Errors in chemical analysis and evaluation

of Analytical Data
Significant figure
• A simple way of indicating the problem uncertainty
associated with an experimental measurement is
to round the results so that it contains only s.f
‫( ﺑﯾن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت و ﻻزم ﺗﻛون اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔس اﻟﻌدد ﻣن‬precision) ‫🔺 ھﻲ ﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن اﻟﺗواﻓق‬
✅ ‫ ﻟﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﻛون ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺟﻲ ﻣﻘﺑوﻟﺔ‬S.F ‫ال‬
25.335 have 5 S.F ‫ و‬28.2 have 3 S.F ‫🔺ﻣﺜﻼً ﻋﻨﺪي‬
data ‫ ﻻزم ﺗﻜﻮن ال‬Analytical chemistry and precision‫ھﺬا ﻣﺮﻓﻮض ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﺔ ال‬
with the same number of S.F
• The significant figures can be defined as the
number of digits necessary to express the result of
measurement consist with the measured precision
Example
987have 3 significant figure and all of them are certain because
we don’t have decimal point ( ‫ )رح ﻧوﺿﺣﮭﺎ ﻟﻘدام‬
260 g ‫ او‬240 g ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻧطﻠب‬250 g ‫• ﻟﻣﺎ ﺗروح ﻧﺗﺷﺗري ﺑزر ﺑﺗطﻠب وﻗﯾﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﮭﯾك ﻣﺎ‬، ‫ او ﻗﻠّت‬250 g ‫ﻟﯾش ؟ ﻻﻧﮫ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺗﻔرق اﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ اذا زادت ﻋن‬
260 ‫ او‬240 ‫ او‬250 ‫ﺑﻧﮭﺗم ﻟو ﻛﺎﻧت‬
‫ وﻣﺗﺎﻛد ﻣن وزﻧﮭﺎ‬10 g ‫اﻣﺎ ﻟو رﺣت ﻋﻧد ﺻﺎﺋﻎ ذھب وﻣﻌك ﻗطﻌﺔ وزﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺑزر‬2 g ‫ رح ﺗﻔرق ﻣﻌك وﺗﮭﺗم ﻟل‬، 8 g ‫واﻟﺻﺎﺋﻎ ﺣﻛﺎﻟك اﻧﮫ وزﻧﮭﺎ‬
.... ‫ﻣﺎ اھﺗﻣﯾﻧﺎ ﺑﻔرق اﻟﻐراﻣﺎت‬
‫طﯾب ﻟو ﻛﺎﻧت ھﺎي اﻟﻘطﻌﮫ ﻓﻌﻼ وزﻧﮭﺎ ‪ 8 g‬وﯾن اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﮫ ﺑﺗﻛون ؟ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺻﺎﺋﻎ او‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﯾزان ﺗﺎﻋﮫ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼزم ﻧﺗﺎﻛد ﻣن اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ‪ .‬ﻛﯾف؟ ﺑﻧروح ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﯾزان ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺎذا طﻠﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻲ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﯾزان اﻻول ﺑﻧﻌﻣل ‪ calibration‬ﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺻﺎﺋﻎ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﺣﺳب ال ‪ material‬اﺧﺗﻠف اھﺗﻣﺎﻣﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐراﻣﺎت ‪ ،‬وھﺎد اﻻﺷﻲ ﺑﻧطﺑﻘﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ‬
