7/30/2018
Whether you think
you CAN or
you CAN NOT,
you’re RIGHT.
Industrial Electronics
• INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS is the
application of solid-state electronics to
industrial manufacture and power
control.
• INDUSTRY could be:
– AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
– SOFT GOODS INDUSTRY (i.e., clothes)
– DURABLE GOODS INDUSTRY (i.e., large
appliances, consumer electronics, etc.)
Power Control System
CIRCUIT CONTROL DEVICES:
1. Manual Switches and Rheostats
2. Relays and Breakers
3. Variable Reactance Transformers
4. Electronic Switches
Industrial Electronics
Fernando Victor V. de Vera
ECE, M.Tech
POWER CONTROL SYSTEM
AND INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC
SYSTEMS
Question
 A crowbar circuit is used
A. to monitor the output current of a power
supply and automatically shuts down the
system when an overload occur
B. to monitor the temperature of a power supply
and switches the cooling fan when a threshold
temperature is reached.
C. as voltage reference in regulated power
supplies.
D. as an over-voltage protection in power
supplies.
 7/30/2018

Question Question
Which of the following is NOT a type of An advantage of rheostat over a
circuit breaker trip element? potentiometer is ___.
A. Thermal A. It consumes less power.
B. thermal-magnetic B. It can handle more current
C. optic-magnetic C. It has lesser terminals
D. magnetic D. It can control voltage

Question
A manually activated switch that has
multiple terminals and needed to be
turned to make contact.
A. Rotary switch
B. Multi-pole switch
C. Trigger switch
D. Multi-Level switch VACUUM TUBES

Vacuum Tubes Types of Vacuum Tubes

• Also known as ‘electron tube’ (in North Based on the number of elements:
America), tube, or ‘thermionic valve’ or
valve (in British English) • Diode
• A device controlling electric current • Triode
through a vacuum in a sealed container.
• The container is often thin transparent • Tetrode
glass in a roughly cylindrical shape. • Pentode
• Used in switching, rectification and
amplification.
• Used in high power applications.
 7/30/2018

Vacuum Tube Diode Vacuum Tube Diode

• Invented by Sir John • Similar to
Ambrose Fleming in incandescent light
1904
– FRS (29 November 1849
bulbs, which
– 18 April 1945) was an contains a
English electrical ‘FILAMENT’ in an
engineer and physicist.
He is known for evacuated glass
inventing the first envelope, but with
thermionic valve or
vacuum tube, the another electrode,  The heated filament
releases electrons into the
diode, then called the the ‘PLATE’. vacuum, a process called
kenotron in 1904.
– FILAMENT – cathode THERMIONIC EMISSION,
• Also called – PLATE – anode and is attracted to the plate.
“FLEMMING VALVE’’

Vacuum Tube Diode Vacuum Tube Triode

• The diode is a • Invented by Lee De
Forest in 1906
UNILATERAL Device, – (August 26, 1873 – June
since the electron 30, 1961) was an
American inventor with
cannot flow in the over 180 patents to his
reverse direction credit.
– He named himself the
• APPLICATIONS "Father of Radio," with
this famous quote, "I
– Rectifier discovered an Invisible
– AM Detector Empire of the Air,
intangible, yet solid as
• Symbol: granite,".

Vacuum Tube Triode Vacuum Tube Triode

• Similar to a vacuum • PROBLEMS with
tube diode with an the audion tube:
additional electrode, the
– Parasitic
‘CONTROL GRID’ or
Capacitance (or
‘grid’.
Miller, or Inter-
• Can amplify signals of electrode
all frequencies. capacitance)
• Also called ‘AUDION – Instability
TUBE’
– Limited voltage
• Symbol: gain
 7/30/2018

Vacuum Tube Tetrode Vacuum Tube Tetrode

• Invented by Walter • Similar to the triode, • Can operate at higher
with the addition of a frequencies.
Hermann Schottky in second grid, located • Eliminates “Inter-
1919 between the control grid electrode Capacitance”
and the plate (anode), • Symbol:
– (23 July 1886 – 4 known as the ‘SCREEN
March 1976) was a GRID’.
German physicist who • A positive voltage
played a major early slightly lower than the
plate (anode) voltage
role in developing the was applied to it, and
theory of electron was bypassed (for high
and ion emission frequencies) to ground
phenomena with a capacitor.

