History - derived from the Greek noun
ἱστορία
- “the past of mankind”
- a chronological record of
significant events (such as
those affecting a nation or
institution) often including
an explanation of their
causes.
- A branch of knowledge that
does systematically the
recording, analyzing and
coordinating of the past
events.
ἱστορία (historia) = learning; inquiry
Geschichte = the German word for history
Geschehen = to happen
KASAYSAYAN
- saysay (narrative or
salaysay) saysay (relevance,
importance) Zeus Salazar
definition: Salaysay na may
saysay para sa
sinasalaysayang grupo ng
tao (Relevant
stories/narrative of the
people)
Nelson Mandela - “If you talk to a man in a
language he understands, that goes to his
head. If you talk to him in his language, that
goes to his heart.”
History as Reconstruction
- the historian is many times
removed from the events
under investigation
- historians rely on surviving
records
History Defined by E.H. Carr
- the inquiry conducted by
the historian and the series
of past events into which he
inquires
- is the continuous process of
interaction between the
historian and his facts, an
unending dialogue between
the present and the past
- History means
interpretation
- History is what the
historian makes
Collingwood - History is the re-enactment
in the historian's mind of the thought
whose history he is studying.
Oakeshott - History is the historian's
experience
Parsons - History is “a selective system” not
only of cognitive, but of causal, orientations
to reality.
Entire past → observed → remembered →
recorded → survived → available → usable
Louis Gottschalk - “Only a part of what was
observed in the past was remembered by
those who observed it; only a part of what
was remembered was recorded; only a part
of what was recorded has survived; only a
part of what has survived has come to the
historian’s attention; only a part of what
has come to their attention is credible; only
a part of what is credible has been grasped,
and only a part of what has been grasped
can be expounded or narrated by the
historian.”
Historical Method - Historians have to
verify sources, to date them, locate their
place of origin and identify their intended
functions
- The process of critically
examining and analyzing
the records and survivals of
the past
Howell & Prevenier - “Each generation of - materials produced by
historians develops its own perspectives, people or groups directly
and that our understanding of the past is involved in the event or
constantly reshaped by the historian and topic being studied.
the world he or she inhabits” - they are either participants
Historical Sources - These are objects from or witnesses.
the past or testimonies concerning the past - these sources range from
on which historians depend in order to eyewitness accounts,
create their own depiction of that past diaries, letters, legal
- Tangible remains of the past documents, and official
Historical Sources - materials documents (government or
used for the writing of history. private) and even
classified into two: photographs
1. Primary Sources
2. Secondary Sources
Another type of classification Four Main Categories of Primary Sources
are: 1. written 1. Written sources
a. Published materials 2. Images
* Books, magazines, 3. Artifacts
journals 4. Oral testimony
*Travelogue
*transcription of speech Secondary Sources - A secondary
b. Manuscript [any source interprets and analyzes primary
handwritten or typed record that sources. These sources are one or more
has not been printed] steps removed from the event.
- may have pictures, quotes
* Archival materials or graphics of primary
* Memoirs, diary sources in them.
and non-written Examples of secondary sources:
*Oral history *History textbook
*Artifact *Printed materials (serials,
*Ruins periodicals which interprets
*Fossils previous research)
*Art works
*Videorecordings Historical Criticism - In order for a source to
*Audiorecording be used as evidence in history, basic
2. published or unpublished, matters about its form and content must be
3. textual, oral or visual sources settled.

Primary Sources - Testimony of an 1. External Criticism

eyewitness - The problem of authenticity
- must have been produced - To spot fabricated, forged,
by a contemporary of the faked documents
event it narrates
 - To distinguish a hoax or
misrepresentation
Tests of Authenticity
1. Determine the date of the document to
see whether they are anachronistic e.g.
pencils did not exist before the 16th
Century
2. Determine the author e.g. handwriting,
signature, seal - Louis Gottschalk,
Understanding History Tests of Authenticity
3. Anachronistic style e.g. idiom,
ortography, punctuation
4. Anachronistic reference to events e.g.
too early, too late, too remote
5. Provenance or custody - determines its
genuineness 6. Semantics – determining the
meaning of a text or word 7. Hermeneutics
– determining ambiguities
2. Internal Criticism
- The Problem of Credibility
- Relevant particulars in the
document – is it credible?
- Verisimilar – as close as
what really happened from
a critical examination of
best available sources
Tests of Credibility
1. Identification of the author e.g. to
determine his reliability; mental processes,
personal attitudes
2. Determination of the approximate date
3. Ability to tell the truth - nearness to the
event, competence of witness, degree of
attention
4. Willingness to tell the truth - to
determine if the author consciously or
unconsciously tells falsehoods
5. Corroboration i.e. historical facts –
particulars which rest upon the
independent testimony of two or more
reliable witnesses
Three Major Components to Effective
Historical Thinking
1. Sensitivity to Multiple Causation
2. Sensitivity to Context
3. Awareness of the interplay of
continuity and change in human
affairs
Ludmilla Jordanova - All historians,
whatever their professional status, have
ethical obligations to be humane, accurate,
selfaware and judicious.”
