Module V

Writing the Research Report

Scope of the Module

This module contains the following lessons:

Lesson 1. Basic Guidelines in Writing the Research Report

Lesson 2. Documentation in Research Report Writing

Overview of the Module

The module covers the writing of the Research report. Lesson 1 discusses
features pertinent to the preparation of the research report, particularly the
general parts of such report and some basic guidelines to be observed by the
writer. Lesson 2 deals on documentation in research report writing.

Objectives of the Module

After studying this module on writing the research report, you will be able to:

1. write research reports effectively; and

2. document correctly his sources.

Suggested Readings

Books

Outhwaite, William and Turner, Stephen P. The SAGE Handbook of Social

Science Methodology. London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2007.

Sanchez, Custodiosa A., Ph. D. Methods and Techniques of Research. Manila,

Philippines: Rex Bookstore, 1998

Other Sources

Caoili, Olivia C., et al. (2008). “University of the East Graduate School,
Graduate Research Manual.”

Genzuk, M. Ph. D. A Synthesis of Ethnographic Research. Occasional Papers

Series. Center for Multilingual, Multicultural Research (Eds.). Center for
Multilingual, Multicultural Research, Rossier School of Education, Los
Angeles: University of Southern California, http://www.rcf.usc.edu, 2003

Gundlach, Kathryn, et al. Historical Method 3.ppt., http://www.ils.unc.edu/-palmr,

2012

1
Resnik, David B., J. D., Ph. D., et al. Responsible Conduct of Research, 2nd Ed.
New York: Oxford University Press, http://www.niehs.nih.gov., 2009

Ross, Steven M., et al. Experimental Research Methods, U.S.A: The University
of Memphis and Wayne State University, http://www.aect.org/edtech/ed1,
2012

Whitehead, Tony L. Ethnographically Informed Community and Cultural

Assessment, College Park, Maryland: University of Maryland,
http://www.cusag.umd.edu, 2005

http://www.cyberlearning-world.com, 2012

http://www.experiment-resources.com, 2008

http://www.geraldkeegan.co.uk, 2012

http://www.google.com, 2010

http://www.holah.karoo.net, 2012

http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au, 2009

2
Research 1A
Module V
Lesson 1. BASIC GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT

Lesson Objectives:

After studying this lesson on basic guidelines in writing research report,

you will be able to:

1. specify the purpose of writing the research report;

2. identify the general parts of a general report;
3. determine the general principles of organization and presentation of
the report; and
4. follow the guidelines on the format, language, and style of a written
report.

Introduction

This lesson gives some basic guidelines in writing research report

effectively. It covers the purpose of writing the research report, the parts of the
report, and general principles of organization and presentation. Furthermore,
guidelines on the format, language, and style of a written report presented.

Purpose of Writing the Research Report

According to Sevilla, et. al., the main purpose of the research report is “to
communicate to interested sectors the problem investigated, the methods used,
the findings generated, the interpretation of results, and the integration with
theory.” The significance of one’s work will be evident to the readers only if it is
communicated to them clearly and precisely in understandable language. The
importance of a well-written research report, therefore, cannot be taken for
granted.

General Parts of the Research Report

A thesis or dissertation usually has the following parts:

The Preliminaries

1. Title Page
2. Approval Sheet
3. Acknowledgment
4. Table of Contents
5. Lists of Tables

3
 6. List of Figures
7. Abstract

The Body of the Paper

Chapter I. RESEARCH PROBLEM

a. Historical and Contextual Backgrounds of the Problem
b. Statement of the Problem
c. Significance of the Study
d. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Chapter II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

a. Theory Guiding the Study
b. Related Literature and Studies
b.1 Local Literature
b.2 Foreign Literature
b.3 Local Studies
b.4 Foreign Studies
c. Research Paradigm
d. Research Hypothesis
e. Operational Definition of Variables

Chapter III. RESEARCH DESIGN

a. Research Locale
b. Sources of Data, Population and Sample
c. Instrument for Gathering Data and Validation
d. Procedure for Gathering Data
e. Statistics for Analyzing Data