Vacuum Tube Tetrode Vacuum Tube Tetrode

Problem:
• SECONDARY EMISSION
– Electrons strike the anode with sufficient energy to
cause the emission of electrons from its surface.
– In a TRIODE - not important since they are simply re-
captured by the more positive anode (plate).
– In a TETRODE - can be captured by the screen grid
(thus also acting as an anode) since it is also at a
high voltage, thus robbing them from the plate
current and reducing the amplification of the
device.
• TETRODE KINK
– The plate current can decrease with
increasing plate voltage.
• Since secondary electrons can outnumber the
primary electrons, in the worst case, particularly
as the plate voltage dips below the screen
voltage
– An example of negative resistance which
can itself cause instability.

Tetrode Amplifier Circuit Vacuum Tube Pentode

• Invented in 1928 by
Bernard D. H. Tellegen
– (24 June 1900 – 30
August 1990) was a
Dutch electrical
engineer and inventor
of the pentode and the
gyrator. He is also
known for a theorem in
circuit theory,
Tellegen's theorem.
 7/30/2018

Vacuum Tube Pentode

• Has another grid, • Symbol:
between the screen
grid and the main
anode, called the
‘SUPPRESSOR GRID’.
– This suppresses
secondary emission
current toward the
screen grid. ELECTRONIC SWITCHES
• Developed to reduce
“Secondary Emission”

Common Electronic Swicthes THYRISTOR

• Rectifier Diode – Silicon Controlled • Group of devices with four or more
Switch (SCS)
• Transistors (BJT, FET) semiconductor layers
– Programmable
• Thyristors Unijunction
Transistor (PUT)
• Mostly used as switch
– Shockley Diode
– Silicon-Controlled – Triac • BREAK-OVER VOLTAGE is needed to turn
Rectifier (SCR) – Diac on any thyristor.
– Silicon Unilateral – Silicon Bilateral
Switch (SUS) Switch (SBS)
– Gate Turn Off (GTO)
– Light Activated SCR
(LASCR)

Thyristors Shockley Diode

• THYRISTOR • Also called four layer diode
– A family of semiconductor devices having • A dual terminal pnpn device
four or more semiconductor layers.
• A unilateral device
– APPLICATIONS:
1. Switch
2. Power Control
3. Oscillator
4. Aid to other thyristors
 7/30/2018

Probable
Question
Probable
Board
Question
Board
Question
Question
Family of devices that are constructed A two terminal pnpn device that acts as a
with four semiconductor layers. switch and remains off until the forward
A. Thyrectors voltage reaches a certain value and
B. Thyristors conducts.
C. Shockley diode A. Skottkey Diode
D. SCR B. Tunnel diode
C. Shockley diode
D. All of these

Probable
Question
Probable
Board
Question
Board
Question
Question
The current at which the Shockley diode The maintaining current in a Shockley
starts to conduct. diode to keep it in its ON condition.
A. Starting current A. Maintaining current
B. Holding current B. Holding current
C. Forward current C. Forward current
D. Switching current D. Switching current

Probable
Question
Probable
Board
Question
Board
Question
Question
What happens to the current flow in a A circuit used to filter out high frequency
Shockley diode when the voltage is from a Shockley diode that may cause it
reduced from the point it starts to conduct.
conducting? A. Series inductor
A. The current increases linearly B. Parallel inductor
B. The current increases exponentially C. Series RC
C. The current decreases linearly D. Parallel RLC
D. The current is maintained
 7/30/2018

Silicon-Controlled Rectifier SCR (Switching) Operation

• a three-terminal four layer device • To Turn ON • To Turn OFF
1. Apply sufficient 1. Anode Current (IA)
• gated Shockley diode forward bias voltage less than the Holding
from anode to Current (IH).
cathode (VAK) <
≥
2. Apply a sufficient • Note: Gate can never
Gate Voltage (VG) be used to turn OFF
and Gate Current (IG). the SCR.
3. Too fast voltage rise
(rate effect) at the
anode to cathode.