‫ ‪ .Analytical measurement‬اﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ‪ 1ml‬ﻧﺎﻗص او زاﯾد ﺑﺑﻌض ال ‪ tests‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺛر ‪ ،‬واﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ‪ 0.01 ml‬ﺑﺑﻌض ال ‪ tests‬ﺑﺎﺛر وﺑﻌﻣل ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﮭذا اﻟﺳﺑب ﺑﯾدﺧل‬
‫ﻋﻧﺎ ﻣﻔﮭوم ال ‪ ، significant figures‬اﻟرﻗم اﻟﻠﻲ رح اﺧذه ﺑﯾﻌﺑر ﻋن ‪ precision‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ‪،‬ﻣﺛﻼ ﻟو ﺣﻛﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺻﺎﯾﻎ اﻧﮫ اﻟوزن ‪ 9.98 g‬ﻛﺎن اﻟوﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﺑول‬
‫ﻻﻧﮫ ﻗرﯾب ﻣن ال ‪true value‬‬
‫وﻣوﺿوع ال ‪ significant figures‬ﺑﯾﺣﻛﻲ ﻋن ﻟﻣﺎ آﺧذ ال ‪ measurement‬ﺳواء‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﺟﮭﺎز او ‪ graduated cylinder‬او ‪ pipette‬او اي اداة ‪.‬‬
‫وطﯾب ﻛم ‪ digit‬اﻗرأ ؟ ﻣﺛﻼ اﻟﻣﯾزان اﻋطﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 2.64531‬ھل ﺑﺎﺧذ ﻛل اﻻرﻗﺎم ﻋﯾﻣﯾن‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ؟وﻻ اﺧذ رﻗﻣﯾن ؟‬
‫اﻟﺟواب ھو ﺣﺳب اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﮫ وﺣﺳب دﻗﺔ ال ‪ method‬اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺷﺗﻐل ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬
‫• ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟرﻗم اﻻول ﺑﻛون ﺳﮭل ﻻﻧﮫ ﻣﺗﺎﻛد ﻣﻧﮫ اﻣﺎ اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻻرﻗﺎم اﻟﻠﻲ ﻋﯾﻣﯾن‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻻﻧﮫ اﻟرﻗم اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻛون ‪ unsure‬ﺑس اﺣﻧﺎ ﺑﻧﻘدره وھﺎد‬
‫اﻟرﻗم ﺑﻧﺳﻣﯾﮫ ‪ imprecise‬او ‪ uncertain‬ﻻﻧﮫ ﻓﯾﮫ ﻧوع ﻣن اﻟﺧطﺄ وﻋدم‬
‫اﻟدﻗﮫ‪ .‬‬
‫‪8.7089 cm → 5 S.F‬‬
‫‪0.87089 dm→ 5S.F‬‬
‫‪0.087089 m→ 5 S.F‬‬
‫🔷 ال ‪S.F‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﺨﺒﺮﯾﺔ وﻟﮭﺎ وﺣﺪة ﻗﯿﺎس وﻻ ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻋﺪدھﺎ اذا‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮت وﺣﺪة اﻟﻘﯿﺎس ﻷن ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻘﯿﺎس ﯾﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ أداة اﻟﻘﯿﺎس وھﺬا‬
‫ﺷﻲء ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ❌‬
 .....1.97 ‫ او‬1.95 ‫ او‬1.9 ‫ھﺎي ﻣﻣﻛن اﻗرأھﺎ‬

