The Impact of Floods On Small Scale Farmers in Jowhar District - Middle Shabelle - Somalia.

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA
SOMALI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
THE IMPACT OF FLOODS ON SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN JOWHAR

DISTRICT -MIDDLE SHABELLE- SOMALIA.
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE
REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF LAUREA IN AGRICULTURE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AT SOMALI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
SUPERVISOR: CANDIDATES:
ABDULLAHI NUR MOHAMED. ABDULKADIR MOHAMED

ABDIRAHIM
ABDIQANI ALI ADAN
IBRAHIM JAMAL AHMED
MOWLID ABDULKADIR SAID
March, 2019
i
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
THE IMPACT OF FLOODS ON SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN JOWHAR

DISTRICT -MIDDLE SHABELLE- SOMALIA.
ABDULKADIR MOHAMED ABDIRAHIM
ABDIQANI ALI ADAN
IBRAHIM JAMAL AHMED
MOWLID ABDULKADIR SAID
A THESISSUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE
REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF LAUREA IN FACULTY OF
AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AT SOMALI NATIONAL
UNIVERSITY
March, 2019
i
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this thesis is our own work and effort and that it has not been
submitted anywhere for any award previously and is also not being concurrently
submitted for any other degree. Where other sources of information have been used, they
have been acknowledged.
1. ABDIKADIR MOHAMED ABDIRIHIN
2. ABDIQANI ALI ADEN
3. IBRAHIM JAMAL AHMED
4. MOWLIID ABDIKADIR SICIID
Graduate Signatures:
1. ......................................
2. ......................................
3. ......................................
4. .......................................
Date: ......../......../2019
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APPROVAL
This thesis has been written with my guidance and supervision and thus recommend it
for submission for further consideration
Yours Sincerely,
Name: ABDULLAHI NUR MOHAMED
Title: LECTURER
Signature Date:
___________________________
Date
_____/______/________________
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DEDICATION
We would like to grant this thesis to people affected by the floods in our country and
especially to people of Jowhar. We also dedicate this thesis to our dear parents, families,
friends and university lecturers.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all Praise and much thanks be to the Merciful Allah, who granted us the
opportunity to successfully complete our academic studies. This Project is not merely
our own work and our ability after Allah but, combined with efforts and helpful from
our dear project supervisor Mr.Abdullahi Nur Mohamed, he is not only teacher as well
as he is a close friend for his guidance and encouragement to complete this book.
Second thanks to our parents, who were very helpful many times. Their support and
encouragement helped us a lot in completing this project successfully. We deeply
appreciate and thank our dear friends’ guidance and excellent supervision that more than
words can describe. Without their precious guidance, help, and we couldn’t be able to
accomplish this Project. Finally, we would also like to grant our deep sense of gratitude
to everyone, who contributed to our thesis project development process through
encouragement, technical support and much more cooperation and for being helpful to
the finishing of this project. We special thank Danwadaag Group of Companies for their
support in completing this book.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL ........................................................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................................................................ iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................................ vi
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. x
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ xi
ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................ xii
ABSTARCT......................................................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................................ 4
1.2 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 5
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................ 6
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................... 6
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................................. 7
1.5.1 CONTENT SCOPE .................................................................................................................... 7
1.5.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE......................................................................................................... 7
1.5.3 TIME SCOPE ............................................................................................................................. 7
1.6 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS ...................................................................................................... 7
1.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER TWO: ................................................................................................................................. 9
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................. 9
2.1 DEFINITIONS OF FLOODS ............................................................................................................ 9
2.2 GENERAL TYPES OF FLOODS ...................................................................................................... 9
2.3 CAUSES OF FLOODS.................................................................................................................... 11
2.4 ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FLOODS ............................................................................................ 13
2.5 EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS OF FREQUENT FLOODS ................................................................... 21
CHAPTER THREE: ........................................................................................................................... 25
3.0 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 25
3.1. RESEARCH DASIGN.................................................................................................................... 25
3.2 RESEARCH POPULATION ........................................................................................................... 25
vi
3.3 STUDY AREA AND DURATION .................................................................................................. 25
3.4 SAMPLE SIZE ................................................................................................................................ 27
3.5 DATA COLLECTION .................................................................................................................... 27
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................... 27
3.7 INCLSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA.................................................................................... 28
3.8 RESEARCH QUALITY .................................................................................................................. 28
3.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION........................................................................................................ 29
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................... 30
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION....................................................................................................... 30
4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 30
4.2 RESEARCH FINDINGS ................................................................................................................. 31
4.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................................. 55
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................ 55
5.1 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 55
5.2 RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................................. 56
REFERENCE ...................................................................................................................................... 57
APPENDIX: (A) TIME FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................... 59
APPENDIX: (B) QUESTIONNAIRE .............................................................................................. 60
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.2. 1.Comparative Analysis of respondents based on Age. ............................................. 31
Table 4.2. 2.Comparative Analysis based on Gender of respondents.......................................... 32
Table 4.2. 3 Comparative Analysis based on marital status of respondents ................................ 33
Table 4.2. 4 Comparative Analysis based on education level of respondents ............................. 34
Table 4.2. 5 Comparative Analysis based on occupation of respondents .................................... 35
Table 4.2. 6 Comparative Analysis of the population response from flooding results. ................ 36
Table 4.2. 7 Comparative Analysis of the heavy Rainfall as a main factor of flooding results in
Jowhar farms. ............................................................................................................................ 37
Table 4.2. 8 Comparative Analysis of the Human activity as a causal factor of flooding results. 38
Table 4.2. 9 Comparative Analysis of the Riverine floods as most notable Floods in Jowhar. .... 39
Table 4.2. 10 Comparative Analysis of blocked drains and River overflows as Flood contributing
factors. ...................................................................................................................................... 40
Table 4.2. 11 Comparative Analysis of frequent flooding as problem for Local farmers in
Jowhar. ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Table 4.2. 12Comparative Analysis of Crop failure and human properties loss as consequences
of flooding impacts in Jowhar. .................................................................................................. 42
Table 4.2. 13 Comparative analysis of flooding effects on agricultural lands and their production.
................................................................................................................................................. 43
Table 4.2. 14Comparative analyses of Cash crops are most susceptible to flooding in Jowhar. .. 44
Table 4.2. 15 The comparative analyses of appropriate soil management can prevent flood. ...... 45
Table 4.2. 16 Comparative analyses of Training of farmers can take place on riverbank
protection. ................................................................................................................................. 46
Table 4.2. 17 Comparative Analysis of Building of reservoirs as effective solutions of frequency
floods. ....................................................................................................................................... 47
Table 4.2. 18 Comparative analysis of removing sediments in the river as factor minimizes
perennial floods. ........................................................................................................................ 48
Table 4.2. 19Comparative analysis of government role as main factor of flood protection ......... 49
Tabl 4.2. 20 Comparative analysis that Canals facilitate levels control of water. ........................ 50
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.2. 1 Age of respondent ................................................................................................ 31