Turning OFF an SCR Anode Current Interruption

• Note that < so that the SCR will be • Switch in Series • Switch in Parallel
– Reduces the anode – Diverts the current
turned OFF. current to zero away from the SCR

• TWO METHODS:
1. Anode Current Interruption
2. Forced Commutation

Forced Commutation SCR Applications

• The current through the SCR is forced to flow 1. ON-OFF current Control
opposite the forward conduction current.
 7/30/2018

Probable
SCR Applications Board
Question
Question
2. Half Wave Phase Control The maximum reverse bias voltage that
causes the SCR to break into the
avalanche region.
A. Reverse breakdown voltage
B. Reverse breakover voltage
C. Reverse blocking voltage
D. All of the above

Probable
Question
Probable
Board
Question
Board
Question
Question
The turn-off time of an SCR is about ___. The maximum reverse bias voltage that
A. Tens of milliseconds to tenths of a second causes the SCR to break into the
B. Few millisecond to 3 seconds avalanche region.
C. 5 microseconds to 30microseconds A. Reverse breakdown voltage
D. 30 microseconds to a 5 milliseconds B. Reverse breakover voltage
C. Reverse blocking voltage
D. All of the above

Bilateral Devices DIAC (Diode AC)

• Conducts on both directions.
• There is no reverse bias, hence there is
no “breakdown” voltage.
• There is no “anode” nor “cathode”,
instead they have anode1/ anode2 (A1,
A2) or main terminal 1/ main terminal 2
(MT1, MT2), which can be interchanged.
• The diac is basically a two-terminal
parallel-inverse combination of
semiconductor layers that permits
triggering in either direction.
• A Bilateral Device
• Can be seen as “Back-to-back parallel
inverse connection of 2 Shockley
diodes”.
 7/30/2018

Symbol and Construction Triac

SYMBOLS CONSTRUCTION • A diac with a gate terminal.
• Seen as two SCRs in parallel-inverse
connection, with a common gate
terminal.
• A bilateral device.

Triac Symbol and Basic Probable

Construction
Board
Question
Question
SYMBOL CONSTRUCTION A device containing an anode and a
cathode or a pn junction of a
semiconductor as the principal elements
and provides unidirectional conduction.
A. diode
B. diac
C. triode
D. triac

Probable
Question
Probable
Board
Question
Board
Question
Question
One of the electronic semiconductor A four layer semiconductor diode whose
devices known as diac, function as characteristic at the first quadrant is
A. Four terminal multi-directional switch similar to that of a silicon controlled
B. Two terminal bi-directional switch rectifier (SCR).
C. Two terminal unidirectional switch A. Shockley diode
D. Three terminal bi-directional switch B. thyrector
C. Schottky diode
D. diac
 7/30/2018

Probable
Question
Probable
Board
Question
Board
Question
Question
In selecting thyristors for a particular A pnpn device which is essentially two
application, which of the statement SCRs connected in parallel and in
below is generally desirable? opposite direction with a common gate
A. thyristors with high current and voltage terminal.
ratings A. Thyratrons
B. thyristors with high holding B. Thyristors
current/voltage C. Triac
C. faster thyristors D. Transistor
D. thyristors with high breakback-voltage

Probable
Board
Question
Question Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
Which of the following is an application • Also called “duo (double) -base diode”.
of the diac? • Does not belong to the thyristor family
A. Phase control • Has a single PN junction
B. Relay
• Used for relaxation oscillators
C. DIACs are almost never used alone, but in
conjunction with other thyristor devices
D. All of these

UJT Symbol and Basic

UJT Equivalent Circuit
Construction
SYMBOL BASIC CONSTRUCTION
 7/30/2018

Operation of the UJT (IE=0) Firing Potential (VP)

• INTERBASE RESISTANCE (RBB) • “Peak-Point Emitter Voltage”
• The UJT will fire if there is enough voltage
applied in the emitter (VE).
• Voltage across RB1 (VRB1)

Note:
VD is anywhere between
0.3 to 0.7v
• INTRINSIC STAND-OFF RATIO (η)

KVL

Programmable Unijunction
UJT Characteristic Curve
Transistor (PUT)
• A part of the thyristor family.
• Different from the UJT in terms of its
structure.
• Can replace a UJT in the relaxation
oscillator applications.
• Similar to SCR in structure except that the
gate is connected to the inner N layer.
• The anode to gate voltage can be used both
to turn ON and OFF the device.