Chapter IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, and INTERPRETATION

of DATA
Chapter V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS and
RECOMMENDATIONS

a. Summary of Findings
b. Conclusions
c. Recommendations

Reference Materials
1.) BIBLIOGRAPHY
2.) APPENDICES
A Transmittal Letter
B Research Instrument
C Timetable of Activities
D Program Budget

4
 3.) CURRICULUM VITAE

A brief description of each part follows:

PRELIMINARIES

Title Page. This page gives the title of the thesis, full name of the
researcher, the degree for which the thesis/dissertations/report is presented, the
college and institutions in which the work is presented, and the month and year
when the degree is to be awarded.

The title should be phrased briefly but comprehensively to reflect the main
problem as well as the main variables.

Approval Sheet. This is certification of approval of the department to

which the thesis is presented. The contents of this approval sheet are specified
by the college or department.

Acknowledgment. This page expresses in simple and sincere language

the researcher’s recognition and appreciation of the people who helped him in his
work.

Table of Contents. This table gives an overview of the topics covered by

the work, from the Preliminaries to the Curriculum Vitae.

List of Tables. This contains the tables presented in text to substantiate

his presentation. It consists of the number of the table, the exact caption or title,
and the page where it is found.

List of Figures and Illustrations. This list gives the graphs, charts and
other illustrative materials used by the researcher.

Abstract. The abstract gives the reader a “bird’s-eye-view” of the work

through a brief and concise description of the problem investigated, the
methodology used, the significant findings conclusions and recommendations.

THE BODY OF THE PAPER/THESIS

The body of the thesis is the content of the research report. Usually, it is
divided into five chapters:

Chapter I. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Chapter II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Chapter III. RESEARCH DESIGN
Chapter IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, and INTERPRETATION
of DATA

5
 Chapter V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS and
RECOMMENDATIONS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PREPARING THE THESIS

The Outline
According to Sanchez (1998), the outline is a requisite for a well-organized
written material. The outline may start merely as a listing of all the major points
to be discussed. These major points may then be arranged in the most logical
order and finally the subtopics to be discussed under each point can be added to
the outline. This detailed outline helps the student to achieve logical
organization. If the outline of the research project contains a detailed statement
of the problem and hypotheses that can quickly be filled out to become part of
the introductory chapter of the thesis, the student will have an effective guide to
help him/her organize his/her paper.

Chapter I-The Research Problem

According to Caoili, et al (2008), this chapter contains four sections in the
following order: Historical and Contextual Backgrounds of the Problem,
Statement of the Problem, Significance of the Study, and Scope and Delimitation.

Historical and Contextual Backgrounds of the Problem

This section consists a state of the art review of the field of study,
including past and current developments, controversies and
breakthroughs, previous research and relevant background theory of the
research topic. More importantly, it answers the questions: What is the
gap between existing bodies of knowledge and the prevailing subject
situation that needs to be filled? What is the problem that needs to be
solved.

Statement of the Problem

There are two parts, the general problem and the specific
problems. The general problem should be stated in declarative form. The
main problem should be consistent with the title of the study. While, the
specific problems are in interrogative or question form. The question must
be clearly and logically presented and be connected to the title of the
thesis or dissertation.

Significance of the Study

This section identifies who will benefit from the results of the study,
such as specific institutions or groups of individuals or the researcher
himself or herself. It answers the questions: Why is the study important?
To whom it is important? What benefit(s) will occur if the study is done?

6
 Scope and Delimitation
This section defines the coverage and sets the delimitation or
boundaries of the research to provide a clear focus. It discusses the
nature, coverage and timeframe of the study. It also briefly explains the
subject matter, the place and the period of the study as well as the
rationale behind the limits of the scope of the study. It indicates the
variables that should have been included in the study, cites the reasons
for their exclusion and how this is expected to affect the results of the
study. The delimitation of the study states the boundaries beyond which
the study is not concerned and the reasons for their exclusion.

