TENSES

1. Simple Present to expresses general statement of fact and habitual action. It says that
something was true in the past, is true in the present and will be true in the future.
FORMULA verbal: S + V1 + es/s + O
Nonverbal: S + is/am/are + O
e.g GENERAL STATEMENT:
1. Jokowi is president of Indonesia
2. Palembang is in south sumatera
3. The world is round
4. The water consist of oxygen and hydrogen
5. State Islamic University of Rafa is one of the university in Palembang

2. Simple Past to expresses an activity that began and ended in the past time.
FORMULA verbal: S + V2 + O
Nonverbal: S + Was/were + O
e.g: 1. I visited my grandma’s house 2 days ago
2. I was in the class yesterday

3. Present Continuous to expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking.

FORMULA : S + is/am/are + V ing
e.g : I am reading book now

4. Past Continuous, it’s used to describe on-going activity in the past, both actions occurs at
the same time, but 1 action began earlier and was in progress when the other action occur.
FORMULA : S + was/were + V ing
e.g : 1. I was sleeping in my bedroom when my friends arrived in my house
2. While ani was reading the book, the cat ate her food.

5. Present Perfect to expresses an activity that happened before now, at unspecified time in the
past.
FORMULA : S + Have/has + V3
e.g : I have already eaten the apple
6. Present Perfect Continuous, it’s used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in
past and continues to the present.
FORMULA : S + have/has + been + Ving
e.g : 1. I have been eating in Mcd for 3 times (for to tell how long it happens)
2. My dad has been working in his office since 2010 (since to explain when it
began)

7. Past Perfect to expresses an activity that was completed before another activity in the past.
FORMULA : S + had + V3
e.g : I had written a letter when my mom called me
Conjunction : 1. after nina had done her homework, I wrote the letter last night
2. before kiki slept last night, she had written her task.

8. Past Perfect Continuous to expresses the duration an activity that was in progress before
another time.
FORMULA : S + had + been + Ving
e.q : I had been singing for 5 minutes before my friends came to my house.

9. Present Future to expresses an activity that will happen in the future

FORMULA : S + will/be going to + O
e.g : 1. Will & be going to, to tell the prediction
- it will be sunny / it is going to be sunny tomorrow
2. Will to express willingness
- I will wash my dad’s clothes tomorrow
3. Be going to, to express prior plan
- I will do my assignments tomorrow morning

10. Future Continuous to expresses an activity that will be in progress at time in the future.
FORMULA : S + will be + Ving
e.g : I will be doing my assignments soon

11. Future Perfect to expresses an activity that will be completed before another time in the
future.
FORMULA : S + will have + V3
 e.g : 1. at ninth semester, I will have finished my study
2. I will have done my assignments by the time I eat the cake tonight

12. Future Perfect Continuous to expresses the duration of an activity that will be I progress
before another time in the future.
FORMULA : S + will have been + Ving
e.g : I will have been sleeping for 2 hours before my dad comes to this house

ADVERB CLAUSE is a group of words that contain subject, object, and connector but it can’t stand
alone. After connector is adverb clause, and after adv clause is main clause.
e.g: when my mom called me, I was sleeping in my bedroom.
The kinds of connector for this part is on page 72.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT means that subject and verb must agree in number. It means the
word need to be singular/plural.
e.g: the apple is mine / the apples are mine.
Let’s see more explanation on page 88,89,90,92

PASSIVE VOICE is the verb form used when the subject affected by action of verb.
THE REQUIREMENTS of passive voice:
1. V1 should change into V3
2. Use transitive verb (the verb must be followed by a noun, such as get, take, wash, play, visited,
become, carry) *intransitive verb is verb without a noun, such as sleep, take a bath, wake up, run,
walk, smile, stopp
3. Subj changes into obj, and obj changes into subj
4. Add by agent in the end of the sentence to know the duer, but if the sentence is not important to
know the duer, we can make the sentence without by agent
e.g : 1. Our house was built in 2000
2. The window was broken by my brother
3. The rice is grown in Indonesia
4. My car was repaired yesterday
INDIRECT OBJECT AS PASSIVE VOICE, indirect obj comes between the verb and direct obj.
e.g : 1. The letter was given to kiki last night
2. The flower was sent to kiki yesterday

STATIVE PASSIVE means that the participle as an adjective.

e.g : 1. My heart is broken
2. The door was locked

STATIVE VERB is the verb not to explain the action, but to explain condition has not change.
e.g : 1. This pen belongs to me
2. The result depends on the you
3. The water consists of oxygen and hydrogen

ADJECTIVE / RELATIVE CLAUSE is a dependent (it’s not complete sentence) clause that
modifies a noun, it describes more information about a noun.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS / RELATIVE PRONOUNS

It uses pronouns to connect the dependent clause to the independent clause.
Let’s see the parts of this material on page 268-277

GERUNDS is the ing form of a verb used as a noun.

INFINITIVE is the word to + V1
Let’s see this material on page 297-318

GANBATTE MAN-TEMAN Q

JANGAN LUPA BERDOA SEBELUM BELAJAR

-qq