PUT Symbol and Basic

PUT Biasing
Construction
SYMBOL BASIC CONSTRUCTION

• The gate is biased through an external voltage

divider circuit.
• When the anode voltage exceeds this
“programmed” voltage, the PUT will turn ON.
 7/30/2018

Probable
Board
Question
Question
A UJT has an internal resistances of RB1
= 6 kΩ and RB2 = 3 kΩ, what is its
interbase resistance?
A. 2 kΩ
B. 3 kΩ
C. 6 kΩ
PAST/ POSSIBLE ECE BOARD D. 9 kΩ
QUESTIONS

Probable
Question
Probable
Board
Question
Board
Question
Question
The internal dynamic resistance between The sum of the internal dynamic
the emitter and base1 of a UJT varies ___ resistances between the emitter and
with the emitter current. base1 and the emitter and base2 of a UJT
A. Directly is called ___.
B. Inversely A. Dynamic UJT resistance
C. Proportionally B. Interbase resistance
D. Constantly C. Stand-off resistance
D. All of these

Probable
Question
Probable
Board
Question
Board
Question
Question
After the UJT turns on, the emitter For a UJT with n=0.6, find the peak-point
voltage decreases as the emitter current emitter voltage if VBB = 20V.
continues to increase. This region of A. 12 V
operation is called ___. B. 33.33 V
A. Stand-off region C. 12.7 V
B. Forward conduction region D. 11.3 V
C. Reverse conduction region
D. Negative resistance region
 7/30/2018

Probable
Question
Probable
Board
Question
Board
Question
Question
A type of thyristor that is used to replace What turns ON a PUT?
UJT, but not similar to the UJT structure. A. The anode voltage exceeds the gate
A. PUT voltage by 0.7V
B. SCS B. The gate voltage exceeds the anode
C. SCR voltage by 0.7V
D. Triac C. A positive trigger on the gate
D. A negative trigger on the gate

Probable
Board
Question
Question
The gate of a PUT can be biased to a
desired voltage with ___.
A. An external diac trigger circuit
B. The use of snubberA = circuit
V

If you want to be successful,

o
V
V i

C. A external voltage divider circuit

D. All of the above learn from their JOURNEY
and not their destination.

Electronic Instrumentation
• Instrumentation
– the development and use of precise
measuring equipment.
Electronic Instrumentation
• Three Basic Functions of
Instrumentations
Fernando Victor V. de Vera, ECE, MT •  indicating
fvictor.devera@gmail.com
fvictordevera@yahoo.com •  recording
•  controlling
3 Basic Functions of Instrument
 7/30/2018

ELECTROMECHANICAL
Electromechanical Instruments
INSTRUMENTS
• D’Arsonval meter or PMMC

D’Arsonval meter or PMMC

Important parameters:
Ifs , S , & Rm

ECE Board
Ammeter November
2002
Question
_________ is the amount of current
necessary to cause a full scale deflection
(maximum reading) of the ammeter.
A. Ammeter sensitivity
B. Maximum value
C. Maximum reading
D. Ammeter selectivity
• Errors in Ammeter reading is due to
INSERTION effects!

Voltmeter Leading You To The Right Track

ECE Board
April 2000 Question Voltmeter
To increase the capacity of an ammeter,
what should be added to the circuit.
A. a shunt resistance in parallel with the
meter
B. a shunt capacitance in
C. a series inductance
D. a series resistance parallel with meter
• Errors in Voltmeter reading is due to
LOADING effects!
Leading You To The Right Track Ohmmeter
 7/30/2018

ECE Board
April 2001 Question Ohm-meter
In voltmeter the purpose of series
resistor is to _____
A. increase speed of the meter movement
B. decrease the voltage range
C. decrease the current range
D. increase the voltage range

• Errors in Ohmmeter is due to BATTERY

VOLTAGE DECAY

Leading You To The Right Track AC Voltmeter – Half wave

ECE Board
November
1997
Question AC Voltmeter – Half wave
How does an ohmmeter behave if its
positive lead is connected to the cathode
of a diode while negative to anode?
A. has infinite high resistance
B. has unstable resistance
C. has very low resistance
D. has decreasing resistance

AC Voltmeter - Full wave

AC Voltmeter – Full wave ECE Board

April 2004 Question
A _____ is an instrument used to
measured small amounts of currents and
is based on the electromagnetic
principle.
A. Watt meter
B. Ammeter
C. Multi-meter
D. Galvanometer

MULTIMETER Electronic Instrumentation

 7/30/2018

ECE Board
April 2003 Question MULTIMETER
_______ is the material used as meter • is a single meter that
pointers. combines the
functions of:
A. Aluminum
– a dc ammeter,
B. Copper
– a dc voltmeter,
C. Gold – an ac ammeter,
D. Silver – an ac voltmeter, and
– an ohmmeter.