Chapter II-Review of Related Literature and Studies

According to Caoili, et al (2008), this chapter consists of the

following:

Theory Guiding the Study

The theoretical background which presents the theory or theories

which serve as basis for the problem. The theoretical background is a
synthesis of assumptions, hypothesis and/or conceptual definitions that
serve as the main backbone of the investigation. It structures and
conceptualizes the research problem.

Furthermore, this section discusses the existing theory or body of

theories that serves as the core support of the research. Well-known
authoritative sources to support the theory or theories are cited. (Caoili, et
al, 2008)

Related Literature and Studies

In this chapter, it includes the review of related literature and

studies. According to Sanchez (1998), the main objectives of the related
literature and studies are as follows: to provide the reader with
information on work previously done in the same area for better
understanding of the thesis/dissertation and to help him/her fit the findings
into the overall picture.
The researcher may find several studies that have been done in
essentially the same manner and have produced similar findings. In this
case, the researcher should pick out the best studies and describe them in
detail.
Sanchez (1998) stated further that a review of related literature in
which the researcher treats each article in a separate paragraph and
starts each paragraph with the name of the researcher who wrote the
described report should be avoided.

7
 Research Paradigm

This section expounds on the concepts, variables and its indicators

that led to the formulation of the research problem and its corresponding
hypothesis. These concepts, constructs and variables should be
presented in a framework. Examples of these are the input-process-
output-feedback paradigm of the independent-moderating-dependent
variable paradigm.

Research Hypothesis

The hypothesis is what the study would like to test. It is a predictive

statement that relates an independent variable to a dependent variable.
Usually, a research hypothesis must contain, at least, one independent
and one dependent variable. This is presented in its null form.

Examples:

Ho: There are no significant differences among the depositors’

assessments on the selected strategies/practices adopted by banks
operating in the Philippines to foster confidence in the banking system.

Ho: There are no significant differences between BSP and PCIC’s

assessments with regard to the selected strategies/practices adopted by
banks operating in the Philippines to foster confidence in the banking
system.

Note: Not all researches, however, require a hypothesis. For example,

qualitative research does not test hypotheses.

Operational Definition of Variables

The researcher should clearly and concisely define the variables in the
research paradigm. What is needed here is not the conceptual definition or how
they are defined in dictionaries but rather the operational or functional definition,
i. e., the specific way or meaning the variables are used in the study.

Chapter III - Research Design

This chapter should include all relevant details regarding the research
design and data collection: the research site, the respondents and sampling plan,
the data collection instrument and procedures, including its pre-testing and pilot
study, the data processing and analysis, including statistical procedures used.

Here you explain why you have employed such an approach. The target
population should be specified and the sampling procedure vividly narrated.

8
Specific steps in validating the instrument should be described. The rationale for
the choice of statistics deserves mention in this part.

According to Caoili, et al (2008), this chapter contains five sections in the

following order: Research Locale, Sources of Data and Sample, Instrument for
Gathering Data and Validation, Procedure for Gathering Data, and Statistics for
Analyzing Data.

Research Locale

This section contains a description of where the data was gathered.

It may be a geographical unit, an organization or the population from
where the sample was drawn. The description may include basic facts
such as total population, mean age of the population, mean income or
some other important demographic variables.

Sources of Data and Sample

This section has two parts: The first part contains a discussion of
data utilized and libraries tapped. The type of data used whether primary
(from the original source) or secondary (from published sources) is also
mentioned.

The second part describes the sample profile, sample size and
sampling procedure that was used in the research. The sampling
techniques often used are probability sampling (simple random sampling,
stratified, cluster and systematic sampling) or non-probability sampling
(improvised, convenience or quota sampling).

Instrument for Gathering Data and Validation

If a survey is used, a research instrument which could be in the

form of questionnaire or an interview schedule, observation guide or other
documents used in gathering to answer the statement of the problem.
Specific parts of the research instrument are discussed in this section.
Samples of these instruments should be presented in the appendix. In the
case a questionnaire, include a cover letter that should introduce the
researcher, state the title and objectives of the research. Emphasize the
confidentiality of the research, as well as a request for the cooperation of
the respondent in completing the survey instrument.
It is also discussed the validation of the data gathering, i. e., the
process for pre-testing of the questionnaire. This should also include a
discussion of how many questionnaires will be distributed.

