than 30.
- It is also used when the population is normally or approximately
TWO TYPES OF ERROR THAT CAN BE MADE OF DOING A HYPOTHESIS normally distributed and 𝜎 is unknown.
TESTING: - For the t-test, the degrees of freedom are 𝑣 = 𝑛 − 1.
a. Type 1 Error – is when you are rejecting the Ho which is actually - The formula for the t-test is similar to the formula for the s-test.
true. But since 𝜎 is unknown, we use 𝑠 instead.
b. Type 2 Error – is when you are accepting the Ho that is actually - For the two-sided hypothesis:
false. 𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜, 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑜,
𝑊𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻𝑜 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝛼 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝛼, , 𝑣
2
- For the right-sided hypothesis:
 There is no significant difference between the love of the sweet guy
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜, 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇 > 𝜇𝑜,
and the love of the bully guy.
𝑊𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻𝑜 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 > 𝑡𝛼, , 𝑣.
2

 There is significant difference between the love of the sweet guy - For the left-sided hypothesis:
and the love of the bully guy. 𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜, 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇 < 𝜇𝑜,
𝑊𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻𝑜 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 < 𝑡𝛼, , 𝑣.
2
 - Using z-test or t-test: The Tabular Value of Z at indicated Levels of Significance.
Yes No 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.10
Is 𝜎 known? + + + +
One-tailed Test −2.58 −2.33 −1.645 −1.28
Z-Test T-Test + + + +
Two-tailed Test −2.81 −2.575 −1.96 −1.645

 One Sample Mean Example 1:

( 𝑥 − 𝜇)√𝑛 − 1
𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 = The average life of android phone in the Philippines is 30 months. It is
𝑠 known that the standard deviation of the said phones is 4 months. A test
 Two Sample Mean is conducted to validate whether the claim is true. 100 units are randomly
𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 = chosen to be tested and where found that the mean life is 34 months.
[𝑆1 2 (𝑛1 − 1)] + [𝑆2 2 (𝑛2 − 1)] 1 1 Test the hypothesis using a level significance of 5%.
√[ ][ + ] Solution/Given:
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 𝑛1 𝑛2
𝑥= 𝜇= 𝑛= 𝜎=

1. Formulate the 𝑯𝒐 and 𝑯𝒂 and identify the claim.

STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING:
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝐻𝑎 ∶
1. Formulate the Null and Alternative Hypothesis and identify the
claim. 2. Find the critical values.
(𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎: 𝑯𝒂)
 Reject Ho & Do not reject Ha: There is enough evidence to
support the claim.
 Do not reject Ho & Reject Ha: There is not enough evidence to 3. Compute the test value.
support the claim.
(𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒊𝒎: 𝑯𝒐)
 Reject Ha & Do not reject Ho: There is enough evidence to
support the claim.
 Do not reject Ha & Reject Ho: There is not enough evidence to
4. Make the decision.
support the claim.
2. Find the critical values.
3. Compute the test value if 𝑍𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 or 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 .
4. Make the decision.
a. If the computed value of the test statistics is greater than or
equal to the critical value or tabular value: Reject Ho and
Accept Ha.
b. If the computed value of the test statistics is less than or
5. Summarize the result.
equal to the critical or tabular value: Reject Ha and Accept
Ho.
5. Summarize the result.
Example 2: Example 3:
The Brand A cellphone company claims that its phones have an almost A random sample of 81 observations taken from this population
the same lifespan as of the Brand B cellphone company. A test is produced a sample mean of 123.5 and a standard deviation 15. If this test
conducted to validate whether the claim is true. 40 phones from Brand A is made at the 2.5% significance level, would you reject the null
and 70 phones from Brand B are chosen for testing, and were found that hypothesis 𝜇 = 120 against the alternative hypothesis 𝜇 > 120?
the mean life for each 1s 32 and 35 months for Brand A and Brand B, Solution/Given:
respectively. The standard deviation for Brand A is 5 months while 7 𝑥= 𝜇= 𝑛= 𝜎=
months for Brand B. Test the hypothesis using a level of significance of 1. Formulate the 𝑯𝒐 and 𝑯𝒂 and identify the claim.
1%. 𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝐻𝑎 ∶
Solution/Given: 2. Find the critical values.
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 𝑛1 = 𝑛2 = 𝑆1 = 𝑆2 =

1. Formulate the 𝑯𝒐 and 𝑯𝒂 and identify the claim.

𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 3. Compute the test value.
2. Find the critical values.