Figure 4.2. 2 Gender of respondents .......................................................................................... 32
Figure 4.2. 3 Marital statuses of respondents ............................................................................. 33
Figure 4.2. 4 Education levels of respondents ........................................................................... 34
Figure 4.2. 5 Occupation of respondents.................................................................................... 35
Figure 4.2. 6 Comparative Analysis of the population response from flooding results. .............. 36
Figure 4.2. 7 Comparative Analysis of the heavy Rainfall as a main factor of flooding results in
Jowhar farms. ............................................................................................................................ 37
Figure 4.2. 8 Comparative Analysis of Human activities as a causal factor of flooding results. . 38
Figure 4.2. 9 Comparative Analysis of the riverine floods as most notable Floods in Jowhar. ... 39
Figure 4.2. 10 Comparative Analysis of blocked drains and River overflows as Flood
contributing factors. .................................................................................................................. 40
Figure 4.2. 11 Comparative Analysis of frequent flooding as problem for Local farmers in
Jowhar. ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 4.2. 12 Comparative Analysis of Crop failure and human properties loss as consequences
of flooding impacts in Jowhar. .................................................................................................. 42
Figure 4.2. 13 Comparative Analysis of flood effects on agricultural lands and their production.
................................................................................................................................................. 43
Figure 4.2. 14 Comparative Analysis of Cash crops are most susceptible to flooding in Jowhar44
Figure 4.2. 15 Comparative Analysis of The appropriate soil management can prevent flood. .. 45
Figure 4.2. 16 Comparative Analysis of Training of farmers can take place on riverbank
protection .................................................................................................................................. 46
Figure 4.2. 17 Comparative Analysis of Building of reservoirs as effective solutions of
frequency floods........................................................................................................................ 47
Figure 4.2. 18 Comparative Analysis of Removing sediments in the river as factor minimizes
perennial floods......................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 4.2. 19 Comparative Analysis of Government role as main factor of flood protection .... 49
Figure 4.2. 20 Comparative Analysis of Canals facilitate level Control of water. ....................... 50
xi
ACRONYMS
WASH: Water, sanitation and hygiene.
UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.
AMSL: Above mean sea level
KM: Kilometer
Ft: Feet
FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency
WFP: World food program
NGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations
WMO: World Metrological Organization
FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization
WHO: World Health Organization
SWALIM: Somali Water and Land Information System
OCHA: UN office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
CVI: Content validity index
IPD: Internally displaced people
IFAD: International fund for agricultural development
FSNAU: Food Security Nutrition and Analysis Unit
xii
ABSTARCT
Floods have been most notable and prevalent natural disasters worldwide and in the
recent years the severity and frequency of these floods had increased. Floods can occur in
any region, in the countryside or in cities. In the past, floods have affected millions of
people around the world. Floods bring loss of live, biodiversity and infrastructure
sustainability, crop failure, environmental degradation, destruction of farmer’s properties
and increased population displacement. Our main objectives were, to identify factors that
cause floods, to describe economic impacts of floods on small scale farmers and to find
out effective solutions of frequent floods in Jowhar- middle Shabelle-Somalia. The study
was descriptive in design and questionnaire was used as a tool to conduct the study. The
findings of this study shows that the causes of floods in Jowhar city is not only a single
factor but two or more combined factors including power weather systems, heavy
rainfall, human activities, blocked drains and river overflow . It has been identified that
the local farmers suffer the floods by reducing farming land and affecting human
properties like house, livestock, farm products, infrastructure e.t.c. The study found that
cash crops are most susceptible to flooding in the study area. The study findings also
found that removing of sediments in the river, appropriate soil management, training of
farmers on riverbank protection, government warnings, improvement of water canals can
prevent or reduce floods in Jowhar ,middle Shabelle-Somalia. Based on our findings we
recommend building of dams and other reservoirs are effective solutions of frequency
floods. Government warning during times of flooding or before can take a major role of
preventing flooding. Training of farmers on riverbank protection and appropriate soil
management in the study area is another key of preventing floods
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INRODUCTION
Floods are the most frequent natural hazards in world, and the most costly in terms
of property damage. Floods can occur in any region, in the countryside or in cities. In the
past, floods have affected millions of people around the world. They can occur at any
time of the year and are most often caused by heavy rainfall, rapid melting of a thick
snow pack, ice jams, or more rarely, the failure of a natural or human-made dam.
River floods or stream breaks occur through their natural or artificial bank due to heavy
rainfall, melting of snow, dam failure etc. Such kinds of flood occurrence are influence
by natural phenomena and human involvement like deforestation, land management,
industrial development, agriculture, regulation of rivers. However, the recent causes for
frequent flooding of some areas are mainly due to un-planned land use, construction and
operating of dams in upstream. Floods are of mainly three types: flash flood, river flood
and coastal flood. (Collins H. Wizor and Week, 2014).
The effects of floods recorded in the world are different depending on the countries. For
instance the worst flood in China 1998 affected 223 million people, 3004 people
reported dead, 15 million were homeless and the economic loss was over US$ 2billion
for that year. In Cambodia and Vietnam during year 2000,428 people reported dead and
estimated economic loss of over US$250 million. For the last 10 years due to frequent
occurring of floods thousands of people have been affected due to flood in India,
Pakistan, Korea, China, and Bangladesh with their agricultural field, residential areas i.e.
livelihood and food. An effect of floods in less developed countries is more vulnerable.
1
They are linked to poverty, lack of knowledge, low livelihood sources, lack of insurance,
weak institutions and above all, lot of problems with emergency response and early
warning preparation.(Collins H. Wizor and Week, 2014)
Floods are the most widespread climate-related hazards in the world, and they impact
more people globally than any other type of natural disaster (World Disasters Report,
2003).Historically, along the Juba and Shabele riverine areas in Somalia, floods have
been the most prevalent form of natural disaster. The most recent severe flood events
were the floods of the Deyr in 1961, 1977, 1997, and 2006, and floods of the GU’ in
1981 and 2005. The last three major flooding events had magnitudes larger than the one
associated with the historical 50-year return period flood event.(SWALIM, Improving
Flood Forecasting and Early Warning in Somalia. Feasibility Study, 2007)
According to WHO (2006),A total of 400 000 people, as of November 27, 2006, living
in the South and Central zone of Somalia are affected by over-flooding of the Shabele
and Juba rivers during the current rainy season (October-December 2006). During the
week ending on 17 April 2018, the Juba and Shabele basins in Somalia and in the
Ethiopian highlands continued to receive moderate to heavy rains. Following the heavy
rains, flash floods were reported in many places within the two basins leading to
displacements, inundation of croplands and destruction of property. The floods have
further destroyed the livelihoods of populations in the regions in Hiran, Middle and
Lower Shabeele, Gedo, Middle and Lower Juba. Hygiene and sanitation conditions are
threatening the upsurge of communicable diseases. Wet and poorly drained soil can be
quite difficult except for few crops. Heavy rainfall accompanied by flooding cannot only
cause tremendous damage to woody and herbaceous plants, but also destroy buildings
2
and homes.(SWALIM, Improving Flood Forecasting and Early Warning in Somalia.
Feasibility Study, 2007)
Somalia Localized flooding caused by a breach of the Shebelle river banks has affected
1,300 hectares of farmland in Middle Shebelle region. (OCHA, Floods in Central and
East Africa, 2007).
The total area affected by the floods is still estimated to be 8,000 hectares of land
inundated in Jowhar and Balcad districts (FAO’s Food Security Nutrition and Analysis
Unit - FSNAU). The floods are attributed to rains in Ethiopian highlands, which
according to the last Floods and Tropical Storm Alert on the 13 November will continue
receiving heavy rains, maintaining the high risk of river flooding in middle and lower
parts of the Juba and Shabelle rivers. The assessment mission observed how the floods
corrupted numerous shallow wells, leaving inhabitants to seek water elsewhere, often
from contaminated sources. It is believed that the situation is similar in most of the
villages currently inaccessible due to flooding. There is an absence of latrines in the
villages visited in Balad and Jowhar districts and no supporting hygiene promotion
activities.(OCHA, Jowhar Flood Brief, 17 November 2013).
Many studies related the economic impact of floods on small scale farmers have been
conducted in many parts of the world. Small-scale farming involves growing crops
which used by an individual family as significant source of their livelihood. (Mertz et al.
hassan, 2004,2005,2009).
There are effects of flooding which can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary
of long-term effects. The primary effects can be in the form of physical damage to any
type of structure like buildings, bridges, roads, cars and sewer systems. The other form
3
is of casualties where people and livestock die because of drowning. Secondary effects
are water supplies which can be contaminated, water-borne diseases, crops and food
supplies shortage and other species of trees which are non-tolerant can die from
suffocation. Tertiary or long-term effects are of an economic nature – there is a decline
in tourism, rebuilding costs, food shortage which normally leads to price
increases.(Rabalao, 2010).
Floods may indirectly lead to an increase in vector-borne diseases through the expansion
in the number and range of vector habitats. Standing water resulting from heavy rainfall
or overflow of rivers can act as breeding sites for mosquitoes, and therefore enhance the
potential for exposure of the disaster-affected population and emergency workers to
infections. Flooding may initially flush out mosquito breeding, but it comes back when
the waters recede. The lag time is usually around 6-8 weeks before the onset of a malaria
epidemic. Generally, floods contribute to the lessening or the dilution of pollutants
provided there are no sewage and chemical spills. A bigger concern is the increase in the
sediments, plants, trees, litter and other objects (Bhagwan, 2011).
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The study explores issues of the impacts of the floods on small scale farmers in Jowhar,
middle Shabele-Somalia. Furthermore we intend to investigate the strategies the affected
people employ so as to mitigate the negative consequences and its impact on small scale
farmers and agricultural production. The flood caused a significant impact in terms of
economic and human losses. Most of the communities targeted in the area are located
along the River shabele which passes through Lower Shabele. Since the occurrence of
frequent floods in Jowhar, middle shabele and have adverse effect on small scale
4
farmer’s livelihood and since the floods have crucial role in destruction of cultivated
lands, household sites, soil erosion and create health hazards.
Flooding has significant impacts on global and regional food production. In middle
Shabele When the Shabele River flows normally and there are no heavy rains; river
water flow are at minimum level causing no damage to small scale farmers in riverine
areas. Generally the two rainy seasons are the most significant seasons susceptible to
flooding in riverine areas and frequent floods of the river shabele had negatively
impacted in the study area in terms of socioeconomic welfare, environmental, and food
security. In middle Shabele the current problems related the impact of floods on small
scale farmers are visible and affect small scale farmers by destroying their crops there by
reducing their productivity, loses of life and farmer’s property that is why we do this
research addressing the impact of floods on small scale farmers in Jowhar, middle
Shabele, Somalia.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
1.2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES
To assess the impact of floods on small scale farmers in Jowhar -middle shabele,
Somalia and make clear recommendations for effective flood control.
1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To identify factors that causes floods in Jowhar-middle Shabele-Somalia
To describe the economic impacts of floods on small scale farmers in Jowhar-middle
Shabele Somalia.
5
To achieve an effective solutions of frequent floods in Jowhar- middle Shabelle-
Somalia.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How to identify factors that cause floods in Jowhar middle Shabelle-Somalia?
2. Are there economic impacts of floods on small scale farmers in Jowhar middle
Shabeele Somalia?
3. What are effective solutions of frequent floods in Jowhar middle Shabelle-
Somalia.?
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is important because it assesses and estimates the economic impact of the
floods of small scale farmers in Jowhar – middle Shabelle. More importantly, it is
envisaged that the outputs of the study will be key inputs in the designing of sustainable
mitigation measures to minimize the impact of floods and the associated risks. The
findings of the study will serves as guidance for local Farmers, Civil Society, NGOs and
International Community Operating in the study area. This study also will provide
research based and up to date information to future researchers and academicians about
the economic impact of floods on small scale farmers in Jowhar, middle Shabelle -
Somalia. The findings of this research contribute understand the farmers how to solve
flood problems in the future.
6
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.5.1 CONTENT SCOPE