9
 Procedure for Gathering Data

This section discusses in full detail the procedures to be followed in

conducting the study. It describes the techniques, devices and
procedures in gathering data.
In case of experiments, this section should include instruction given
to participants, the formation of groups, the experimental manipulations,
and control features in the design.

Statistics for Analyzing Data

This section discusses what are the statistical tools that will be
used in the study and its rationale. However, the formula of common
statistical tests should not be listed.

Chapter IV – Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the findings and the discussion of the results. This
chapter is a sequential presentation, analysis and interpretation of the findings.
The data are broken down into constituent parts in order to answer the research
questions or test the research hypotheses. Said data are substantiated with
tables, graphs, charts and other pictorial forms.

Inferences pertinent to the relationships between research problems and

their answers are drawn and generalizations derived from them. According to de
Jesus, et. Al., key concepts in interpretations are finding meanings and drawing
implications. Interpretation provides the needed explanations and meaning to the
data. On a higher level, interpretation relates the findings to related studies and
existing theories.

Chapter V – Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

The Summary presents a general overview of the study, from a brief

restatement of the problem and the methodology to the summary of the main
headings. The Conclusions are the generalizations drawn based on the findings.
Recommendations should stem from the findings, as well as from implications for
the field or academic discipline represented by the problem, for further research
and for policy implementation.

Bibliography or references Cited. The bibliography is a list of reference

materials and references cited within the text of the report.

According to Caoili, et al (2008), the bibliography follows the American

Psychological Association or APA style.

10
Examples of the APA format are shown below:

a.) Citation of a journal article

Name (s) of Author (s), Year Published, Title of Article, Title of Journal,
Volume Number, Inclusive Pages.

Example:

Barth, J. R., G. Caprico, Jr. and R. Levine. (2004). “Bank Regulation and
Supervision: What Works Best?” Journal of Financial Intermediation.
13, 205-48.

b.) Citation of a book

Name (s) of Author (s), Year Published, Full Title of Book, Number of
Edition, Place of Publication and Name of Publisher.

Example:

Go, J. (2001). Fundamentals of Marketing. Manila: Design

Plus.

c.) Citation of a thesis or dissertation

Name (s) of Author (s), Year, Title of Thesis or Dissertation, Place where
thesis or dissertation was done. Address.

Example:

Gallardo, M. (2005). BSP, PDIC and the Banking Institutions Fostering

Depositors’ Confidences in the Philippine Banking System. Unpublished
Doctoral Dissertation. University of the East Graduate School, Manila

d.) Citation of personal communication

Source (personal communication, date).

Example:

Senator Mar Roxas (personal communication, 25 February

2007)

e.) Citation of a newspaper or magazine source

Name (s) of Author (s) (if known), Title of Article, Name of Newspaper,
Date.

11
Example:

Tan, R. “UE to Speed Up Accreditation Bids”. Dawn, 27 July

2007.

f.) Citation of an Internet source

Name (s) of Author (s), Title of Article, Internet Website.

Example:

Allied Ban, 2007. “Updates on Allied Bank Performance” in

http://www.alliedbank.com.

NOTE: The materials must be alphabetically arranged. As to the format of listing

of materials, the first line should be flushed to the left and succeeding line(s)
indented.

Appendices. This portion consists of materials that cannot be readily reproduced

in the text, samples of instruments used, illustrative materials such as test scores
and computation sheets, and other documents pertinent to the problem but
otherwise not presentable in length in the next.

General Principles of Organization and Presentation Report

1. Use lulls in the research routine to prepare drafts of the first chapters of
the report.
2. Organize data first in some logical order so that facts dealing with the
same or related material are placed together.
3. Outline carefully each section in detail before starting to write that
section. Well- thought out major points and subheadings help to make
paper more readable.
4. In the discussion of the various aspects of the data, move from simple to
complex matters.
5. relate the tables or the findings they embody to one another.
6. Draw the reader’s attention to the different figures in a table in a logically
consistent manner, from outstanding items or figures to summarized data
at the bottom of the table or to the trends and relationships that can make
the clearest and most forceful impression on the reader.
7. Discussion should be data-based. Interpretation based on experiences or
on something out of the data content are not allowed.