3. Compute the test value.

4. Make the decision.

4. Make the decision.

5. Summarize the result.

5. Summarize the result.
Example 4: Example 5:
The average life of an android phone in the Philippines is 30 months. It is The Brand A cellphone company claims that its phones have an almost
known that the standard deviation of the said phones is 4 months. A test the same lifespan as of the Brand B cellphone company. A test is
is conducted to validate whether the claim is true. 20 units are randomly conducted to validate whether the claim is true. 18 phones from Brand A
chosen to be tested and it was found that the mean life is 34 months. and 24 phones from Brand B are chosen for testing, and it was found that
Test the hypothesis using a level of significance of 5%. the mean is 32 and 35 months for Brand A and Brand B, respectively. The
Solution/Given: standard deviation for Brand A is 5 months while 7 months for Brand B.
𝑥= 𝜇= 𝑛= 𝜎= Test the hypothesis using 1% level of significance.
Solution/Given:
1. Formulate the 𝑯𝒐 and 𝑯𝒂 and identify the claim. 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 𝑛1 = 𝑛2 = 𝑆1 = 𝑆2 =
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝐻𝑎 ∶
2. Find the critical values. 1. Formulate the 𝑯𝒐 and 𝑯𝒂 and identify the claim.
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝐻𝑎 ∶
2. Find the critical values.

3. Compute the test value.

3. Compute the test value.

4. Make the decision.

4. Make the decision.

5. Summarize the result. 5. Summarize the result.

Example 6: Example 7:
The average IQ of SHS students in a small private school is 85. A A researcher knows that the average height of a Filipino women is 1.525
researcher believes the average IQ of SHS students is higher than 85. A meters. A random sample of 26 women was taken and was found to have
test is conducted whether the claim is true. A random sample of 5 SHS a mean height of 1.56 meters, with a standard deviation of 0.10 meter. Is
students are tested and were found that the average IQ is 109 with there reason to believe that the 26 women in the sample are significantly
standard deviation of 15.3. Is there enough to support the claim that the taller than the others at 0.05 significance level?
average IQ is higher than 85? Solution/Given:
Solution/Given: 𝑥= 𝜇= 𝑛= 𝜎=
𝑥= 𝜇= 𝑛= 𝜎=
1. Formulate the 𝑯𝒐 and 𝑯𝒂 and identify the claim.
1. Formulate the 𝑯𝒐 and 𝑯𝒂 and identify the claim. 𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝐻𝑎 ∶
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 2. Find the critical values.
2. Find the critical values.

3. Compute the test value.

3. Compute the test value.

4. Make the decision.

4. Make the decision.

5. Summarize the result.

5. Summarize the result.
Example 8: Example 9:
A medical researcher investigation claims that the average number of An educator claims that the average salary of a substitute teachers in
infections per week at a hospital is 16.3. A random sample of ten weeks school districts in Florida is less than $60 per day. A random sample of
had a mean number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard deviation is eight school district is selected, and the daily salaries (in dollars) are
1.8. Is there enough evidence to reject the investigator’s claim at shown: Note: Formula of 𝑠 2 .
𝛼 = 0.05? 60 60 70 60
Solution/Given: ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥)2
56 55 55 55 𝑠=√
𝑥= 𝜇= 𝑛= 𝜎= 𝑛−1
Is there enough evidence to support the educator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.10?
1. Formulate the 𝑯𝒐 and 𝑯𝒂 and identify the claim.
Solution/Given:
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝑥= 𝜇= 𝑛= 𝜎=
2. Find the critical values.
1. Formulate the 𝑯𝒐 and 𝑯𝒂 and identify the claim.
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝐻𝑎 ∶
2. Find the critical values.
3. Compute the test value.

3. Compute the test value.

4. Make the decision.

4. Make the decision.

5. Summarize the result.

5. Summarize the result.
Example 10: Example 11:
A physician claims that joggers’ maximal volume oxygen uptake is greater A state executive claims that the average number of acres in Western
than the average of all adults. A sample of 15 joggers has a mean of 40.6 state parks is less than 2000 acres. A random sample of five parks is
ml/kg and a standard deviation of 6 ml/kg. If the average of all adults is selected, and the number of acres is shown:
36.7 ml/kg, is there enough evidence to support the physician’s claim at 959 1187 493 6249 541
level of significance of 0.05%? At 𝛼 = 0.01, is there enough evidence to support the claim?
Solution/Given: Solution/Given:
𝑥= 𝜇= 𝑛= 𝜎= 𝑥= 𝜇= 𝑛= 𝜎=

1. Formulate the 𝑯𝒐 and 𝑯𝒂 and identify the claim. 1. Formulate the 𝑯𝒐 and 𝑯𝒂 and identify the claim.
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝐻𝑎 ∶
2. Find the critical values. 2. Find the critical values.

3. Compute the test value. 3. Compute the test value.

4. Make the decision. 4. Make the decision.

5. Summarize the result. 5. Summarize the result.