‫ ﻻﻧﮫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﮭﺎ‬uncertain ‫ ھﺎي‬0.07 ‫ وال‬0.5 ‫ال‬

.‫ اﻗراھﺎ ﻣﻧﮫ‬level
3 s.f ‫ ﻋﻧدي‬، ‫ ﻣﺛﻼ‬1.95 ‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ھون ال‬

imprecise/unsure/uncertain 0.05 uncertain ‫واﺣد ﻣﻧﮭم‬

exact/sure/ certain 1.9 certain ‫ ﻣﻧﮭم‬2 ‫و‬
± 0.01 error ‫ وال‬
 ‫ ‬
‫ﻣﻣﻛن اﻗراھﺎ ‪ 48‬او ‪ 49‬او ‪47‬‬
‫ ‪ certain‬‬ ‫ھون ال ‪40‬‬
‫ ‪uncertain‬‬ ‫‪9/8/7‬‬
‫ ‪ ± 1‬‬ ‫وال ‪error‬‬

‫ﻛﯾف ﺑﻧﺣدد ال ‪errors‬؟‬

‫ ‬
‫ﻣن ﺧﻼل ال ‪ uncertain‬ﺑﺣط ‪ ±1‬ﺑﺎﺧر ﻣﻧزﻟﺔ وﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎزل ﺑﻌﺑﯾﮭﺎ اﺻﻔﺎر ‪:‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‪3.5 ± 0.1 / 4.056 ± 0.001‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫اﻟﺻورة ھﺎي ﻣﺛﻼ ‪ ،‬ﯾﻣﻛن اﻗرأھﺎ ‬
‫) ‪ 37.5‬او ‪ 37.6‬او ‪( 37.8‬‬
‫ ‪ 37.5‬‬
‫‪certain‬‬ ‫ ‪Uncertain‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪± 0.1‬‬ ‫ال ‪errors‬‬
‫‪2 certain‬‬ ‫ ‪3 s.f‬‬ ‫ﻛم ‪ s.f‬ﻋﻧدي؟‬
‫ ‪ 1 uncertain‬‬ ‫ ‬
 ‫• ﻧﺳﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻣن ھﺎﻟﺣﻛﻲ ‬
‫‪ v‬اﻟﺧطﺄ )‪ (uncertain‬ﺑﻛون ﺑﺎﺧر ﻣﻧزﻟﺔ ﻣن اﻟرﻗم اﻟﻠﻲ ﻋﻧﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ v‬اﻻﺧطﺎء ﻣﻣﻛن ﺗﻛون ﻣﻘﺑوﻟﺔ وﻣﻣﻛن ﻷ اذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﺑﻌﯾدة ﻋن اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﮫ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ v‬ﻟﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺧذ اﻟﻘﯾﺎس ﺑﻧﺣط اﻻرﻗﺎم اﻟﻠﻲ اﻟﮭﺎ ﺗدرﯾﺞ وﻣﺗﺎﻛدﯾن ﻣﻧﮭﺎ)‪ (certain‬وﺑﻧﺿﯾف رﻗم واﺣد ﻣو ﻣﺗﺎﻛدﯾن‬
‫ﻣﻧﮫ وھو اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻛون ﺑﺎﺧر ﻣﻧزﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﻣﯾن وﻣﺎ اﻟﮫ ﺗدرﯾﺞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ v‬ﺣﺳب ﺷو اﺣﻧﺎ ﺑﻧﺣدد اﻟﻣﻧزﻟﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﺧطﺄ )‪ (uncertain‬؟‬
‫‪ v‬ﺣﺳب وﺣدة اﻟﻘﯾﺎس اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺳﺗﺧدﻣﮭﺎ ‪،‬ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻟو ﻛﺎن اﻟﺗدرﯾﺞ ﺑﺎل ‪ cm‬ﺑﻧﻛون ﻣﺗﺎﻛدﯾن ﻣن اﻟﺳﻧﺗﻣﯾﺗرات ﺑس‬
‫ﺷﺎﻛﯾن ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻠﯾﻠﺗرات ‪..‬وھﻛذا‬
‫‪ v‬ال ‪ singificant figuers‬ﺑﺗﻛون ﻣن ال ‪ sure numbers‬ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠرﻗم اﻻﺧﯾر اﻟﻠﻲ ھو‬
‫‪ ) unsure number‬ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻣن ‪ certain‬و ‪( uncertain‬‬
‫‪ v‬ﻟو ﻛﺎن اﻟﺗدرﯾﺞ ﺑﺎل ‪ cm‬وال ‪ error‬ﻣﺛﻼ ‪ ±0.1‬ﺑﻘدر اﺣول ال ‪ error‬ﺑوﺣدة ال‬
‫‪ mm‬ﻛﯾف؟‬
‫‪ mm‬ﻛﻧﺎ ﻧﺿرب ب ‪10‬‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺎ ﻧﺣول ﻣن ‪cm‬‬
‫ﻓﺑﻧﻌﻣل ﻧﻔس اﻻﺷﻲ ﺑﺎل ‪ error‬‬
‫ ‪( ± 0.01 ) cm * 10 = ± 0.1 mm‬‬
‫اذا ال ‪ ± 0.01 cm = ± 0.1 mm‬ﺑس ال ‪± 0.01 cm ≠ ± 0.1 cm‬‬
‫و ‪± 0.01 mm ≠ ± 0.1 mm‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪Example:‬‬
‫‪987: 3 certain number‬‬
‫‪987.1: 3 certain number and number 1 is uncertain‬‬
‫‪987.15: 4 certain number and number 5 is uncertain‬‬
‫ھﺎي اﻷرﻗﺎم ﻣن ﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ ال‪ value‬ﻧﻔس اﻟﺷﻲء ﻟﻛن ھﻧﺎك ﻓرق ﻓﻲ ال ‪precesion‬‬
‫🔺اﻟرﻗم اﻷﺧﯾر ‪more precise‬‬
‫🔺ﻛﻠﻣﺎ زاد ﻋدد ال ‪ certain digits‬ﺗزداد ال‪accuracy‬‬
Example: The liquid level is > 25.5 & < 25.6 ml
Suppose 25.54 ml
4 s.f , the first 3 digits are certain & the last digit (4) is incertain
uncertain number 3 ‫ وھﻮن ﺑﻨﻌﺘﺒﺮ ال‬25.53 ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ طﺎﻟﺐ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﻘﯿﺲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ وﯾﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﮫ‬ 🔺

‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬

Important note : a zero may or may not be significant depending

on it location in a number
significant ‫ اذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﺣﺎط ﺑﺎرﻗﺎم ﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻓﯾﻌﺗﺑر داﺋﻣﺎ‬v
significant ‫ اذا ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺳﺎر اﻟرﻗم ﻓﻼ ﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬v
‫ اذا ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧو‬، ‫ اذا ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ او ﺻﯾﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬significant ‫ اذا ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﯾﻣﯾن ﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬v
significant ‫ﻣوﺟودﯾن ﻻ ﯾﻌﺗﺑر‬
Examples :
87.021 5 s.f 1000*103 4 s.f
0.25084 5 s.f
1001 4 s.f
9.30 3 s.f
930*102 3 s.f
1000.00 6 s.f
Significant Figures are classified as:
• All non-zero integers, Examples:1,2,3…
S.F ‫ 🔺 ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر‬
• Capitve zeros, Examples: 10004, 102028,109.
ً‫ ﻣﻣﻛن ﯾﺟﯾب اﻟرﻗم ھﺎد ﻣﺛﻼ‬، S.F ‫🔺اﻷﺻﻔﺎر ﺑﯾن اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر‬
The zero in 10004 classified as? :‫( وﯾﺳﺄﻟك‬10004) ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻣﺗﺣﺎن‬
Ans:(Captive zero)
• Trailing zeros: are significant if number has decimal point.
Example: 110.0 , 1.00 , 1.0×10-2
S.F ‫🔺 اﻷﺻﻔﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﻣﯾن اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر‬
.(S.F ‫)ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻷ ُس ﻟﯾس ﻟﮫ ﻋﻼﻗﮫ ﺑﺗﺣدﯾد ﻋدد‬ S.F ‫🔺 ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﺳس ﻻ ﯾ ُﻌﺗﺑر اﻷس‬
• Leading zeros are not significant: 0.024, 0.0013
‫ ھﻲ ﻓﻘط ﺗﺣدد ﻣوﻗﻊ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ‬S.F ‫🔺 اﻷﺻﻔﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺳﺎراﻟرﻗم ﻻ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر‬
• the last number is where uncertainty is represented (written
as ±1) 1000 ± 10 1000 ± 10 640 ± 1

 The key Number or Limiting Number
• It is defined as the number with least number with of
significant figuers and with greatest uncertainty =
smallest absolute magnitude
‫ ﺷو ﻻزم ﺗﻛون‬digit ‫ و اﺧر‬s.f ‫وھو ﺑﺣدد اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﻼزم ﺗطﻠﻊ ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﯾﺔ ) ﻛم ﻻزم‬
. ‫ﻗﯾﻣﺗﮭﺎ‬
‫ ﻣرﺗﺑط ﺑﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺿرب واﻟﻘﺳﻣﮫ ﻓﻘط‬key number ‫ال‬ 📚

‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻣن ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ‬، 3 S.F ‫ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ‬Key number ‫📚 ﻓرﺿﺎ ً طﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﻲ ال‬
.3 S.F ‫اﻟﺿرب واﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﻻزم ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻛﻣﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ‬
:‫ﻣﻣﻛن ﯾﯾﺟﻲ ﺳؤال ﺑﺎﻻﻣﺗﺣﺎن‬-
-The key number of S.F is used in?(Multiplication and division)

Example :
1) 0.842 and 41.62
absolute ‫ال‬
3 s.f 4 s.f
‫ ﺑدون‬magnitude
842 < 4162
‫ﻓواﺻل‬
The key num. is 0.842
Uncertainity‫أو ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺣﺴﺎب ال‬ 🔷

Key number ‫( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺪون أي ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ واﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﯾُﻌﺘ َﺒﺮ‬١) ‫ﻧﻘﺴﻢ‬-
1/842>1/4162
✔ The key number is (0.842)

2) 101.0 and 0.4460
4 s.f 4 s.f
1010 < 4460
The key num. is 101.0
3) 0.20 and 0.0064
2 s.f 2 s.f
20 < 64
The num. is 0.20

:‫ﺗﻠﺧﯾص ﻟﻠﺣﻛﻲ ﯾﻠﻲ ﻓوق‬

‫ﯾﻛون ھو‬S.F ‫ ﻟﻛل ﻋدد واﻟﻌدد اﻟذي ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋدد أﻗل ﻣن ال‬S.F ‫🔹 اول اﺷﻲ ﺑﻧﺣﺳب ال‬
.Limiting number ‫ال‬
‫ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﯿﻦ ﺑﺪون أي ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ واﻟﻌﺪد ذو اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻷﻗﻞ ﯾﻜﻮن ھﻮ‬S.F ‫🔹 ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺗﺴﺎوي ﻋﺪد ال‬
. Limiting number‫ال‬
Uncertainity‫أو ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺣﺴﺎب ال‬ 🔹