Format, Language, Language, and Style of the Report

Most colleges and universities have established rules on style and format.
Among the formats prescribed are Campbell’s, Turabians, and the references –
cited format used by many because of its simplicity and because it is specified by

12
a larger number of scholarly journals. Students are advised to follow closely the
manuals on a particular style and format.

The Guidebook on Thesis Writing by de Jesus, et al., points out that

academic disciplines have their own language, which are not easily
understandable to others since there cannot be a one-to-one correspondence
between languages. Language in the behavioral and social sciences do have the
preciseness attributed to the mathematics-based physical sciences.

Writing is much more an art than a matter of rules; style in writing is

something individual; however, it is worthwhile observing the following broad
guidelines.

1. The basic qualities of good scientific writing are accuracy and

clarity, simplicity. Conciseness and straightforwardness. Writers
should avoid verbosity or the use of excessive language. Precision
in the writing of ideas by being direct to the point and the use of
simple language for clarity are preferable.

Similarly, do not write long paragraphs. Divide the material

into separate paragraphs, and use subheadings, if
necessary, to highlight important separate points.

2. Give adequate attention to the correct use of grammar, spelling and

punctuations. The integrity of the report is weakened by flaws in
grammar and mechanics.
3. Use formal level of language not the colloquial language replete
with slang and clichés.
4. Avoid shifting from one tense to another. Use the past form of the
verbs, when reporting research results and the present tense when
presenting conclusions and generalizations.
5. Use the third person point of view instead of the first person. The
use of “I” and “we” puts the writer in a biased position.
6. Maintain a consistent and uniform style of writing throughout the
research report. Writers should aim at a dignified, impersonal and
carefully polished style.

Below is a type of writing the research report used generally

Journal entry. Of the three things of writing research reports, it is the

journal entry that is very convenient and easy. When an author is
mentioned, only the year of publication is given, but the reference is found
in the bibliography.

13
 Example 1.

It is important for any organization to have a marketing arm. Kotler

(1989) says that marketing is a social and managerial process by which
individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating
and exchanging products and value with others. Observe that only the
year of publication is given after the author’s name.

Capitalization
The title of the research report on its cover, should be all
capitalized. They should also be arranged in an inverted pyramid.

Example 1.

SOURCES OF STRESS AND COPING STRATEGIES

OF PERSONNEL OF THE BUREAU OF CUSTOMS

Example 2.

THE UTILIZATION OF THE MARKETING MIX FACTORS

IN THE PROMOTION OF MCKINTOSH COMPUTER
BY THE COMPUTER COMPANY

In typing chapter titles only the title of the chapter are capitalized.
Note the examples below:

Example 3.

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Example 4.

Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Note that in the example above, Chapter is not capitalized, but only
the title of the chapter. The first letters of the words in a paragraph
sidehead are capitalized, as shows in the example below.

Example 5.

“Introduction of the Concept”

Note that in the above example, the letter in I and the letter in C in concept
are capitalized. Note further that the phrase is not indented.

14
 But observed in this paragraph heading.

Example 6.

“Marketing concepts in the bank.”

Note the paragraph head. Only the first letter in the phrase is capitalized,
and note further that this phrase is indented eight (8) spaces from the
margin.

Example 7.

“Statement of the Problem.”

Again note that only letter S is capitalized and this phrase is indented eirht
(8) spaces from the margin.

Spacing

The research report should be typed double spaced. However, there are
instances, where the lines are typed single spaced and these are in
quoting three or more lines.

Example 8.

Kotler said (1989) that

… marketing is a social and managerial process by

which individual and groups obtain what they need
and want through creating and exchanging products
and value with others.