Leading You To The Right Track

ELECTRODYNAMOMETER ELECTRODYNAMOMETER
• A current-sensitive
device • SINGLE COIL
• Accurate and the Most – AC/DC current or voltage, single coil
versatile wattmeter/ varmeter
• Used as voltmeter and
ammeter standards • DOUBLE COIL
and transfer device – for polyphase wattmeter/ varmeter
• Can handle high
current (Has low • CROSSED COILS
sensitivity) – power factor meter and frequency meters
• Has a square-law
meter scale

IRON VANE METER MOVEMENT THERMOCOUPLE METER

• Uses thermocouple
• Has fixed coil of and a d’Arsonval
many turns and meter.
two iron vanes
• Used for measuring
placed inside the
very-frequency
fixed coils
alternating currents
• Rugged (less (≅50 MHz)
accurate)
• Has a square-law
response
 7/30/2018

ECE Board
ECE Board
April 1998 Question November
1999 Question
For the greatest accuracy, what should What is a VOM?
be the input impedance of a VOM be? A. A combination ohmmeter, milliameter,
A. 1,000 ohms/V and voltmeter
B. 50,000 ohms/V B. A voltage only meter
C. as large as possible C. A combination voltmeter and ohmmeter
D. as small as possible D. A measurement of the movement of a
meter's pointer

Medical INS – April 2004

Question
A PMMC with Ifs=1mA and Rm=200
ohms is used as an ohmmeter. Find the
multiplier resistance if Vbat = 3V.
If the resistance being measured is 50 Resistance Bridges
ohms, find the %Deflection. Capacitive Bridges
Inductive Bridges
If the %Deflection is 80%, what is the
resistance being measured?
BRIDGES

BRIDGES Categories of Bridges

• Bridge circuits are instruments for • Resistance Bridges
making “comparison measurement”, • AC Bridges
they are used to measure: – Inductance Bridges
– resistance (R), – Capacitance Bridges
– inductance (L), – Impedance Bridges
– capacitance (C), and
– impedance (Z).

Wheatstone Bridge+Equation
 7/30/2018

Resistance Bridges Wheatstone Bridge

• Wheatstone Bridge
• Slide Wire Bridge
• Kelvin Bridge
• Murray and Varley Bridge

Description

Wheatstone Bridge Wheatstone Bridge

Ratio Arm
• Is a DC type bridge which can accurately Null Detector
measure resistances.
• It consists of two parallel resistances with
each branch containing two series
elements, usually resistors.
• A dc voltage source is supplied across the
resistance network and a null detector, Standard Arm
usually a galvanometer is connected
between the parallel branches to detect a or Balance Arm
condition of balance.

Bridge + 3-Nametags SLIDE-WIRE BRIDGE

Slide-Wire Bridge Kelvin BRIDGE

• Kelvin Bridge
– a modified version of
the Wheatstone
bridge.
• This bridge is
deigned to measure
very low resistances,
from 1 Ω to about 1
µΩ with a high
degree of accuracy.

OTHER BRIDGES
 7/30/2018

AC BRIDGES
• AC bridges are basically a Wheatstone
bridge, with arms that are impedances
instead of purely resistance.
Capacitance Bridges • They are used to measure
Inductance Bridges
– capacitance,
Impedance Bridges
– inductance, and
AC BRIDGES – impedance.

Similar Angle Bridge

Capacitance Bridges Similar-Angle BRIDGE

• Similar Angle Bridge • Is used to measure the impedance of a
• Series RC Bridge capacitive circuit.
• Wien Bridge • This is sometimes called the
• Schering Bridge CAPACITANCE COMPARISON BRIDGE.
• Transformer Bridge
• RF Bridge

Opposite Angle Bridge

Series RC BRIDGE Wien BRIDGES

• A resistance-ratio bridge used to
COMPARE A KNOWN CAPACITANCE WITH
AN UNKNOWN CAPACITANCE. The
adjustable series resistance is added to
the arm containing the capacitor.
• Used to measure either the equivalent-
series components or the equivalent-
parallel components of an impedance.
• Useful for determining the equivalent
capacitance and parallel loss resistance
of an imperfect capacitor, e.g., a sample
of insulation or a length of cable.