This study will focus on the impact of floods on small scale farmers in Jowhar-Middle
Shebelle, Somalia. This study was descriptive in design and questionnaire was used as a
tool to conduct this study.
1.5.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE

This study was conducted in Jowhar city; Jowhar bordersJalalaqsi to the North,
Wanlaweyn to the West, Balcad to the South and Adale to the East. Jowhar is a city in
southern Somalia, located on the Shebelle River, about 90 kilometers north of the capital
Mogadishu.
1.5.3 TIME SCOPE

This study was conducted on the period from July 2018 to March 2019 in Jowhar-
Middle Shabelle, Somalia.
1.6 DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS
Precipitation: Any forms of water (rain, snow, hail etc.) falling from the sky.
Hydrology: The science dealing with the studies of water on earth and atmosphere.
Economic Impact: The impact of an economy event to specific area.
Flood forecast: The prediction of how floods will develop and its impacts.
Flood: Water overflowing onto land that usually is dry
Small scale farmer: Farmers having small piece of land in production of crops and
livestock.
7
1.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Independent variable Dependent variable
Floods Primary Secondary
 Injury and loss of  Short-term

pollution of rivers
life
and water
 Direct property
supplies.
damage
 Erosion and  Hunger

deposition of  Disease
sediment  Displacement of
 Destroy crops people
Figure 1.1 conceptual frame work.
8
CHAPTER TWO:
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 DEFINITIONS OF FLOODS

Floods are purely environmental hazards of meteorological phenomena, but very often
induced by man’s improper utilization or abuse of the physical environment. Floods are
among the most dramatic forms interaction between man and its environment. They
occur both in the developed or developing countries and are always associated with
heavy loses of life and property, misery hardship disease and at same times famine.(Eni
D. I., 2011).
Flooding is arguably the weather-related hazard that is most widespread around the
globe. It can occur virtually anywhere. A flood is defined as water overflowing onto
land that usually is dry. Flooding is often thought of as a result of heavy rainfall, but
floods can arise in a number of ways that are not directly related to ongoing weather
events. Thus, a complete description of flooding must include processes that may have
little or nothing to do with meteorological events. Nevertheless, it is clear that in some
ultimate sense, the water that is involved in flooding has fallen as precipitation at some
time, perhaps long ago. The origins of flooding, therefore, ultimately lie in atmospheric
processes creating precipitation, no matter what specific event causes the flooding. (C A
Doswell III, 2003).
2.2 GENERAL TYPES OF FLOODS

1. Pluvial floods: these are of very high rainfall intensity and duration during the rainy
season, sometimes caused by seasonal storms and depressions and exacerbated by
9
saturated or impervious soils. Built environments like cities generate higher surface
run-off, in excess of local drainage capacity, thereby causing local floods.
2. Riverine floods: river floods are triggered by heavy rainfall or snowmelt in upstream
areas, or by tidal influence from the downstream. Surface conditions like soil,
vegetation cover, and land use have a direct bearing on the amount of runoff
produced. River floods happen when the river run-off volume exceeds local flow
capacities. The river levels rise at a slow rate and the period of rise and fall is
particularly long, lasting even months, particularly in areas with flat slopes and
deltaic areas. In addition, the failure or bad operation of drainage or flood control
works upstream can also lead to riverine flooding.
3. Flash floods: these are the result of the rapid accumulation and release of runoff
waters from upstream mountainous areas, which can be caused by heavy rainfall,
cloud bursts, landslides, the sudden break-up of an ice jam or failure of flood control
works. They are characterized by a sharp rise followed by relatively rapid recession
causing high flow velocities. Discharges reach a maximum quickly and diminish
almost as rapidly.
4. Coastal floods: these types of floods are caused by high tides and storm surges
caused by tropical depressions and cyclones. Coastline configurations, offshore
water depth and estuary shape are factors that influence the intensity of coastal
floods. Furthermore, high tides may impede the discharge of rivers and drainage
systems, leading to local or riverine floods. (WMO and GWP, 2013). Tidal effects in
the estuarine reaches can make the river levels to stay high for long periods of time
and sustain flooding. Thus the cities located in estuarine reaches have to bear the
combined impacts of riverine as well as coastal floods due to storm surges and tidal
10
effects. (WMO and GWP, 2013) These types of floods happen especially in low-
lying stretches of coast.(Soutenue, Science et et technologies de le’information et de
la communication, 2016).
2.3 CAUSES OF FLOODS

According to Nott (2006:51), the causes of floods can be broadly divided into physical,
such as climatologically forces, and human influences such as vegetation clearing and
urban development. The most common causes of floods are climate related, most
notably rainfall. Prolonged rainfall events are the most common cause of flooding
worldwide. These events are usually associated with several days, weeks or months of
continuous rainfall. Human impacts on river catchments influence flood behavior. Land
use changes in particular have a direct impact on the magnitude and behavior of floods
and behavior of floods. Deforestation results in increased run-off and often a decrease in
channel capacity due to increased sedimentation rates.(MWAPE, An impact of floods on
the socio-economic livelihoods of people : A case study of Sikaunzwe community in
Kazungula district of Zambia., 2009).
The main cause of flooding is due to heavy rain fall making the water level of rivers rise
up. In August 2002 for instance continuous rain fall caused flooding in Eastern and
Central Europe (Caspary et al., 2004). (Houghton et al., 2001). Such flooding will
possibly be even more frequent because of the ongoing global warming (Zulqarnain,
2013).
Somalia has not been spared by the floods. According to SWAMLIM (2007) The
increase in both severity and damage (both economic and causalities) caused by floods,
11
apart from the natural increase in frequency and severity mentioned already, is due to
several other human made factors:
1. The encroachment of people upon traditional floodplains, as population increases and
pressure on land increases, is leading to enlargement of the number of people dwelling
in traditional floodplain areas. Predictably, as more people start living in floodplains, the
potential for loss of life and property will rise.
2. The major flood relief channels that were maintained by the Somali government
departments before the start of the civil war are in disrepair. Floods that are caused by
the poor state of the flood relief canals occur mostly in the Lower and Middle Shabelle
areas.
3. The deterioration of the river embankments and the unrestricted breaking of river
embankments for irrigation purposes often lead to flooding during periods when the
river levels are still below historical bank full stage.(SWALIM, Improving Flood
Forecasting and Early Warning in Somalia. Feasibility Study, 2007).
There are two key elements that cause floods – rainfall intensity and duration. The rate
of rainfall explains the intensity, and the duration is how long the rain continues. Flash
floods take a few minutes or hours to develop after an intense rainfall or failure of a dam
or levee, or sudden release of water held by ice or debris jam. These floods can catch
people unprepared (Master’s in Disaster 2007: 1-2).
Flooding can be caused by eruptions of water that are let loose by the bursting of man-
made dams. Dams are subjected to pressure and the volume of water impounded behind
them is enormous. Because water itself is extremely heavy, a well-designed, properly
located and soundly constructed dam may only remain safe for hundreds of years and
12
could not forever withstand wear, exposure and hydrostatic pressures that build up
within the reservoir. (Champ 1983: 20).(R.T.Rabaloa, 2010).
2.4 ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FLOODS