There are some explicit rules on the spacing of the lines, like the first word
of a paragraph should be eight (8) spaces from the beginning, or that the title
should be 11 spaces from the top, or that the left margin should be 11/2 inches
whole the right margin should be 1 inch, although this is dependent on the format
subscribed to by the school, it is best to give the research report to one who
knows how to edit it.

Furthermore, there is also a rule which says that one can break up a word
or cut a word only three times in a page. Normally, there should be about 23 lines
in a page.

15
Language and Style of the Research Report

First, it is better if the writer uses the third person, instead of using “I” or
“we”. For it tends to be biased and personal.

Secondly, the research report is a scientific piece of paper, not a literary

piece, hence the language should be objective and straight to the point. The
language should be made as simple as possible as to drive home a point. The
writer should avoid words that are high falluting and difficult to understand.

Research furthermore, is a formal report, hence formal language is used,

not the colloquial one. Since the research is a formal report, even the symbol %
should not be used, but should be written as “percentage” or “percent.” Also the
research report should be written in the past tense, except the hypotheses and
the conclusions and the recommendations. However, if it is still a proposal, the
language should be in the future tense.

(SEE NO. 3 OF “INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENT”)

16
Research 1A
Module V
Lesson 1

SELF - PROGRESS CHECK TEST

A. On the blank before each number, write True if the statement is

correct. Otherwise, write False. (x2; total = 20 points)

_____1, The text proper or the body of the thesis is usually divided into five
chapters.
_____ 2. The list of references cited in the body of the thesis is found in the
Appendices.
_____ 3. The interpretation of data includes the researcher’s own experience
pertinent to the problem.
_____ 4, The present tense is used in writing the research report.
_____ 5. The researcher/writer uses the third person, instead of using “I” or
“we”, for it tends to be biased and personal.
_____ 6. One need not wait for the completion of his study before writing the
first chapter of the report.
_____ 7. The reader gets a general overview of the thesis in the abstract.
_____ 8. A term is defined operationally as it actually used in the work.
_____ 9. The first person point of view is preferred to the third person to
make the report emphatic.
_____ 10. The level of language used in writing the research report differs
from one academic discipline to another.

(SEE NO. 4 OF “INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENT”)

17
Research 1A
Module V
Lesson 2. DOCUMENTATION IN RESEARCH REPORT WRITING

Lesson Objectives:

After studying this lesson on documentation in research report writing, you

will be able to:

1. state the purposes of proper documentation;

2. document sources of data; and
3. compile the bibliography.

Documentation of the Research Report

A research report is not the product of the researcher only. It has been
helped by many authorities of the subject matter. Sometimes, there is a need to
incorporate the ideas of others to strengthen one’s point. Not to acknowledge
such idea would not only be professional dishonesty but also a form of
plagiarism. Hence there should be proper documentation of others ideas.

The purpose of documentation is therefore to:

1. acknowledge the proper author of the material invoked in the study.

2. strengthen and support or substantiate the writer’s idea or
statements;
3. cite authorities in the research report, and strengthen the credibility
of the work;
4. give the reader further clarification on an idea.

Author - Year Format

In the sciences, the author-year format is followed. When reference is

made to a source whose name is mentioned in the text, only the year of
publication of the work of the source is indicated in parentheses within the text:

Example: Parel, et. al., (1978) considers the sampling design of critical
importance.

If its source is not mentioned, documentation cites the source’s last name
and year of publication of material referred to, as follows.

To be able to generalize the findings for the population under study, the
sampling design is of critical importance (Parel, et. al., 1978).

18
Bibliographical References

The bibliography gives necessary descriptive details of works cited in the

text. The general practice is to arrange the references alphabetically in the
reference section at the end of the report, with surnames of the authors written
first. The publication data are no longer enclosed in parenthesis and the page or
pages in the reference are deleted.

The bibliography follows the American Psychological Association or APA

style. (Caoili, et al, 2008)

According to Caoili, et al (2008), examples of the APA format are shown below:

a) Citation of a journal article: Name(s) of Author(s), Year Published, Title of

Article, Title of Journal, Volume Number, Inclusive Pages.