History has been used to control minds. If
not by absolute suppression or fabrication
of events, at least by their slight distortion.
The catastrophic result of this is that the
colonizers became the unselfish, humane
and selfless partners. This “invented
history” by the colonizers became an
important component in the progression of
colonial consciousness or mentality. This
“fictional history” hides the fact of the
insensitive motivations of the colonizers
and their native collaborators towards
making colonization easier to accept. This
mental conditioning has made it easy for
the colonizers to make the colonized
believe that the policies implemented by
the former is for their own welfare and
benefit.
Renato Constantino - The history
perpetrated by the Americans who in their
desire to present themselves as altruistic
benefactors rather than conquerors
minimized or concealed from succeeding
generations of Filipinos the cruelties
committed by their army as well as the
fierce resistance of the people.”
Map - An important tool used to study
 - is not as accurate as a
globe.
- looks distorted with its view
of the Earth’s features.
- However a map shows more
detail than a globe which
we’ll go into more detail
soon.
geography as well as history
A Globe - is helpful and informative too
- is a 3 dimensional, accurate
presentation of the entire
world. It shows accurate
areas, distances, and
relative shape and size.
- However, a globe is not
portable and cannot show
the specific information
that a map can show
Earth’s features - For instance, areas near
both poles are much larger on a map than
in reality.
Cardinal Directions are North, East, and
West.
- are shown on a map as a
compass rose.
The scale bar helps reading the map. It
shows distance between any two places.
Scale sizes change based on the map.
The map key (or legend) helps identify
features
on a map. Popular map keys show
elevation,
terrain population, religions, and more.
To help locate places on a map, we use
lines of latitude and longitude
Latitude and Longitude are measured by
degrees
Latitude - horizontal line.
- Lines of Latitude are parallel
lines.
- Measure distance in North
to South direction
The Equator is a line of latitude which is the
midway point between the northern and
southern hemispheres
Longitude – vertical line
- The long lines goes top to
bottom.
- Measure distance in East to
West direction
Meridian is a line of longitude
Prime Meridian is zero degrees longitude,
the first line of longitude
Two movements of planet Earth
Rotation - Earth spinning on its axis
- Earth spinning on imaginary
-
- line called an axis
- Takes 24 hours or one day
- Causes day and night
- Axis is tilted at 23½ degrees
- Axis always points at North
Star
Revolution - Earth making a wide circle
around the Sun
- Wide circle around sun
- Takes 365 & 1/4 days
- With 23½ tilt of axis and
North Star
- orientation it causes
seasons
- Direct rays & first day of
each season
Two other lines as a result of Revolution
Arctic Circle-66 2/3° North
Antarctic Circle-66 2/3° South
*Marks the area that experiences 24 hours
of total darkness and 24 hours of total light
Hemispheres - By using the equator and
prime meridian, we can divide the world
into four hemispheres, north, south, east,
and west.
Compass- A compass is a tool that helps the
user know what direction one is headed.
- On a map, a compass or a
compass rose helps the user
locate these directions.
Compass Rose - The needle on a compass is
magnetized to point to the earth's north
magnetic pole. Thus with a compass, a
person can roughly tell which direction they
are headed.
There are four major or cardinal directions
on a compass
- north, south, east & west.
- In between are the
directions northeast,
northwest, southeast,
southwest.-
- Direction Quiz
Directions - The cardinal directions are
north, south, east, and west.
- The intermediate directions
are northeast, southeast,
southwest and northwest.
- They help describe the
location of places in
relation to other places.
Scale- Maps are made to scale; that is,
there is a direct connection between a unit
of measurement on the map and the actual
distance.
- For example, each inch on
the map represents one
mile on Earth. So, a map of
a town would show a mile-
long strip of fast food joints
and auto dealers in one
inch.
Time Zones - The Earth is divided into 24
time zones, corresponding to 24 hours in a
day.-
- As the earth rotates, the sun
shines in different areas,
moving from east to west
during the course of a day.
- Places that have the same
longitude will be in the
same time zone.
Map Legends- The legend is the key to
unlocking the secrets of a map. Objects or
colors in the legend represent something on
the map.
THE ORIGIN AND THE GEOGRAPHY
OF THE PHILIPPINES
As Christian , we believe that the land
forms were made by God as part of his
creation. After the Great Flood in time of
Noah , many continents and islands
appeared.
The other religions of some tribes explain
the
origin of our land by telling Legends.
Legends or myths - are stories that are not
true, but people use them to explain some
thing in colorful way.