The floods have critically impacted crops, shelters and critical service infrastructure,
including water, health, and nutrition and education facilities. The increased risk of
water-borne communicable diseases remains a major threat, and in particular
AWD/cholera as the flood affected areas are some of the most at risk regions. (UNICEF,
11 May 2018).
Flooding causes structural and environmental damage to landscape (Akoroda, 2004).
Floods erode soil, often on a large scale bases. This displacement of soil leads to the
weakening of structures like houses and bridges. Ebisemiju (2008). Opines that the most
significant impact of flooding arises from urbanization, because it involves
deforestation, land use changes, precipitation, temperature modification of soil physical
properties and structures and the exposure of bare soil surfaces especially of
construction sites all of which bring about changes in the morphological and
hydrological state of water. (Eni D. I., 2011).
Flood waters can destroy homes and business; disrupt road, rail and communication
lines, and rain crops and agricultural land. Floods also disrupt in drainage and sewage
systems, presenting a serious health hazard resulting from pollution and water borne-
disease. Flooding of river is a natural phenomenon. The damage caused by flooding
however has increased due to decreasing space for rivers and growing population
pressure on valley grounds and wetlands (Olaniran, 2007). It is now generally accepted
that increasing urban coverage and other development have led to a worldwide increase
13
in both the risk and economic burden of floods (Mudetsee, 2003). The spectre of climate
change is also causing international concern. Although no studies have conclusively
shown how climate change have been a significant contributor to flood events to date
(Douglas, 2008), future prediction suggest that the frequency of severe weather
occurrences, including high-intensity and long-duration of rainfall events, is likely to
increase. There is also a perception that agricultural intensification and other changes in
land management practices may have increased the risk of flooding (Printer, 2009).(Eni
D. I., 2011).
Millions of people around the world are displaced from their homes each year by floods.
Floods are the most common hazard to cause disasters and have led to extensive
morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The impact of floods on the human
community is related directly to the location and topography of the area, as well as
human demographics and characteristics of the built environment.(Med, 2010).
Increased rainfall since the beginning of April 2018 has resulted in a sharp rise in the
Shabelle and Juba rivers, leading to severe flooding in southern and central Somalia.
Almost 700,000 people have been affected by flooding in riverine and flood-prone areas,
including over 214,200 people who have been displaced Beledweyne district (Hiraan
region) has been particularly affected, with 150,000 people displaced in Beledweyne
town.
Middle and Lower Shabelle, Bay, Jubaland, Galgaduud, and Banaadir regions have also
been affected.In Bay, Banaadir, and Galgaduud regions flash flooding has affected IDP
settlements, worsening the already vulnerable conditions of IDPs.(SWALIM, A brief
note on somalia floods., 2018).
14
There are many ways that flooding can damage plants. Excessive moisture in soil
decreases oxygen levels. This impedes respiration (where energy is released from
sugars) in the roots leading to the build-up of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen
gases. Ultimately, the roots can suffocate and die. Toxic compounds such as ethanol and
hydrogen sulphide can also build up in the soil and damage plants. If leaves and stems
are submerged, photosynthesis (absorption of energy from the sun to produce sugars)
can be inhibited and plant growth can slow or even stop.
Plants that are suffering from excessive-water stress are more prone to infection by
disease-causing organisms such as fungi or insects. Also, excessively wet soil tends to
favour the growth of soil-microbes such asFusariumspp,Phytophora spp. and
Rhizoctoniasolani, which can infect plant roots leading to diseases such as root and
crown rot, also floods destroy plant parts such as physically such as leaves, stems roots
fruits and e.tc.(Shailes, 2014).
Water running over the land surface breaks rocks down, carries away loose material, and
transports it downstream. At lower levels, where the carrying capacity of streams is
reduced or where a stream flows into a lake or the ocean, loose material deposits or
redeposits. Every year streams carry about 17.0 billion tons of eroded material from the
land to the oceans, seas, or large deep lakes. Rivers and groundwater that directly
discharge into the oceans carry about 3.5 billion tons more. Other denudational
processes, such as wind and glaciers, in total carry only about 3 billion tons from the
land to the oceans. Rivers are of particular importance in the drainage network. These
long-lived flows of water cross the greater parts of the continents. As they run, they cut
into the earth’s surface, creating valleys, and transporting a large amount of eroded
15
material from the drainage basin. By deepening valleys they enhance topographic
contrasts, making slopes steeper and thereby stimulating erosion on the slopes. Water
erosion is controlled by many physiographic, geologic, climatic, and other factors, such
as topography, types and distribution of soils, vegetation cover, lithology, land use, etc.
However, the intensity, duration, and ultimate effects of erosion are determined by the
organization and energy of running water(Mandych, Natural Disasters – Vol II - Floods
and Soil Erosion, 2006).
The health consequences of floods may be categorized broadly as direct or indirect.
Direct consequences are those resulting from direct exposure to the water and the
flooded environment, and include drowning, injuries from debris, chemical
contamination, and hypothermia. Indirect consequences are those associated with risks
associated with the damage done by the water to the natural and built environment and
include infectious diseases, malnutrition, poverty-related diseases, and diseases
associated with displaced populations (Hou, 2010).
During the past 30 years, flooding killed more than 200 000 people and affected more
than 2.8 billion others worldwide. During the past 10 years, in the European region,
1000 persons are reported to have been killed by floods and more than 3.4 million
affected (42). A review of European data for the years 2000–2011 shows that the
number of deaths from flooding was highest in central Europe and the former Soviet
Republics.
Two thirds of deaths associated with flooding are from drowning, and the other third are
from physical trauma, heart attacks, electrocution, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and
fire. Often, only immediate traumatic deaths from flooding are recorded. Morbidity
16
associated with floods is usually due to injuries, infections, chemical hazards and mental
health effects (acute as well as delayed). The longer-term health effects associated with a
flood are less easily identified. They include effects due to displacement, destruction of
homes, delayed recovery and water shortages. The most common health-relevant
occurrences during floods reported by European Member States are shortages of safe
water, injuries and disruption of access to health services.
Outbreaks of infectious diseases are rare. Known risk factors for flood-related mortality
and morbidity are: fast-flowing water, hidden hazards, water of unknown depth, driving
and walking through flood-water, flood-water contamination (by chemicals, sewage and
residual mud), and exposure to electrical hazards during recovery and cleaning, unsafe
drinking-water and food shortages and contamination, incomplete routine hygiene, CO
poisoning, and lack of access to health services.
Flooding of health facilities results in interruption of business, loss of infrastructure,
such as water supply and electrical power, increased patient admissions and increased
difficulty in providing routine medical and nursing care for patients with chronic
diseases, such as diabetes, renal failure, cystic fibrosis, cancer and mental illness.
Population vulnerability to the health effects of flooding is due to a complex interaction
of a variety of factors: severity and rapidity of the flooding, health status and necessity
of regular treatment, access and availability of warning, rapidity of response measures
and being located in high-risk areas and high-risk built environments.(WHO, 2013).
Smith and Ward (1998) argued that direct losses to floods occur immediately after the
event as a result of the physical contract of the flood waters with humans and with
damageable property.
17
However, indirect losses which are less easily connected to the flood disaster and often
operateOn-long time scales, may be equally, or even more important. Depending on
whether or not losses are capable of assessment in monetary values, they are termed
tangible and intangible. Some of the most important direct consequences of flooding
such as loss of human life or the consequent ill health of the survivors are intangible.
Indirect and intangible consequences of flooding are probably greatest in Least
Developed Countries (LDCs), especially where frequent and devastating floods create
special impacts for the survivors.
Primarily losses can be high in rural areas where most of the damage is sustained by
crops, livestock and the agriculture infrastructure, such as irrigation system, levees,
walls and fences. In other words primary losses relate mainly to the disruption of
economic and social activities, especially in urban areas, immediately after a flood
(Smith and Ward 1998).
According to Lind, et al. (2008:143), the loss in case of flooding has many dimensions.
In addition to economic loss and loss of life and injury, there may be irreversible loss of
land, of historical for cultural valuables and loss of nature or ecological valuables.
Borrows and De Bruin (2006:1) indicated that among natural catastrophes, flooding has
claimed more lives than any other single natural hazard. In the decade 1986 to 1995,
flooding accounted for 31% of the global economic loss from natural catastrophes and
55% of the casualties. The damaging effects of flooding are likely to become more
frequent, more prevalent and more serious in the future.
Mirza, et al. (2003:7) states that flood disaster has different impact on individuals,
householdsand communities. People cope in different ways. Rashid (2000:240)
18
described the 1998 floods that hit Bangladesh as the worst in the last country. Almost
two-thirds of the country was submerged under water and millions were affected. A total
of 33 million people were marooned of whom 18 million needed emergency food and
health services in 52 districts. The floods continued for more that 65 days. They
destroyed basic infrastructure like roads and bridges as well as houses, crops, animals
and cattle. The most damaging aspect of the flood was the destruction of people’s means
of livelihood. The response to the floods included distribution of food, medicine and
clothing for the poor.(MWAPE, An impact of floods on the socio-economic livelihoods
of people : A case study of Sikaunzwe community in Kazungula district of Zambia.,
2009).
In a study of Know Risk (2005), it is observed that the economic impact of natural
disasters shows a marked upward trend over the last several decades worldwide. The
hazards tend to hit communities in developing countries, increasing their vulnerability
and setting back their economic and social growth, sometimes by decades. The floods
have led to loss of human life, destruction of social and economic infrastructure and
degradation of already fragile ecosystems and social structures. The study indicates that
social impacts include changes in people’s way of life, their culture, community,
political systems, environment, health and wellbeing, their personal and property rights
and their fears and aspirations. In this study it was suggested in the results that, social
impacts are linked to the level of well being of individuals, communities and society. It
includes aspects related to the level of literacy and education, the existence of peace and
security, access to basic human rights, systems of good governance, social equity,
positive traditional values, knowledge structure, customs and ideological beliefs and
19
overall collective organizational systems. Some groups are more vulnerable than others,
mainly those less privileged in society (Living with Risk, 2002).
Floods had several socio-economic and political implications which caused a wide range
of complex issues. Some of the immediate consequences included the displacement of
people, the destruction of infrastructure such as houses and roads, damage to farms and
crops and loss of cattle and livestock. The destruction of roads and other infrastructure
delayed on-going development initiatives and political processes (Theron, 2007). Floods
also caused loss of soil fertility which lessened future harvests. In the long-term, affected
areas had to deal with the spread of infections and water borne diseases, cholera,
dysentery and diarrhoea which increased the need for safe drinking water and the
provision of water purification tablets.
Brouwer, et al. (2007) states that, Bangladesh is a highly flood prone country. Eighty
(80) percent of the country consists of floodplains and several other minor rivers. These
floodplains sustain a predominantly poor rural population. Once every ten (10) years
roughly one-third of the country gets severely affected by floods while in catastrophic
years such as 1988, 1998 and 2004, more than 60% of the country was inundated.
Floods caused social disruptions and resulted in scarcity of drinking water as surface
water got contaminated.(Rahman, 2014).
Wisner et al. (2007: 201) say that flooding has shown a remarkable impact
internationally and locally, the damage which has been costly to even developed
countries like Australia and Europe. The disasters caused by floods affect not only
individuals but also governments, planners and insurers. They cause more economic
losses than any other hazards. Floods are known risks and that is why there are always
20
both self and social protection measures. Dams are used as flood controls but because
some are not built or maintained as required, especially in terms of capacity, when a dam
is overflowing water is released to avoid dam damage or overspill and that turns into
downstream flooding. Flooding is taken as the second largest meteorological disaster in
China, and has detrimental effects on people’s lives. They further cause economic loss,
the environment becomes destroyed and the local society also experiences long-term
effects (Maosong, et al.2008: 78).
EurAqua (1996: 4) is the European Network of Fresh Water Research Organizations and
includes 15 publicly funded Research Organizations from 15 EU and EEA countries.
The countries have put papers in place on floods, drought and institutional aspects which
were presented during three different workshops. They all showed how floods were
emphasized by different participants, and also determined by their country’s individual
geographic characteristics. Belgium for instance raised different aspects of flood
protection science and policy like the ability to predict floods, their frequency and
intensity, coordination of actions before, during and after the flood event, the socio-
economic impact of floods and flood protection, technical possibilities of flood
prevention and risk reduction and hydrological effects of potential global
warming.(Rabalao, 2010).
2.5 EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS OF FREQUENT FLOODS