Example:

Barth, J.R., G. Caprico, Jr. and R. Levine. (2004). “Bank Regulation and
Supervision: What Works Best?” Journal of Financial Intermediation. 13,
205-48.

b) Citation of a book: Name(s) of Author(s), Year Published, Full Title of Book,

Number of Edition, Place of Publication and Name of Publisher.

Example:

Sanchez, C. A., Ph. D. (1998). Methods and Techniques of Research. Manila:

Rex Book Store.

c) Citation of a thesis or dissertation: Name(s) of Author(s), Year, Title of

Thesis or Dissertation, Place where thesis or dissertation was done, Address.

Example:

Morta, J. (2004). Job Rotation Practices of Selected Commercial Banks in the

Philippines. Unpublished Masteral Thesis. Dela Salle University,
Dasmariñas, Cavite City.

d) Citation of personal communication: Source (personal communication,

date).

19
Example:

Senator Mar Roxas (personal communication, 25 February

2007)

e) Citation of a newspaper or magazine source: Name(s) of Author(s) (if

known), Title of Article, Name of Newspaper, Date.

Example:

Tan, R. “UE to Speed Up Accreditation Bids”. Dawn, 27 July

2007.

f) Citation of an Internet source: Name of Author(s), Title of Article, Internet

Website.

Example:

Allied Bank, 2007. “Updates on Allied Bank Performance” in

http://www.alliedbank.com.

Note: The materials must be alphabetically arranged. As to the format of listing

of materials, the first line should be flushed to the left and succeeding line(s)
indented.

The Reference Cited Format

The reference – cited format preferred in most scientific writing consists of

a single listing of research references at the end of the paper. It is most often
headed REFERENCES, REFERENCES CITED or LITERATURE CITED.

Use of Quotations

The following are the general guidelines for the use of quotations.

1. Quotations should be used only when necessary.

2. Quotations must be reproduced exactly as they appear in the source, in
terms of spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and paragraphing, except
when the quotations form a grammatical whole with what precedes it. The
first word of the quotation should not be capitalized, although it is in the
original.
3. When making corrections within quoted materials, the researcher can
interpolate by inserting SIC to indicate accuracy of quoting even when an
error is detected in the original.

20
4. Quotations should be as short as possible, almost never more than a full
page. When more than a full page, they could be delegated to the
Appendix.

(SEE NO. 3 OF “INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENT”)

21
Research 1A
Module V
Lesson 2

SELF – PROGRESS CHECK TEST

A. On the blank before each number, write TRUE if the statement is

correct; otherwise, write FALSE. (X2,; TOTAL = 10 points)

_____ 1. In the bibliography, the author’s surname comes first.

_____ 2. Scientific writings uses the references – cited format.
_____ 3. In the bibliography the entries are arranged alphabetically.
_____ 4. Quotations should be used sparingly.
_____ 5. Correcting an error in the quoted material is not allowed.

B. Correct the mechanics of the following: (10 points)

1. Bibliography:

Barr, Arvil S., Davis, Tobert A. and Johnson, Palmer C., Educational Research
and Appraisal. Chicago. 1953, J.B. Lippincott Co.,

Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckman. The Social Construction of Reality (New
York: Anchor Books, 1967) pp.56 – 59.

22
Research 1A
Module V

ANSWER KEYS TO THE SELF-PROGRESS CHECK TESTS

Lesson 1
A. True or False (X2; TOTAL = 20 POINTS)

1. True 6. True
2. True 7. True
3. False 8. True
4. False 9. False
5. True 10. True

Lesson 2
A. True or False (X2; TOTAL = 10 POINTS)
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True

B. (10 POINTS)
1. Bibliography

Barr, Arvil S., Davis, Tobert A. and Johnson, Palmer C. (1953).

Educational Research and Appraisal. Chicago: B. Lippincott Co.

Berger, Peter L. and Thomas Luckman (1967). The Social

Construction of Reality. New York: Anchor Books.

23