Geologist claim that it was the remnant of
prehistoric continent called Mu or Lemuria
Sunda Shelf- the most popular accepted
scientific theory stated that the Philippines
is part
Philippines- Southest Asia
Y’ami- the northernmost island
Saluag Isle – the southernmost island
The Philippine location is important:
1. Only Christian nation
2. Unique heritage
3. Bridge that links oriental and
occidental world
4. It is the crossroads
 5. Bastion of democracy January- coldest month
Topography – physical features of country May – hottest month
- Inverted y-shaped Rain fall – most important factor in its
archipelago climate
Manila bay – finest harbor and largest bay
in the Philippines NATURAL CALAMITIES
San Juanico Strait – narrowest strait 1. Typhoon- Chinese word meaning
Bataan Peninsula, fertile Bicol peninsula strong wind and heavy rain
and Zamboanga at Davao Peninsula – the 2. Earthquake – most terrible
great peninsulas eargquake that hit the country was
Philippine Deep – lowest place in the on July 16, 1990
country 3. Volcanic Eruption

SEVEN MAJOR MOUNTAINS RANGES VOLCANOES

Sierra Mountain – longest mountain There are more than 50 volcanoes in the
Mt. Apo- the highest mountain country
Mt. Pulag Mt. Mayon – famous and scenic of the
Mt. Banahaw, Mt Halcon, Mt. Kanlaon Philippines
Taal – smallest and most unusual volcano
FOUR MAJOR LOWLANDS Mt. Pinatubo – worst Volcnic eruption in
Central plain, Cagayan valley, agusan history
valley and cotobato valley
Central plain- is the rice granary PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Cagayan Valley- greatest tobacco 3 important parts
producing 1. God
Benguet plateau, and Bukidnon 2. People
Plateau- famous plateau 3. Land

Cagayan river – longest river THE NAME PHILIPPINES

Rio Grande of Mindanao- in volume; the
largest river
Pasig River – most historic of the Philippine
river
Laguna de Bay – the largest natural lake;
source of inspiration of Jose Rizal
Pagsanjan falls – water falls provide tourist
attraction
CLIMATE
Tropical and monsoonal climate
Two seasons
1. Dry season – December to May
2. Wet season - June to November
MA’YI – Chinese traders who visited
Mindoro give this name.
- Means land of gold
Claudius Ptolemy – Maniolas
Magellan – Archipelago of St. Lazarus
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos – Felipinas
Felipinas to Filipinas during Spanish
Colonial then The Philippine Islands during
American Colonial the The Republic of
Philippines after our independence in 1946
Pearl of the Orient Sea – most popular
nickname for the Philippines
 - Romantic name given by the
2 writers Fr. Juan J. Delgado
and popularized by dr. Jose
Rizal
Natural Resources
Soil – more important natural resources
 The Philippines ranks first in world
production of coconut and hemp
products, 2nd in sugar and 5th in
tobacco
Plant life – 8, 120 species
Sampaguita – queen of Philippine flower
Animal life – 850 species of birds
Eastern Sarus crane or tipol in Luzon and
labong in Visayas – biggest big
Monkey Eating eagle – the world’s largest
eagle
Kalaw – clock of the mountain
Katala - which can talk and sing like a
human.
Palawan Peacock - a dancing bird with
gorgeous plumage
Limbas - hawk which screams repeatedly as
it soars into the sky; tik-wee tik-wee.
Carabao - The most useful of the animals
FOUR UNIQUE ANIMALS
Tamaraw(Mindoro) – dwarf carabao and
fierce like a tiger
Tarsier(bohol) - the smallest monkey in the
world;
Mouse deer(balabac Palawan) - the
smallest deer in the world
Zebronkey - which is half zebra and half
donkey, bred for the first time at the Manila
Zoo in 1962.
FOREST RESOURCES
NARRA - most famous of forest trees
- Queen of the Philippine
wood
FISH AND MARINE
whale shark(Rhincodon typus) is called
pating bulik(striped shark) – biggest fish
Pygmy goby fish ( pandaka pygmea) and
Tabios – smallest fish
Glory of the Sea- the rarest and most
expensive shell
Tridacna gigas – world’s most largest shell
Pisidium – world’s smallest shell
Pearl of Allah – largest natural pearl
Mankayan in the Mountain Province –
known as copper distict
Surigao Privinces - the greatest iron bearing
EARLY HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Stone Age (50,000-500BC)
F. Landa Jocano - Filipino Anthropologist
- refers to the earliest noticeable stage in
the development of proto-Philippine
societies as the Formative Phase.