Barriers that impound hydrologic flows, dams retain floodwaters before they reach areas
at risk. For example, during high-precipitation periods, dams hold upstream floodwaters
that are released gradually to minimize the likelihood of damage to downstream
communities. However, during exceptionally large events, the storage capacity of a dam
21
can be exceeded and uncontrolled flood flows are passed downstream. Under these
circumstances, downstream levees may not be able to contain floodwaters and will fail.
Channels are constructed to carry floodwaters around a community or region where the
capacity of a river to pass a large volume of floodwaters past a critical location is
limited. Under some circumstances, river channels can be modified to increase their
flood carrying capacity.(Science, 2013).
Inappropriate soil management, machinery and animal hooves can cause soil to
become compacted so that instead of absorbing moisture, holding it and slowly
letting it go, water runs off it immediately. Well drained soil can absorb huge
quantities of rainwater, preventing it from running into the rivers
In many developing countries, drainage systems are chocked with litter and
people have little knowledge of the effects that can have during a rain. When it
rains, waterways and culverts are blocked by massive chunks of litter and
debris, and water finds its way into the streets and into people's homes.
Education is therefore very important to inform and caution people about the
dangers of floods, what causes floods, and what can be done to minimize its
impact. A flood warning is when an official announcement is given (by TV,
Radio, Text Message or Phone, Email or other means) of an impending flood or
an already flood that has already occurred. A flood warning instructs people to
move to higher ground or take immediate precautions to avoid drowning or to
minimize damage to property. Trees, shrubs and grass help protect the land
from erosion by moving water. People in low-lying areas must be encouraged
22
to use a lot of vegetation to help break the power of moving flood water and
also help reduce erosion.(Eschooltoday, 2017-2018).
Governments should set up joint bodies, such as international river
commissions, where they do not yet exist. They should request these joint
bodies to incorporate flood prevention and protection into their activities and
entrust them with the development of good management practice for flood
prevention and protection. These joint bodies, when developing this good
management practice, should:
(a) Draw up a long-term flood prevention and protection strategy that covers the
entire transboundary river basin and its entire water system rather than the
transboundary watercourse.
(b) Include in the strategy at least such major objectives as reduction of the risk to
health and damage to property; reduction of the scales of floods; building of flood
awareness; and the set-ting-up or improvement of flood notification and forecasting
systems.
(c) Draw up an inventory of all structural and non-structural measures to pre-vent,
control and reduce floods; analyze the existing scope of flooding and human
activities based on a risk analysis that goes beyond national borders in the catchment
area; and identify the inadequacies of the existing scope of the technical and non-
technical flood control and preventive measures.
23
(d) To achieve the long-term goals of flood-related risk management, draw up an
action plan that contains all the measures (as well as their costs and effects) that
came up as a result of their view and have been ranked ac-cording to their relative
importance and timetables. (FEMA, 2003).
Flood events are a part of nature. They have existed and will continue to exist. As far as
feasible, human interference into the processes of nature should be reversed,
compensated and, in the future, prevented. Relief canals and Barrages along Shabelle
River should be rehabilitated as soon as possible to balance the water demand and
supply and avoid flood risks. Shabelle River Basin Authority should be established with
clear mandates for overall river basin management.
Human uses of floodplains should be adapted to the existing hazards. Appropriate
instruments and measures should be developed for all flooding related problems:
flooding, rising groundwater tables, and erosions.(AHMED., Flood management in Hir-
shabelle state of Somalia., 2018).
24
CHAPTER THREE:
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1. RESEARCH DASIGN

The study is descriptive in design which means to define the research problem rather
than analyzing and detailing the problem. The study was also adopted quantitative
research approach which focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across
groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon.
3.2 RESEARCH POPULATION

The population of Jowhar was estimated approximately about 160,000(One hundred
sixty thousand) in 2018.(Wikipedia, 2018). Farmers, agronomist, and educators and
other Academicians were targeted for the study.
3.3 STUDY AREA AND DURATION

The study was conducted in Jowhar-Middle Shabele- Somali, during the period from
July to December, 2018. Jowhar is the capital city of middle shabele region of Somalia.
Jowhar is also the administrative capital of Middle Shabele region of Somalia. The city
lies 90 km (50 mi) along a major road north of the national capital of Mogadishu.
Jowhar is located in southern Somalia with Coordinates: 2°47′N 45°30′E and total area
of 10 sq mi (25 km2) having about 300 ft (100 m) Elevation. As Jowhar is one of the
most susceptible flooding areas in southern Somalia and the river Shabelle passes
through it. Jowhar was founded as an Italian agricultural settlement in Somalia
experimenting with new cultivation techniques. Jowhar was a strategic and important
city of economic value notably due to its banana, rice, cotton and sugar plantations.
25
Even though the city was affected by civil wars and insecurity in the country still is one
of the major farming areas in the country and contributes local production.
Figure 3.1 Map of the study area
Source: SWALIM
26
3.4 SAMPLE SIZE
Slovenes’ formula was used in this study to calculate the appropriate sample size. Which
is written as n = N / (1 + Ne2) where n = Number of samples, N = Total population and e
= Error tolerance sample question.
80
n =
1+80(0.05)2
N ≈ 67
3.5 DATA COLLECTION

Data was collected using questionnaire. Questionnaire is most appropriate data
collection tool to be adopted for this study because the study is quantitative in design,
and it is the simplest tool we obtain now. We secured a list of farmers from the respected
target farmers. The farmers to participate in the study were selected using simple
random sampling. We collected the farmers in one place and explained what we need
then were requested to answer completely and not to leave any part of the questionnaires
unanswered, after that On retrieval, all returned questionnaires were checked if all
answered.
3.6DATA ANALYSIS
The process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to examine each
component of the data provided. This form of analysis is just one of the many steps that
must be completed when conducting a research. Data from various sources was
gathered, reviewed, and then analyzed to form some sort of finding or conclusion. There
are a variety of specific data analysis methods but in this study Statistical package for
social science (SPSS) program especially version 20 was used to analyze data.
27
3.7 INCLSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA
The study targeted the impact of floods on small scale farmers in Jowhar-Middle
Shabelle, Somalia. The study targeted farmers, agronomist, and educators and other
Academicians.
The exclusion of the study includes those floods that do not occur in Jowhar-Middle
Shabelle, Somalia. Also the study did not target the residents of Jowhar who are not
farmers, illiterate and visitors who were just visiting Jowhar at the time of the study.
3.8 RESEARCH QUALITY

Reliability relates to the consistence of the respondents when answering the items of the
questionnaire. In other words, the instrument can be reliable only if it produces or
replicates the same results whenever it is repeatedly used to measure a phenomena from
the same respondents even by other researchers. Reliability will be observed using test-
retest/ stability reliability. It is the extent to which scores on the same test by the same
individuals are consistent over time.
Validity relates to the relevance of the research instruments to study objectives; in other
words, it is the ability of the instruments to measure what is supposed to measure and the
data collected accurately represents the respondent‘s opinions. In order to ensure
validity, pre-test will be done and the questionnaire will be given to five research experts
who will judge the relevance of the questions to the objectives, then a content validity
index or CVI will be calculated. For the questionnaire to be accepted as valid, the
average of CVI should be 70% or above (Amin, 2005).
28
3.9ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
The researchers treated the participants as capable of making decisions. The researchers
had a respect to respondent’s freedom when entering their private places and when
asking questions. The researchers were guarantee maximum confidentiality for the
participants. Their information were only be used for the purpose of the study.
Participantswere informed that they are free to participate. They were also being
informed that they have the right to withdrawal. Consent was secured from the
participants after fully informing the nature, potential risks and benefits of the study.
29
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The study area is one of the most vulnerable areas of flooding in middle shabele region.
In this region floods occurred and left vital impacts especially on the livelihood sectors.
Most of the people directly depend on the agriculture sector in this area. Floods of this
area mostly affect the agriculture sector. Most of the respondents of the study said that
the agriculture product as well as livestock was the mostly affected during the flooding
periods. Frequency tables and bar charts have been used to summarize the results of the
study as possibly, correctly and easily.
30
4.2 RESEARCH FINDINGS
Table 4.2. 1.Comparative Analysis of respondents based on Age.
Respondents Frequency Percent

under 18
12 15.0
years
18-25 years 34 42.5
26-35 years 14 17.5
Valid
36-40 years 8 10.0
above 40
12 15.0
years
Total 80 100.0
Source: Primary Data 2019
According to this table, that the most of the respondents ( 42.5%) were in the age
between 18 – 25 years old, ( 17.5%) were in the between 26-35 years old, (15.0%) were
in the age 18 years old, (15.0%) were in the age above 40 years old, (10.0%) were in the
age between 36-40 years old.
Figure 4.2. 1Age of respondent
31
Table 4.2. 2. Comparative Analysis based on Gender of respondents
Respondent Frequency Percent