RF Bridge
 7/30/2018

Wien BRIDGES Schering BRIDGE

• An important application of the Wien
bridge network is its use as the
frequency-determining network in RC
oscillators
• Used to measure CAPACITANCE AND
DISSIPATION FACTORS.
• This bridge is also often used to measure
insulating properties.

RF Bridge Guessing Time

Transformer Bridge RF BRIDGES

• The transformer bridge is used for the • Radio-Frequency Bridge – is used to
precise comparison of capacitors, measure the impedance of both
especially for three-terminal shielded capacitive and inductive circuits at
capacitors. higher frequencies.
• A three-winding toroidal transformer
having low leakage reactance is used to
provide a stable ratio, known to better
than 1 part in 107.

Schering Bridge

Inductance Bridges Symmetrical Inductance Bridge

• Symmetrical Inductance Bridge • Useful for COMPARING THE IMPEDANCE

• Maxwell-Wien OF AN UNKNOWN INDUCTANCE WITH
• Anderson’s Bridge THAT OF A KNOWN INDUCTANCE.
• Owen’s Bridge
• Hay’s Bridge
• Campbell’s Bridge

Maxwell (-Wien) BRIDGES
• Maxwell Bridge – is used to measure
inductance using a CAPACITANCE as
standard.
• This is sometimes called a MAXWELL-
WIEN BRIDGE.
WEIN BRIDGE
Owen’s Bridge
• used to measure a WIDE RANGE OF
INDUCTANCE values in terms of
RESISTANCE AND CAPACITANCE
Campbell’s Bridge
• For measuring MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
makes possible the comparison of
unknown and standard mutual
inductances having different values.
7/30/2018
Anderson’s Bridge
• useful for measuring a WIDE RANGE OF
INDUCTANCES with reasonable values of
FIXED CAPACITANCE
Opposite Angle BRIDGES
• Used to measure the impedance of an
inductive circuit with a LARGE Q with a
known RESISTANCE AND CAPACITANCE.
• This is sometimes known as Hay bridge.
Maxwell Bridge
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS
 7/30/2018

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS
• Elements of Electronic Instruments

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS:
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Common Elect Inst

Echoencephalography Echoencephalography
• The reflected pulses from the skin, brain,
• ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY skull, and other head structures are recorded
– method for detecting and amplified with a cathode-ray
abnormalities within the oscilloscope, giving a measure of the distance
cranial cavity. between the probe and the reflecting
surfaces.
• Based on the reflection of
high-frequency sound
pulses delivered to the
head through a probe
held firmly to the scalp.
Medical Instruments

Electroencephalogram (EEG) Echocardiography

• Diagnostic technique
that uses ultrasound
(high-frequency
sound waves) to
produce an image of
the internal
• A record of electrical activity of structures of the
the brain recorded by 8 to 16 heart.
(or more) pairs of electrodes
attached to the scalp.
 7/30/2018

Echocardiography ECG (Electrocardiogram)

• A graphic recording of the electrical
activity of the heart detected at the body
surface and amplified.
• For many years it was called an EKG after
the German Elektrokardiogramm.
• Invented by the Dutch physiologist
Willem Einthoven (1860–1927)

Medical Instruments

Electrocardiography (ECG) EMG (Electromyography)

• The process of graphically
recording the electrical
activity of muscle on a
cathode-ray oscilloscope.
• The visual recording, called
an ELECTROMYOGRAM, or
EMG, is customarily
accompanied by auditory
monitoring with a
loudspeaker.

Medical Instruments Medical Instruments

CAT (Computerized Axial

CAT 3D Images
Tomography)
• Method of obtaining
cross-sectional images
in three dimensions of
internal bodily
structures;
• also called COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY
– a computer
enhancement of
tomography.
 7/30/2018

MRI (Magnetic Resonance

MRI Instrument and Image
Imaging)
• The application of NMR in the field of
medicine, used to visualize soft tissues of
the body.

• NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)

– used to measure nuclear magnetic
moments, the characteristic magnetic
behaviour of specific nuclei.

PET (Positron Emission

PET Instrument
Tomography)
• A diagnostic examination that involves
the acquisition of physiologic images
based on the detection of radiation from
the emission of positrons.
• POSITRONS
– tiny particles emitted from a radioactive
substance administered to the patient.

ECE Board
Fluoroscopy November
2004
Question
• An imaging technique A low dosage x-ray of the breast to
commonly used by physicians
to obtain real-time moving detect tumors in women too small to be
images of the internal felt by hand.
structures of a patient A. electrocardiograph
through the use of a
fluoroscope. B. polygraph
• FLUOROSCOPE C. thermograph
– consists of an x-ray source and D. mamograph
fluorescent screen between
which a patient is placed.

Leading You To The Right Track

 7/30/2018

ECE Board
April 2004 Question ECE Board
April 2004 Question
What do you call the medical instrument The study of electrical activity of muscles
designed to record the electrical activity at rest and during contraction to
of the brain? diagnose diseases of muscles, peripheral
A. Electrocardiograph (ECG) nerves and spinal cord
B. Spectrum analyzer (SA) A. electromyography (EMG)
C. Electroencephalograph (EEG) B. electroencephalography (EEG)
D. Electroneurograph (ENG) C. electrocardiograph (ECG)
D. fluoroscopy

Medical INS – April 2004 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS

Refractometer
• measures the
bending of a beam of
light as it passes
from one material to
another; such
instruments are used
Instruments to Monitor
Chemical Properties – to determine the
composition of sugar
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS: solutions or the
– concentration of
CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS tomato paste in
catsup.

Medical Instruments

Infrared Analyzers Chromatography

• Can identify substances by the • A sensitive and swift
wavelength and amount of infrared method of chemical
analysis used on
radiation that they emit or reflect. extremely tiny
– Example: infrared analyzer which is used to samples of a
measure breath alcohol concentrations substance, relies on
the different rates at
which a material will
adsorb different
types of molecules.

Medical Instruments
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pH Sensors pH Sensor
• Measure the acidity or • A pH measurement loop
is made up of three
alkalinity of a components:
solution. 1. pH sensor, which
• pH includes
a) a measuring electrode
– minus the decimal (sensitive to the
logarithm of the hydrogen ion),
b) a reference electrode,
hydrogen ion activity and a
in an aqueous c) temperature sensor;
solution. 2. Preamplifier; and an
3. Analyser or transmitter.

Hydrometer
• Measures the density (weight per unit
volume) or specific gravity (weight per
unit volume compared with water).
Hydrometer
• Lactometer
– A lactometer is a hydrometer used to test milk.
The specific gravity of milk does not give a
conclusive indication of its composition since
milk contains a variety of substances that are
either heavier or lighter than water.
• Alcoholometer
– An alcoholometer is a hydrometer which is used
for determining the alcoholic strength of
liquids. It is also known as a Proof and Traille
hydrometer.

Medical Instruments

Hydrometer
• Saccharometer
– A saccharometer is a hydrometer used for
determining the amount of sugar in a
solution. It is primarily used by brewers and
winemakers.
• Thermohydrometer
– A thermohydrometer is a hydrometer that
has a thermometer enclosed in the float
section.
Turbidimeter
• Measures turbidity, or amount of particulate
matter in a solution, which measures how
much light of one particular wavelength is
absorbed by a solution.
• Measured in nephelometic turbidity unit,
NTU
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Turbidimeter Spectroscope
• Analyzes by wave length
the light radiation given
off by incandescent
substances.
• Used to identify the
composition of chemical
substances and stars.
• MASS SPECTROMETERS
Magnesium
and MASS
SPECTROGRAPHS
– the instruments used in
mass spectroscopy.
Medical Instruments

Mass Spectroscopy Mass Spectroscopy

• An analytic technique
by which chemical
substances are
identified by the
sorting of gaseous
ions in electric and
magnetic fields
according to their
mass-to-charge
ratios.

Probable
Board
Question
Question
The ___ is the substance which is
separated during chromatography.
A. Chromatogram
B. Analyte
C. Solute
D. Debris
END