Negritos - who became the ancestors of
today's Aetas, or Aboriginal Filipinos
Orang Asli – negritos who settled in
Malaysia
CALLAO MAN ( 41000BC )
Armand Salvador Mijares – he discovered
earliest human remains known in the
Philippines and fossilized
TABON MAN (24000- 22,000BC) (
Dr. Robert Fox - discovered a fossilized
fragments of a skull and jawbone of three
individuals, on May 28, 1962
- an American anthropologist
of the National Museum.
* The Tabon man fossils are
considered to have come
from a third group of
inhabitants
MIGRATION THEORIES
H. Otley Beyer - first proposed his wave
migration theory
- the ancestors of the Filipinos came to the
islands first via land bridges
"Dawn Man" - a cave-man type who was
similar to Java man, Peking Man, and other
Asian homo sapiens of 250,000 years ago.
The aboriginal pygmy group, the Negritos,
who arrived between 25,000 and 30,000
years ago.
The sea-faring tool-using Indonesian group
who arrived about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago
and were the first immigrants to reach the
Philippines by sea.
The seafaring, more civilized Malays who
brought the Iron age culture and were the
real colonizers and dominant cultural group
in the pre-Hispanic Philippines.
PRE- COLONIAL PERIOD
SOCIETY
male attire - kanggan (top) and bahag
(bottom)
- (kanggan )red for the chief,
black or blue for the
commoners
- also wear a turban called
putong, which also tell the
social status/achievement
of the individual wearing it
female attire - baro or camisa (top) and
saya or patadyong (bottom)
tapis - piece of red or white cloth on top of
their skirt
tattoos - were also fashionable for some
pre-colonial Filipinos
-also exhibit a man’s war record
Islas del Pintados – term coined by the
Spaniards for the Visayans
Bahay kubo- made of wood, bamboo, and
nipa palm; it was built on stilts and can be
entered through ladders that can be drawn
up
SOCIAL CLASSES
Nobles or maharlikas - datu and their
families
- addressed with the title Gat
or Lakan
timawas or freemen
the alipin or dependents- acquired their
status by inheritance, captivity, purchase,
failure to settle debts, or by committing a
crime
2 kinds of alipin
1. Alipin namamahay – had his own
family and house, served his master
during planting and harvest season -
2. Alipin sagigilid - do not own
property, live with his master and
cannot marry without his master’s
consent.
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
Men were in general, monogamous; while
their wives are called asawa, while
concubines are called “friends”
In order to win the hand of his lady, the
man has to show his patience and
dedication to both the lady and her parents
Courtship usually begins with paninilbihan
If the man wins the trust of the parents, he
does not immediately marry the woman,
but he has to satisfy several conditions:
- give a dowry or bigay-kaya
- pay the panghihimuyat
- pay the wet nurse bigay-suso
- pay the parents himaraw
- bribe for the relatives called sambon
(among the Zambals)
Pamamalae or pamamanhikan or
Pamumulungan – make final arrangements
once the conditions was settled
priestess or babaylan- officiated the
wedding
 divination – mangkukulam, aswang
pananalanguni or bethrothal – in Muslim mananangal
Filipinos; first stage magic charms or charms – anting anting,
pegkawing- wedding ceremony gayuma
- officiated by the hadji
- six days of festivities Agriculture - main source of livelihood
- on the 7th day the couple - done in two ways: kaingin system (slash
could sleep together and burn) and tillage
barangay – unit of government
- The term came from the Malay word trade - was conducted between or among
balangay, meaning boat barangays, or even among the islands
- headed by chieftains called syllabary - which was probably of Sanskrit
datu or Arabic provenance
buwis - they also paid tributes - consisted of seventeen symbols, of which
The chief or Datu - was the chief executive, three were vowels and fourteen consonants
the legislator, and the judge; he was also that the
the supreme commander in times of war Fr. Pedro Chirino’s theory - ancients wrote
sangduguan or “blood compact.” - alliances from top to bottom and from left to right
among barangays were common and these Karagatan - was a debate in verse in which
were formalized in a ritual a problem is resolved; it developed into the
Umalohokan – tagapagbalita duplo during the Spanish period and then
Trial by Ordeal -to determine the innocence into the balagtasan in 1924 during the
of an accused, he is made to go through a American period
number of ordeals which he must pass tibaw - is perform during the pasiyam
among the Ifugaos, ordeal by combat was
common, i.e. bultong (wrestling), alaw
(duel)
Bathalang Maykapal (Creator)
Idinayale(god of agriculture)
Sidapa (god of death),
Balangaw (rainbow god),
Mandarangan (war god),
Agni (fire god)
Lalahon (goddess of harvest),
Siginarugan (god of hell),
Diyan Masalanta (goddess of love)
priestesses such as the babaylan/ baylana
or katalona - acted as mediums to
communicate with these spirits
wooden coffin - the dead was placed the
dead was placed
professional mourners - were hired to
accentuate the depth of mourning
laraw - mourning for a dead chief