Male 52 65.0
Valid female 28 35.0
Total 80 100.0
According to this table, that the most of the respondents (65.0%) were male (35.0%)
were female.
Figure 4.2. 2 Gender of respondents
32
Table 4.2. 3 Comparative Analysis based on marital status of respondents

Single 33 41.3
Valid married 47 58.8
Total 80 100.0
According to this table, that the most of the respondents 47(58.8%) were married,
33(41.3%) were single.
Figure 4.2. 3 Marital statuses of respondents
33
Table 4.2. 4 Comparative Analysis based on education level of respondents

primary 4 5.0
secondary 9 11.3
Valid university 39 48.8
informal 28 35.0
Total 80 100.0
According to this table, that the most respondents (50.0%) were university level
respondents, (33.8%) were informal respondents,(11.3%) were secondary level
respondents, (5.0%) were primary level respondents.
Figure 4.2. 4Education levels of respondents
34
Table 4.2. 5 Comparative Analysis based on occupation of respondents
farmer 48 60.0
Agronomi
4 5.0
st
Valid
student 25 31.3
others 3 3.8
Total 80 100.0
According to this table, that the most of the respondents (60.0%) were farmer, (31.3%)
were students, (5.0%) were agronomist, (3.8%) were others.
Figure 4.2. 5 Occupation of respondents
35
Table 4.2. 6 Comparative Analysis of the population response from flooding results.

Agree 40 50.0
Strongly agree 24 30.0
Neutral 7 8.8
Valid Disagree 3 3.8
Strongly disagree 6 7.5
Total 80 100.0
Impact of floods on small scale farmers under different respondents as shown in
table(4.2.6).The variation of the respondents as a flooding is a result of powerful
weather system results was different among the target population, in different
percentages those their respondents were based on agreed, strongly agreed, neutral,
strongly disagree and disagree respondents. The majority of the population responses
were (50.0%) agreed, (30.0%) strongly agreed, (8.8%) neutral, (7.5%), strongly
disagreed and (3.8%) disagreed.
Figure 4.2. 6 Comparative Analysis of the population response from flooding

results.
36
Table 4.2. 7 Comparative Analysis of the heavy Rainfall as a main factor of
flooding results in Jowhar farms.

Agree 29 36.3
Neutral 6 7.5
Strongly
6 7.5
disagree
Total 80 100.0
As indicated in table (4.2.7) the variation responses of the small scale farmers based on
the heavy rainfalls as a main factor of floods. The number of (41.0%) explains the
responses of the most farmers which means that the highest percentage strongly agreed
that the floods are the outcome of heavy rainfall, flowed by (36.3%) as agreed responses.
Some respondents gave the same ranking to more than one statement, such as the
numbers of (7.5%), (7.5%), and (7.5%), as neutral, disagree, strongly disagree
responses respectively were no significant difference between them. Figure 4.2. 1the
heavy Rainfall as a main factor of flooding results in Jowhar farms.
Figure 4.2. 7 Comparative Analysis of the heavy Rainfall as a main factor of

flooding results in Jowhar farms.
37
Table 4.2. 8 Comparative Analysis of the Human activity as a causal factor of
flooding results.

Agree 35 43.8
Neutral 14 17.5
Strongly
2 2.5
disagree
Total 80 100.0
As presented in table (4.2.8) the (43.8%) is recorded the highest number of population as
a human activity is factor of the flooding results based on agreed responses. In the
number of (22.5%) as the strongly agreed responses indicated that there is significant
variation between the agreed and strongly agree responses. The (17.5%) as neutral and
(13.8%), disagreed responses numbers revealed that no significant variation between
them. While the (2.5%) responds a strongly disagreed is recoded the lowest number of
the population responses.
Figure 4.2. 8 Comparative Analysis of Human activities as a causal factor of

flooding results.
38
Table 4.2. 9 Comparative Analysis of the Riverine floods as most notable Floods in
Jowhar.
Agree 33 41.3
Neutral 11 13.8
Valid
Disagree 8 10.0
Total 80 100.0
According to the table (4.2.9), the (41.3%) results based on agreed responses were
registered as the highest number of population that the Riverine floods are most notable
Floods in Jowhar, (27.5%) is the second result that mentioned in the table as strongly
agreed, (13.8%) were neutral, (10.0%) are stated the population were choose disagreed,
while (7.5%) strongly disagreed which indicate the smallest number of the population
responses.
Figure 4.2. 9 Comparative Analysis of the riverine floods as most notable Floods in
Jowhar.
39
Table 4.2. 10 Comparative Analysis of blocked drains and River overflows as Flood
contributing factors.
Agree 33 41.3
Neutral 8 10.0
Strongly
15 18.8
disagree
Total 80 100.0
Data in table (4.2.10) indicated that the percentage numbers of the population
respondents (41.3%) are agreed as the blocked drains and River overflows are Flood
contributing factors, followed by (25.0%) are strongly agreed same concept, (10.0%)
were neutral, as well as (5.0%) of the people are answered disagree, and (18.8%)
strongly disagreed this concept.
Figure 4.2. 10 Comparative Analysis of blocked drains and River overflows as

Flood contributing factors.
40
Table 4.2. 11 Comparative Analysis of frequent flooding as problem for Local
farmers in Jowhar.

Agree 42 52.5
neutral 3 3.8
Valid
Disagree 2 2.5
Total 80 100.0
The average numbers of this table indicates in different respondents as how local
farmers affect frequent of floods. As the shows table (4.2.11) the majority of the
respondents (52.5%) agreed that there are problems faced local farmers caused by
floods. (33.8%) second highest population collected this data strongly agreed the same
concept that mentioned above this idea indicated that the farmers suffer frequency
flooding. The (7.5%) of the population strongly disagreed there is negative effect of
floods on the local farmers and (2.5%) of the respondents disagreed the same concept.
while in the number (3.8%) were neutral
Figure 4.2. 11 Comparative Analysis of frequent flooding as problem for Local

farmers in Jowhar.
41
Table 4.2. 12 Comparative Analysis of Crop failure and human properties loss as
consequences of flooding impacts in Jowhar.

Agree 29 36.3
Neutral 9 11.3
Strongly
5 6.3
disagree
Total 80 100.0

The impact of flood on the crops and other properties of human, people live in Jowhar
were varying these Respondents. As indicated table (4.2.12) that the most of the
respondents (43.8%) were strongly agree that flood destroy both crops and all other
human properties. the (36.3%) were agree that flood is the main factor which can cause
huge damage of economic. in the percentage (11.3%) were neutral. whereas (6.3%) and
(2.5%) were strongly disagree and disagree that the flood can cause loss of crops and
properties on the farmers and other people near the area of flood.
Figure 4.2. 12 Comparative Analysis of Crop failure and human properties loss as
consequences of flooding impacts in Jowhar.
42
Table 4.2. 13 Comparative analysis of flooding effects on agricultural lands and
their production.

Agree 36 45.0
Neutral 11 13.8
Valid
Disagree 4 5.0
Total 80 100.0
The results presented in table (4.2.13) the most of the sampled (45.0%) indicated that
productions of farmers were damaged by floods. It was also evident that of the farming
areas which were reduce by floods. In the population (23.8%) were strongly agree that
perennial floods can reduce farming area and change structure of the farm. it also cause
low yield per hectare and per person, (13.8%) were neural, while (12.5%) were strongly
disagree and (5.5%) were disagree that floods are able to reduce farming area and
stimulate low yield.
Figure 4.2. 13 Comparative Analysis of flood effects on agricultural lands and their
production.
43
Table 4.2. 14 Comparative analyses of Cash crops are most susceptible to flooding
in Jowhar.

Agree 48 60.0
Neutral 9 11.3
Valid
Disagree 3 3.8
Total 80 100.0
The results in table (4.2.14) shows that most of the respondents (60.0%) agree that cash
crops are most susceptible to floods and they are loss immediately every flood which
occurs moves crops depending on household life. (22.5%) were strongly agree the same
concept that shows cash crops are not resist to flood and all cash crops destroyed during
the flood season. some participants (11.3%) were neutral this idea. and (3.8%) of the
responses were disagree that cash crops were easily disappear first flood time. while
(2.5%) were strongly disagree since they believe cash crops aren’t susceptible floods
when there is flood forecast.
Figure 4.2. 14 Comparative Analysis of Cash crops are most susceptible to flooding
in Jowhar
44
Table 4.2. 15 The comparative analyses of appropriate soil management can
prevent flood.