Rules for significant figuers

1. in multiplication and division : The final result should indicate the same
number of significant digits as the original number with the smallest number
of significant digits
2. in addition and subtraction : The final result should contain the same
number of decimals as that of the fewest decimal figuers
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻛس ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‬key number ‫🔹 اﻟﺟواب اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺿرب واﻟﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﺎل‬
‫ورح ﻧﻌرف ﻛﯾف ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻔرﯾﻎ اﻟﺟﺎي‬key number ‫واﻟطرح ﯾﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺣﺗﺎج ﻓﯾﮭم اﻧﮫ اﺣدد‬
‫‪Multiplication and division‬‬
‫‪Example :‬‬
‫‪Give the answer with the maximum num. of s.f and indicate the key number‬‬
‫)‪(35.63 ∗ 0.5480 ∗ 0.05300‬‬
‫‪∗ 100%‬‬
‫‪1.1689‬‬
‫اول اﺷﻲ ﻋﻧﺎ ارﺑﻊ ارﻗﺎم ) ‪( 1.1689 / 35.63 / 0.5481 / 0.05300‬‬
‫‪5 s.f‬‬ ‫‪4 s.f‬‬ ‫‪4 s.f‬‬ ‫‪4 s.f‬‬
‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺗﺎﺛر وﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﺣﺗﻣل اﻟﺧطﺄ‬ ‫ال ‪ 100%‬ﻋﺑﺎره ﻋن ‪exact num.‬‬
‫ال ‪ key num.‬ھو ‪35.63‬‬
‫‪ ،،،، 88.5470578%‬ﺑس اﻟﺟواب ﻻزم ﯾﻛون ‪ 4 s.f‬زي ال ‪key num.‬‬ ‫ال ‪= result‬‬
‫وﻻزم ﻧﻘّرب طﺑﻌﺎ ‪ ،‬اذا ال ‪88.55% = result‬‬
‫اﺧر ﺧطوة ﻻزم ﻧﺗﺎﻛد اﻧﮫ ال ‪ result‬اﻛﺑر ﻣن ال ‪ key num.‬ﻣن ﺣﯾث ال ‪absolute value‬‬
‫‪8855 > 3563‬‬
‫‪Example :‬‬
‫‪42.68 ∗ 891‬‬
‫‪132.6 ∗ 0.5247‬‬
‫‪Solution : 42.68‬‬ ‫‪4 s.f‬‬
‫‪891‬‬ ‫‪3 s.f‬‬ ‫‪The key number‬‬
‫‪132.6‬‬ ‫‪4 s.f‬‬
‫‪0.5247‬‬ ‫‪4 s.f‬‬
‫‪The result = 546.57 = 547‬‬
‫ال ‪Result‬ھﻮن ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ال ‪(547<891) Key num.‬‬ ‫❌‬

‫ﺷو ﺑﻧﻌﻣل ﺑﮭﺎي اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ؟‬

‫‪ v‬ﺑﻧرﺟﻊ ﻟل ‪ result‬ﻗﺑل اﻟﺗﻘرﯾب )‪ (546.57‬وﺑﻧﺎﺧد رﻗم واﺣد زﯾﺎدة )زﯾﺎدة ﻋن ﻋدد ‪ s.f‬اﻟﻠﻲ ﻻزم‬
‫ﺗﻛون ﺑﺎﻟﺟواب ( وﺑﻧﻘّرب ‪ ،‬ﺑﺻﯾر ﻋﻧﺎ ‪ 546.6‬ﺑس ﻣﺎ ﺑﻧﻛﺗﺑﮫ ﺑﮭﺎد اﻟﺷﻛل ‪ ،‬رح ﻧﻛﺗﺑﮫ ﺑﮭﺎد اﻟﺷﻛل‬
‫‪ 546.6‬ﺣﯾث اﻧﮫ ال ‪ 6‬ﺗﻛﺗب ‪ subscript‬ﻻﻧﮫ ﻣﺷﻛوك ﻓﯾﮭﺎ‬
‫‪ v‬ال ‪ subscript‬ﯾﻠﻲ ھﻲ ال‪ 6‬ﯾﻠﻲ ﺗﺣت ﻻ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ‪ ❌ S.F‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﺒﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