Agree 41 51.3
Neutral 11 13.8
Valid
Disagree 6 7.5
Total 80 100.0
The ideas of the participants based on soil improvement as flood protection were
different. According the table (4.2.15).The most of the respondents (51.3%) agreed that
The appropriate soil management is one of the flood protection agents, 17.5% of target
population were strongly agree this concept, 10.0% were suggest that is impossible to
avoid flood hazards by soil improvement, in other words they strongly disagree the
above idea and 7.5% disagreed as flood preventing used soil management, whereas
13.8% were neutral. So, the majority of the respondents determine that the appropriate
soil management is important for flood prevention.
Figure 4.2. 15 Comparative Analysis of The appropriate soil management can

prevent flood.
45
Table 4.2. 16 Comparative analyses of Training of farmers can take place on
riverbank protection.

Agree 42 52.5
Neutral 6 7.5
Valid
Disagree 3 3.8
Total 80 100.0
The table (4.2.16) illustrated that there are differences among target people which
resulted on training of farmers as flood protection.( 52.5%) of respondents agreed that
Training of farmers on riverbank protection and people living towns those always
poured waste in river reduce broken of the river bank, (31.3%) strongly agreed the this
training is required, in this idea (5.0%) and (3.8%) of the participants strongly disagreed
and disagreed respectively while (7.5%) of the respondents answered as neutral.
Therefore, the most of the population response shows that the training of farmers is
important for flood protection.
Figure 4.2. 16 Comparative Analysis of Training of farmers can take place on

riverbank protection
46
Table 4.2. 17 Comparative Analysis of Building of reservoirs as effective solutions
of frequency floods.

Agree 35 43.8
Valid Neutral 10 12.5
Total 80 100.0
The above table (4.2.17) indicates the variation target members based on Building of
dams, Lakes, Ponds and other reservoirs as effective solutions of frequency floods. the
most of respondents (43.8%) agreed that Building of dams, Lakes, Ponds and other
reservoirs during times of flooding, is one of the effective solutions of frequency floods,
(36.3%) were strongly agree, some responses shows (7.5%) were strongly disagreed that
Building of dams, Lakes, Ponds and other reservoirs as effective solutions of frequency
floods whereas (12.5%)%) were neutral.
Figure 4.2. 17 Comparative Analysis of building of reservoirs as effective solutions

of frequent floods.
47
Table 4.2. 18 Comparative analysis of removing sediments in the river as factor
minimizes perennial floods.

Agree 43 53.8
Neutral 9 11.3
Valid
Disagree 4 5.0
Total 80 100.0
the data presented in table (4.2.18) shows that the majority of respondents (53.8%) were
agree that Removing of sediments in the river can reduce or stop perennial floods which
occurs riverine areas, and also (27.5%) were strongly agree, (11.3%) were neutral,
(5.0%) were disagree it and (2.5%) were strongly disagree the same concept.
Figure 4.2. 18 Comparative Analysis of removing sediments in the river as factor

minimizes perennial floods
48
Table 4.2. 19 Comparative analysis of government role as main factor of flood
protection.

Agree 33 41.3
Neutral 11 13.8
Valid
Disagree 10 12.5
Total 80 100.0
The table (4.2.19) indicates that the most of the participants (41.3%) were agreed that
the Government warning during times of flooding or before can take a major role of
flood protection, (23.8%) were strongly agree this idea, and (13.8%) were neutral,
whereas (12.5%) were disagree this concept and (8.8%) were strongly disagree.
Therefore the highest number of the respondents agreed that government warning during
times of flooding or before can take a major role of flood protection.
Figure 4.2. 19 Comparative Analysis of Government role as main factor of flood

protection
49
Table 4.2. 20 Comparative analysis that Canals facilitate levels control of water.

Agree 39 48.8
Neutral 8 10.0
Valid
Disagree 6 7.5
Total 80 100.0
Table (4.2.20) shows that the most of respondents (48.8%) agreed Canals facilitate
control of water levels, (25.0%) strongly agreed idea, (10.0%) were neutral, 7(88.8%)
strongly disagreed this idea while (7.5%) were disagree the same concept .There were
variation among the respondents that canals facilitate control of water levels, as shown
the above table the highest percentage of the respondents were agreed the idea.
Figure 4.2. 20 Comparative Analysis of Canals facilitate level Control of water.

50
4.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The main cause of flooding is due to heavy rain fall making the water level of rivers rise
up. In August 2002 for instance continuous rain fall caused flooding in Eastern and
Central Europe (Caspary et al., 2004). (Houghton et al., 2001). Such flooding will
possibly be even more frequent because of the ongoing global warming (Zulqarnain,
2013).As indicated in table (4.2.7) the variation responses of the small scale farmers
based on the heavy rainfalls as a main factor of floods The number of (41.0%) explains
the responses of the most farmers which means that the highest percentage strongly
agreed that the floods are the outcome of heavy rainfall.
Human impacts on river catchments influence flood behavior. Land use changes in
particular have a direct impact on the magnitude and behavior of floods and behavior of
floods. Deforestation results in increased run-off and often a decrease in channel
capacity due to increased sedimentation rates.(MWAPE, An impact of floods on the
socio-economic livelihoods of people : A case study of Sikaunzwe community in
Kazungula district of Zambia., 2009).As presented in table (4.2.8) the highest number of
population (43.8%) is recorded based on agreed responses as a human activity is a factor
of the flooding in the study area.
The damage caused by flooding however has increased due to decreasing space for
rivers and growing population pressure on valley grounds and wetlands (Olaniran,
2007). Millions of people around the world are displaced from their homes each year by
floods. Floods are the most common hazard to cause disasters and have led to extensive
morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The impact of floods on the human
community is related directly to the location and topography of the area, as well as
human demographics and characteristics of the built environment.(Med, 2010).As the

51
table (4.2.11) shows the majority of the respondents (52.5%) agreed that there are
problems faced local farmers caused by floods and this result supports the above
literature.
Flood waters can destroy homes and business; disrupt road, rail and communication lines, and
rain crops and agricultural land. ).(Eni D. I., 2011)Plants that are suffering from excessive-water
stress are more prone to infection by disease-causing organisms such as fungi or insects. Also,
excessively wet soil tends to favour the growth of soil-microbes such as
Fusariumspp,Phytophora spp. and Rhizoctoniasolani, which can infect plant roots leading to
diseases such as root and crown rot, also floods destroy plant parts such as physically such as
leaves, stems roots fruits and e.tc.(Shailes, 2014). The impact of flood on the crops and other
properties of human, people live in Jowhar were varying these Respondents. As indicate table
(4.2.12) that the most of the respondents (43.8%) were strongly agree that flood destroy both
crops and all other human properties.
Flooding causes structural and environmental damage to landscape (Akoroda, 2004).
Floods erode soil, often on a large scale bases. This displacement of soil leads to the
weakening of structures like houses and bridges. Ebisemiju (2008).Opines that the most
significant impact of flooding arises from urbanization, because it involves
deforestation, land use changes, precipitation, temperature modification of soil physical
properties and structures and the exposure of bare soil surfaces especially of
construction sites all of which bring about changes in the morphological and
hydrological state of water.(Eni D. I., 2011).The results presented in table (4.2.13) the
most of the sampled (45.0%) indicated that productions of farmers were damaged by
floods. It was also evident that farming areas were reduced by floods.
52
According to Table (4.2.15) The most of the respondents (51.3%) agreed that The
appropriate soil management is one of the flood protection agents. This result supported
by information we mentioned in literature review which says “Well drained soil can
absorb huge quantities of rainwater, preventing it from running into the rivers(AHMED.,
Flood management in Hir-shabelle state of Somalia., 2018)”.
According to Table (4.2.17) The most of respondents (43.8%) agreed that Building of
dams, Lakes, Ponds and other reservoirs during times of flooding, is one of the effective
solutions of frequency floods. This result is similar literature review information which
says “Barriers that impound hydrologic flows, dams retain floodwaters before they reach
areas at risk. For example, during high-precipitation periods, dams hold upstream
floodwaters that are released gradually to minimize the likelihood of damage to
downstream communities. However, during exceptionally large events, the storage
capacity of a dam can be exceeded and uncontrolled flood flows are passed
downstream” (Science, 2013).
The results presented in Table (4.2.19) the most of the participants (41.3%) were agreed
that the Government warning during times of flooding or before can take a major role of
flood protection. This result of respondents there is same result that existing in the
literature review which says “Governments should set up joint bodies, such as
international river commissions, where they do not yet exist. They should request these
joint bodies to incorporate flood prevention and protection into their activities and
entrust them with the development of good management practice for flood prevention
and protection” (FEMA, 2003).
53
Table (4.2.20) shows that the most of respondents (48.8%) agreed that Canals facilitate
control of water levels. This result of chapter four there is the same information
mentioned in the literature review chapter two which says “Channels are constructed to
carry floodwaters around a community or region where the capacity of a river to pass a
large volume of floodwaters past a critical location is limited. Under some
circumstances, river channels can be modified to increase their flood carrying
capacity”(Science, 2013).
54
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
The findings of this study shows that the causes of floods in Jowhar city is not only a
single factor but two or more combined factors including powerful weather systems,
heavy rainfall, human activities, blocked drains and river overflow . It has been
identified that the local farmers suffer the floods by reducing farming land and affecting
human properties like house, livestock, farm products, infrastructure etc. The study
found that cash crops are most susceptible to flooding in the study area. The study
findings also found that removing of sediments in the river, appropriate soil
management, training of farmers on riverbank protection, government warnings,
improvement of water canals can prevent or reduce floods in Jowhar ,middle Shabelle-
Somalia.
55
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Based on the findings of the study, the following are strongly recommended to improve
the livelihoods of farmers and communities so that it can be reduced or prevent impacts
of the floods to socio-economic and environment:-
1. Remove of sediments in the river and appropriate maintenance of river water use.
2. Building of dams and other reservoirs are effective solutions of frequency floods.
3. Early warning before or during times of flooding can take a major role of
preventing flooding.
4. Training of farmers on riverbank protection and Plantation of trees on river bank
5. The appropriate soil management in the study area is another key of preventing
floods.
6. Intergovernmental projects to restore degraded land in the upstreams of Shabelle
river
7. The future research also should be focus on the impact of floods on small scale
farmers.
8. Maintenance and rehabilitation of canals and Barrages along Shabelle River
56
REFERENCE
AHMED., Y. A. (2018). Flood management in Hir-shabelle state of Somalia.

Bhagwan. (2011). Risk factors associated with floods, the WRC warns.
C A Doswell III. (2003). Flooding. Norman.
CentroEuro-Mediterraneo. (2013). Assessing direct and indirect economic impacts of
a ﬂood event through the integration of spatial and computable general
equilibrium modelling. (Issue RP0202).
Duaibe, K. (2008 ).HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND FLOOD HAZARDS AND RISKS IN
THE SOUTH WEST PACIFIC: A CASE STUDY OF THE NAVUA
CATCHMENT AREA, FIJI ISLANDS .
Eni, D. I. (2011). FLOOD AND ITS IMPACT ON FARMLANDS IN ITIGIDI, ABI
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA. Vol. 1 No. 9 ( [Special Issue – July 2011] ).
Eschooltoday. (2017-2018). Methods of flood prevention .
FEMA. (2003). Best practices on flood prevention, protection and mitigation.
Hewitt, K. (1997).Regions of Risk: A Geographical Introduction to Disasters. Addison
Wesley.
Hou, X.-Y. (2010). Health Impacts of Floods.
Mandych, A. (2006).Natural Disasters – Vol II - Floods and Soil Erosion (Vol. Vol II).
Moscow.
Med, P. D. (2010). Health Impacts of Floods.
Mertz et al. hassan, S. a. (2004,2005,2009).Small-Scale Farmingand Shifting
Cultivation.
MWAPE, Y. P. (2009).An impact of floods on the socio-economic livelihoods of
people : A case study of Sikaunzwe community in Kazungula district of Zambia.
OCHA. (17 November 2013). Jowhar Flood Brief.
OCHA. (2007). Floods in Central and East Africa.
Rabalao, R. (2010). The social ,physiological and economic impact of flooding in Ga-
motla and Ga-moeka communities of moretele district in north west
province,South Africa.
Rahman, S. U. (2014).Impacts of floods on the lives and livelihoods of people in
Bangladesh:A case study of a village in Manikanj district.
Science, T. N. (2013). Implementing Flood Risk Management Strategies.
Scott, J. A. (August, 1977). ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FLOODING ON
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION.
Shailes, S. (2014). How flooding affects plants.
Soutenue. (2016).Science et et technologies de le’information et de la communication.
Mexico.
57
SWALIM. (2007). Improving Flood Forecasting and Early Warning in Somalia.
Feasibility Study. (NoW-10).
SWALIM. (2018). A brief note on somalia floods.
SWALIM. (June 2007).Improving Flood Forecasting and Early Warning.
UNICEF. (11 May 2018).Somalia Floods Response.
WHO. (2013). Floods in the WHO European Region:health effects and their prevention.
Wikipedia. (2018). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jowhar.
Zulqarnain. (2013). Economic Impacts of floods on small scale farmers of Pakistan:.
58
APPENDIX: (A) TIME FRAMEWORK
Task July August, November January,

September and February
and October December and March
Topic selection process
Proposal Writing
Submission of the proposal to the

supervisor
Preparation of the data collection

tools
Mobilization of all the required

resources.
Obtaining permission to collect

data form relevant authorities and
data collection.
Data cleaning, Analysis and

presentation.
Report writing.
Submission of the final study

report and
Final approval of the study
Thesis defending
59
APPENDIX: (B) QUESTIONNAIRE
Instructions: please put a tick in the box next to the answers of your choice or write
in the space provided as the case may be. √
Section (A): SOCIO -DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
1. Age
Under 18 26---35 36----40 Above 40
2. Gender
a) Male b) female
3. Marital status
a) Single b) Married
4. Level of education
a) Primary b) Secondary
c) University d) Informal
5. Occupation
a) Farmer b) Agronomist
c) Student d) others (_______________)
60
Section (B): SUBJECT KHOWLEDGE
1. Agree 2.Strongly agree 3. Neutral 4. Disagree 5.Strongly disagree.
Factors that cause floods in Jowhar-middle shabele-Somalia 1 2 3 4 5

1 Flooding is simply the result of a powerful weather system.
2 The most important factor Responsible For flooding in Jowhar is

heavy rainfall.
3 Human activity factors can cause floods.
4 Riverine caused flood is the most notable floods in Jowhar.
5 According to the Jowhar city the blocked drains and River overflows
are Flood contributing factors.
Economic impact of floods on small scale farmers in Jowhar-middle shabele Somalia.
1 Local famers in Jowhar suffer frequent flooding.

2 Crop failure and loss of human properties are the main economic
impact of flooding in Jowhar.
3 Floods in Jowhar reduce farming areas which reduce overall crop

production.
4 Cash crops are most susceptible to flooding in Jowhar.
61
Effective solutions of frequent floods in Jowhar- middle shabele-Somalia.
1 The appropriate soil management, can cause soil to become

Aggregate, Well drained soil can absorb huge quantities of
rainwater, preventing it from running into rivers.
2 Training of farmers on riverbank protection and people living towns

those always poured waste in river, this action reduce river bank
broken.
3 Building of dams, Lakes, Ponds and other reservoirs during times of

flooding, is one of the effective solutions of frequency floods.
4 Remove of sediments in the river can reduce or stop perennial

floods which occurs riverine areas.
5 Government warning during times of flooding or before can take a

major role of flood protection.
6 Canals facilitate control of water levels passing through; excess

water is channeled through canals to non-risk areas with high
demand for water prevent flooding, such as arid and semi-arid
areas.
Thank You for Your Co-operation.
62

The Impact of Floods On Small Scale Farmers in Jowhar District - Middle Shabelle - Somalia.

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FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA

SOMALI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

THE IMPACT OF FLOODS ON SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN JOWHAR

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE

REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF LAUREA IN AGRICULTURE AND

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AT SOMALI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

ABDULLAHI NUR MOHAMED. ABDULKADIR MOHAMED

THE IMPACT OF FLOODS ON SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN JOWHAR

ABDULKADIR MOHAMED ABDIRAHIM

ABDIQANI ALI ADAN

IBRAHIM JAMAL AHMED

MOWLID ABDULKADIR SAID

A THESISSUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE

REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF LAUREA IN FACULTY OF

AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AT SOMALI NATIONAL

1. ABDIKADIR MOHAMED ABDIRIHIN

2. ABDIQANI ALI ADEN

3. IBRAHIM JAMAL AHMED

4. MOWLIID ABDIKADIR SICIID

Name: ABDULLAHI NUR MOHAMED

encouragement helped us a lot in completing this project successfully. We deeply

to everyone, who contributed to our thesis project development process through

support in completing this book.

Figure 4.2. 1 Age of respondent ................................................................................................ 31

WASH: Water, sanitation and hygiene.

UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.

AMSL: Above mean sea level

FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency

WFP: World food program

NGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations

WMO: World Metrological Organization

FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization

WHO: World Health Organization

SWALIM: Somali Water and Land Information System

OCHA: UN office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

CVI: Content validity index

IPD: Internally displaced people

IFAD: International fund for agricultural development

FSNAU: Food Security Nutrition and Analysis Unit

sustainability, crop failure, environmental degradation, destruction of farmer’s properties

farmers on riverbank protection, government warnings, improvement of water canals can

prevent or reduce floods in Jowhar ,middle Shabelle-Somalia. Based on our findings we

preventing flooding. Training of farmers on riverbank protection and appropriate soil

management in the study area is another key of preventing floods

by natural phenomena and human involvement like deforestation, land management,

and coastal flood. (Collins H. Wizor and Week, 2014).

warning preparation.(Collins H. Wizor and Week, 2014)

Flood Forecasting and Early Warning in Somalia. Feasibility Study, 2007)

displacements, inundation of croplands and destruction of property. The floods have

Feasibility Study, 2007)

East Africa, 2007).

villages currently inaccessible due to flooding. There is an absence of latrines in the

activities.(OCHA, Jowhar Flood Brief, 17 November 2013).

suffocation. Tertiary or long-term effects are of an economic nature – there is a decline

in tourism, rebuilding costs, food shortage which normally leads to price

potential for exposure of the disaster-affected population and emergency workers to

epidemic. Generally, floods contribute to the lessening or the dilution of pollutants

sediments, plants, trees, litter and other objects (Bhagwan, 2011).

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

middle Shabele-Somalia. Furthermore we intend to investigate the strategies the affected

lands, household sites, soil erosion and create health hazards.

Somalia and make clear recommendations for effective flood control.

1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES