Question Bank MEM-404

MEM 404: MECHANICS OF MACHINES - I

SYLLABUS

UNIT - 1
Kinematic Analysis
Links. Pairs. Chains. Mechanisms. Inversions. Graphical methods of analysis for velocity and acceleration including Coriolis component of
acceleration, Velocity and acceleration images. Instantaneous centre of velocity. Arnhold Kennedy theorem of three centres. Special
mechanisms such as straight line mechanisms, Pantograph and Hooke's joint.

UNIT - 2
Kinematic Synthesis
Number synthesis, Dimensional synthesis, Analytical and graphical methods of dimensional synthesis.
Dynamic Analysis
Reciprocating engine mechanisms, Dynamically equivalent link, Its approximation and correction, Crank effort diagrams, Flywheel.

UNIT - 3
Friction
Velocity ratio and power transmitted by flat belt, V-belt and rope. Slip. Creep. Centrifugal tension. Collars and pivots, Friction circle and
friction axis. Clutches of different types.

UNIT - 4
Governors
Gravity controlled and spring controlled types. Centrifugal and inertia types. controlling force. Sensitiveness. Stability. Isochronism.
Hunting. Effort and power of a governor.
Dynamometers
Absorption and transmission types.

UNIT - 5
Gears
Spur gears, Involute and cycloidal teeth, Path and arc of contact, Interference and undercutting in involute teeth, Gears trains
Compound and epicyclic, Torque in epicyclic gear trains.

Sl. Author Title Publisher

1 Ballaney
2 Ghosh and Mallik
3 Thomas Bevan
4 Ashok G Ambekar
5 Jagdish Lal
6 Shigley
7 Rattan
Theory of Machines Khanna
Theory of Mechanisms and Machines Affiliated East-West
Theory of Machines CBS
Mechanisms and Machine Theory Jain Brothers
Theory of Mechanisms and Machines Metropolitan Book Co
Theory of Machines and Mechanisms MGH
Theory of Machines TMH
 Question Bank MEM-404
MEM 404 - MECHANICS OF MACHINES - I
Question Bank
NOTE: The questions in this question bank are not of equal or uniform weightage. Some take a small time and some take more than 1/2 an
hour.

UNIT I
KINEMATIC ANALYSIS
NOTE: 1. Locate all instantaneous centres of all mechanisms in the following questions.
2. Solve the problems of velocities in mechanisms using graphical as well as instantaneous centre methods.
1.1 How are kinematic pairs classified? Explain various methods of classification giving 3 example of each.

1.2 Sketch and name the kinematic pairs which have 1 dof, 2 dof, 3 dof and 4 dof.

1.3 What is meant by inversion of a mechanism? Describe with the help of suitable sketches, the inversion of Slider crank chain.

1.4 What is the difference between slider - crank chain and the double slider crank chain? Give diagrammatic sketches of three mechanisms
which are inversions of each of the chains and state the purpose for which each mechanism is used.

1.5 A pin jointed four bar linkage is having the dimensions as shown in figure 1. The link AB revolves at 20 rpm and angle BAD=60. Find:
a. Angular velocities of links CD and BC,
b. Linear velocity of a point E on the link BC, and
c. Velocity of rubbing of pins at A, B, C and D (Given BE=40, EC=30), their radii being 2, 4, 6 and 5 mm respectively.

Figure: 1
Figure: 3(a)
Figure: 2 Figure: 3(b)

1.6 Find the speed in rpm and direction of rotation of crank O 1A for the mechanism shown in figure 2 if the piston moves in the vertically
upward direction with the velocity of 5 m/sec, when O 1A makes 60o with horizontal.

1.7 How are instantaneous centres classified? Explain.

1.8 (a) State and prove Arnhold-Kennedy's theorem of three centres.

(b) Locate all the I.C's of problems 1.2 and 1.3.

1.9 Locate the instantaneous centres for the mechanisms shown in figure 3a, 3b.

1.10 Figure 4 shown the driving mechanism of a reciprocating pump having the following dimensions: OA=240, AB=960, BC=720,
CD=240 mm, DE=1.20 m. The crank OA turns anticlockwise at 120 rpm and the diameter of the pump piston F=180 mm. At the position
shown find:
a. Linear velocity of the crosshead E,
b. Torque required at shaft O to overcome the pump pressure of 0.35 MPa at piston F.

Figure: 5
Figure: 4

1.11 In the mechanisms shown in figure 5 OA is the driving crank (length 25 mm) rotating at 200 rpm. Vertical distance between OC and F
is 120 mm. Horizontal distance between O and S is 85 mm. Vertical distance between OC and S is 75 mm. Locate all the instantaneous
 Question Bank MEM-404
centres. Use both methods to find (a) velocity of slider F, (b) angular velocity of DE, (c) velocity of sliding of link DE in the swivel block,
(d) angular acceleration of the rocker, (e) linear acceleration of F.
1.12 In the quick return mechanism shown in figure 6 the driving crank OA (60 mm long) rotates at 200 rpm CW. For the position shown
find (a) velocity of ram R (use both methods), (b) acceleration of ram r, (c) acceleration of sliding of block A along the ar m CD, (d) the
magnitude of the Coriolis component of acceleration and its direction. Find also the ratio of time taken for the cutting and return strokes and
the maximum velocity of cutting.

Figure: 7

Figure: 6

1.13 Explain clearly the Klein's construction for the determination of piston acceleration in a reciprocating engine. Prove the correctness of
the construction.

1.14 In the Whitworth QR mechanism shown in figure 7, link AC rotates at 50 rpm. Find (a) the ratio of times of cutting and return strokes,
(b) the velocity of E at the instant shown. (AC is Horizontal at this instant). Find also the accelerative of E and the coriolis acceleration.

1.15 The crank of the reciprocating engine is 250 mm long, the connecting rod is 1000 mm long and the rpm is 150. Find the velocity and
acceleration of the piston and the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the connecting rod when the angle which the crank makes with
the i.d.c. is (a) 30o, (b) 120o. Solve graphically and also by Klein's construction.

Special Mechanisms
1.16 In the oscillating cylinder mechanism shown in figure 8, the crank OA=50 mm and the piston rod AB is 150 mm long. OA rotates at
300 rpm (C.W.). Determine for the position shown: (a) velocity and acceleration of piston B relative to cylinder walls, (b) angular velocity
and angular acceleration of the piston rod. (Graphical method of solution is suggested). (c) Linear acceleration of piston rod AB (absolute).

Figure: 8

Figure: 9

1.17 The cylinder of a rotary engine rotates at a uniform angular velocity of 900 rpm about the lower end 'O' of a fixed vertical crank 65 mm
long. (A diagram of the mechanism is given in figure 9 as a hint for the solution). The connecting rods 230 mm long rotate about the upper
end 'A' of the crank and reciprocate the piston in the cylinder. Find the acceleration of the piston relative to the cylinder and the angular
acceleration of the connecting rod for the cylinder which has turned through 45 o past the o.d.c. Given OA=65 mm.
1.18 Figure 10 shows a four-bar chain OABP driving an arm DE through a slide carried on a swivel at C. The dimension are : OA = 500 mm,
AB = 900 mm, BP = 650 mm and OP = 1400 mm. C is at the mid-point of AB. Crank OA rotates clockwise with an angular velocity of 12
rad/sec, which is decreasing at 50 rad/sec2. Draw velocity and acceleration diagram to the scales given and hence determine:-
i. Velocity of deriving of the swivel in the slide DE. ii. Acceleration of link BP. iii. Angular acceleration of link AB. iv. Linear acceleration
of the swivel in the slide.
Scales Velocity diagram 1 cm = 0.5 m/s, Acceleration diagram 1 cm = 5 m/s2
 Question Bank MEM-404

Figure: 10
1.19 In the mechanism shown in figure 11, the slider D is constrained to move on a horizontal path. The crank OA is rotating in the counter-
clockwise direction at a speed of 180 rpm. Increasing at the rate of 50 rad/s2. The dimensions of the various links are as follows:
OA = 180 mm, CB = 240 mm, AB = 360 mm and BD = 540 mm. For the given configuration find
i. Velocity of slider D and angular velocity of BD. (Use instantaneous centre method)
ii. Acceleration of slider D
iii. Angular acceleration of BD

Figure: 11
1.20 What are straight line motion mechanisms? How are they classified? Explain also the need to develop mechanisms which generate a
straight line using only revolute pairs.

1.21 a. What is a pantograph and what are its uses?

b. Two points P and Q, 40 mm apart are to be connected by a pantograph. The ratio of motion of P to Q is 13:7. Find the distance of Q from
fixed point O of the pantograph such that point P moves at least 125 mm in either direction of line OQP when it is horizontal.

1.22 Under what condition Scott Russel mechanism traces a straight line and an ellipse? State the limitations of this mechanism.

1.23 Describe Watt's straight-line mechanism. Explain how it is an approximate straight line mechanism.

1.24 Describe one form of mechanism, consisting of turning pairs only, that will give an exact straight-line motion to a given point. Prove
that the path followed by the point is a true straight line.

1.25 Derive the condition that must be satisfied by steering mechanism of an automobile in order that the wheels have a pure rolling motion
when rounding a curve.

1.26 Sketch the Davis gear and show that it satisfies the condition of correct steering. In spite of this, explain why in actual practice the
Ackerman steering gear, which does not satisfy the condition in all positions is preferred over the former.

1.27 In a Devis Steering gear, the distance between pivots of the front axle is 1 m and the wheel base is 2.5 m. When the vehicle is moving
along the straight path, find the inclination of the track arms to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle.

1.28 The distance between the pivot of the front stub axle of a car is 1.3 m, the length of the track rod is 1.2 m, the wheel track is 1.45 m and
the wheel base is 2.8 m. What should be the length of the track arm if the gear is to be given a correct steering when rounding the corner of 6
m radius. (Ans. 145 mm)

1.29 Derive the equation for the velocity of the driven shaft in case of a Hooke's joint when the velocity of the driver is constant.

1.30 A Hooke's joint is used to connect two shafts whose axes are inclined at 20 o. The driving shaft runs at 6000 rpm uniformly. What are the
extreme angular velocities of the driven shaft? Find the maximum value of retardation (or acceleration) and state at which angle each occurs.

1.31 a. What is a Double Hooke's joint?

b. State and prove the condition to be satisfied in the double Hooke's joint in order to provide a uniform velocity ratio throughout a
revolution.

1.32 In a Hooke's coupling connecting a pair of shafts the angle between the two axes is 22 1/20 . The input power to the driving shaft is 8 kW
and it rotates at a uniform speed of 300 rpm. If the output torque on the driven shaft is not to exceed 30% of the input torque, what is the
necessary radius of gyration of the flywheel of 40 kg mass?
 Question Bank MEM-404

Unit II
Kinematic Synthesis

2.1 Describe type synthesis, number synthesis and dimensional synthesis.

2.2 Explain the terms Pole and Relative Pole. Show that the angle subtended by the coupler and the frame link at the pole are equal.

2.3 State and deduce Grubler's criterion for planar linkages.

2.4 Determine the degrees of freedom of the two linkages shown in figure 12.

Figure: 12
2.5 State Grashof's law. Explain when can a 4-bar mechanism which follows Grashof's rule can be made into a double rocker type.

2.6 Synthesize a four-bar mechanism to guide a rod AB through three consecutive positions A 1B1, A2B2 and A3B3 as shown in figure 13.

Figure: 13
2.7 Design a 4-bar linkage in which 30 of crank rotation produces 45o of followers rotation, both in the CW sense. Take the frame link of 5
o

c.m.

2.8 Design a slider crank mechanism to have the following co-ordinated motion of slider and the crank: ϕ 12=50o, S12=20 mm, ϕ13=110o,
S13=40 mm.

2.9 Design a 4-bar linkage to generate the function y = log10(x) in the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 2. Use either a graphical or an algebraic approach.

2.10 Describe the graphical and algebraic methods of function generation with three precision points.

2.11 Design a 4-bar mechanism such that a point C on its coupler moves from point C1 to C3 through C2, where C1, C2 and C3 are located
as shown in figure 14.

Figure: 14

2.12 Synthesize a 4-bar linkage using Freudenstein equation to generate the function y=x1.5 for the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 4. The input crank is to
start from ϕs =30o and is to have a range to 90o. The output follower is to start at Ѱs=0o and is to have a range of 90o. Take three accuracy
points.

2.13 A four bar mechanism is to be designed using three precision points to generate the function
y = x1.5, for the range 1 ≤ x ≤ 4
Assume starting position as 30o and 120o respectively for the input link and 90o and 180o respectively for the output link. Take the length of
the fixed link as 25 mm.
 Question Bank MEM-404
Dynamic Analysis
2.14 From first principles derive the expressions for displacement, velocity and acceleration of the piston in a reciprocating engine, stating
the assumptions and approximations made, if any.

2.15 A gas engine working at 350 rpm has length of connecting rod and crank radius as 600 and 125 mm respectively. When the piston has
travelled 1/4th stroke during outstroke, estimate: (a) angular position of the crank, (b) angular speed of connecting rod, and (c) acceleration
of the piston. Solve analytically, graphically and by Klein's construction.

2.16 Areas under the turning moment curve for one revolution of a multi-cylinder engine above and below the mean resisting torque are
given by: -32 ,+406 -316 +232 -374 +271 -245 mm2. The vertical and horizontal scales are 1mm=60 N-m and 10 mm=24o respectively. The
fluctuation of speed is limited to ±1.5% of mean speed which is 250 rpm. The hoop stress in rim material is limited to 5.6 MPa. Neglecting
the effect of boss and arm, determine suitable cross section and diameter of the flywheel rim. Density of rim material is 7200kg/m3. Assume
the width of rim to be 4 times the thickness.

2.17 A punching machine is required to punch 20 mm holes in a 15 mm thick plate, having ultimate shear stress of 320 MPa. If 30 holes are
to be punched per minute and if punching operation requires one tenth of a second, find the moment of inertia of a suitable flywheel in order
that the speed lies between 141 and 150 rpm.

2.18 a. What is a dynamically equivalent connecting rod? What is the correction couple required if masses are placed at the gudgeon pin and
the crank pin.
b. The length of the connecting rod is 250 mm measured between the centres of crank pin and gudgeon pin. The CG falls at 100 mm from the
crank pin, along the line of centres. The radii of gyration about an axis through CG is 110 mm. Find the equivalent dynamic system if the
connecting rod is replaced by two masses one at each pin (crank and gudgeon) and the angular acceleration of the rod is 23000 rad/s2 CW.
Determine the correction couple applied to the system to reduce it to the dynamically equivalent system. (Ans W A=6.694 N, WB=13.006 N,
Distance between them = 80.67 mm, correction couple = 135.98 N-m).

2.19 A four stroke IC engine runs at constant load and delivers 20 KW at 300 rpm. The fluctuation of energy per cycle may be taken 0.65
times the useful work per cycle. Design a suitable flywheel rim of rectangular section to limit the variation of speed during the cycle to ±2%
of the mean speed. Material: CI. Take maximum permissible peripheral speed as 25 m/s. Breadth = 2 times radial thickness. Rim provides
90% of the rotational inertia. Cast iron has the density of 7.24*10 -3 g/mm3.

2.20 A machine requiring driving torque of (2000 + 300 sin θ) N-m where is the angle of rotation of its shaft measuring from some datum, is
driven by a directly coupled IC engine whose turning moment is given by (2000 + 400 sin θ) N-m. The average speed is 150 rpm. Determine
the moment of inertia of flywheel to limit the speed fluctuation to within ±2% of the average speed and the maximum angular acceleration of
the flywheel. (Ans. 76.6 kg-m2, 8.12 rad/s2).

2.21 The torque exerted on the crank shaft of a 2-stroke engine is given by T=7000+1000 sin 2θ - 2000 cos2θ (N-m) where θ is the crank
displacement from the IDC. Assuming the resisting torque to be constant, compute (a) the power developed at 300 rpm, (b) total
fluctuation in speed in percentage and (c) the maximum retardation of the flywheel. (given for the flywheel radius of gyratio n = 0.750 m,
mass = 500 kg).

2.22 A 3-cylinder single acting engine running at 600 rpm has its crank set equally at 120 o. The torque-crank angle diagram for each cylinder
is a triangle for the power stroke with a maximum torque at 90 N-m at 60o after the dead centre of the corresponding crank. The torque on the
return stroke is sensibly zero. Compute (a) the power developed in watts, (b) the coefficient of fluctuation of speed if the flywheel has a mass
of 8 kg and a radius of gyration of 80 mm, (c) the coefficient of fluctuation of energy, (d) the maximum angular acceleration of the flywheel.
Unit III
Friction
3.1 In problems involving friction between two flat rotating surfaces in contact, sometimes the pressure between the surfaces is assumed to
be constant and sometimes the rate of wear is assumed constant. Give reasons on which these assumptions are based and state the effect of
these two conditions on the friction torque, and to what type of problems each is applied?

3.2 Derive the expression for the frictional torque in (i) a truncated conical bearing, and (ii) a conical pivot - a. assuming uniform pressure
over the bearing surface. b. assuming the uniform rate of wear at all points.

3.3 Derive the expression for the frictional torque in (i) a flat pivot and (ii) a flat collar - (a) assuming the uniform pressure over the bearing
surface. (b) Assuming the uniform rate of wear at all points.

3.4 The axial thrust on the shaft of a marine engine is 300 kN and this is to be resisted by a number of circular thrust collars integral to the
shaft. The maximum allowable uniform pressure is 0.41 MPa. If the shaft diameter is 300 mm and collar external diameter is 500 mm,
calculate the number of collars required and the power lost due to friction for a shaft speed of 150 rpm. Assume coefficient of friction = 0.2.

3.5 The rotating parts of a grinding mill are carried on a vertical shaft running at 120 rpm. The load of 20 kN is carried by a conical bearing
of 100 mm outer diameter and 50 mm inner diameter with an included angle of 120o. Assuming coefficient of friction = 0.075 and that the
intensity of pressure is inversely proportional to radius, determine the power dissipated in friction.

3.6 A cone clutch with a cone semi angle 12o is to transmit 12 kW at 750 rpm. The width of face is to be one fifth of the mean diameter and
the normal pressure between the contact face is not to exceed 0.3 MPa. Assuming the friction coefficient to be 0.2, determine the main
dimensions of clutch and the axial force required.
 Question Bank MEM-404

3.7 What is the friction circle? Derive an expression for its radius.

3.8 What is the friction axis of a link? For a link having pin joints at its ends, there can be four friction axes. Explain how the right friction
axis out of these four can be determined.

3.9 The following data relates to a cone clutch: maximum contact surface radius = 150 mm, minimum contact surface radius = 125 mm, semi
cone angle = 20o, coefficient of friction = 0.25, allowable normal pressure = 0/14 MPa. Estimate the coaxial load and the power transmitted
at 1000 rpm.

3.10 A multiple disc clutch with steel and bronze discs, is to transmit 8 kW at 450 rpm. The inner radius to the contact is 40 mm and the
outer radius is 90 mm, µ = 0.1, the maximum allowable pressure is 0.35 MPa. Determine (i) total number of discs, (ii) the average pressure,
(iii) the axial force required and (iv) maximum pressure.

3.11 A machine is driven from a constant speed shaft rotating at 300 rpm, by means of a friction clutch. The moment of inertia of the rotating
parts of the machine is 5 kg-m2. The clutch is of the disc type, both sides of the disc being effective in producing driving friction. The
diameters of the friction plate are 200 mm and 125 mm. The intensity of axial pressure applied to the disc is 0.07 MPa. Assume uniform
pressure and coefficient of friction to be 0.25. Determine the time required for the machine to attain full speed when the clutch is suddenly
engaged. Determine also the energy supplied during clutch slip. Determine the ratio of power transmitted with uniform wear to that with
uniform pressure and the maximum intensity of pressure in case of uniform wear.

3.12 A plate clutch has three discs on the driven shaft and two on the driven shaft. The outside and the inside diameters of the contact
surfaces are 240 and 120 mm. Assuming uniform pressure and µ=0.30, find the total spring load pressing the plates together to transmit 23
kW at 1575 rpm. If there are 6 springs of stiffness 13 kN/m, and each of the contact surfaces has worn away by 1.25 mm, find the maximum
power that can be transmitted, assuming uniform wear. (Ans. W=1245 N, power after wear= 8.3 kW).

3.13 The thrust of the propeller shaft is taken up by the number of collars, solid with the shaft, which is of 0.3 m diameter. The total thrust on
the shaft is 18 t and its speed is 75 rpm. µ=0.15. Find (a) the external diameter of the collars, (b) the number of collars required if the power
lost in friction is 2 kW.

3.15 A shaft has a number of collars integral with it. The external diameter of the collars is 400 mm and the shaft diameter is 250 mm. If the
uniform intensity of pressure is 0.35 MPa and coefficient of friction is 0.05, determine: i. Power absorbed in overcoming friction when the
shaft runs at 105 rpm and carries a load of 150 kN, and ii. Number of collars required.

Belt and rope drives

3.16 An engine running at 150 rpm drives a line shaft by means of a belt. The engine pully is 750 mm in diameter, pulley diameter on the
line shaft is 450 mm. A 900 mm diameter pulley on the line shaft drives a 150 mm diameter pulley on the dynamo shaft. Calculate the speed
of the dynamo when: a) there is no slip, and b) There is a slip of 2% on each drive.

3.17 An open belt runs between two pulleys 300 and 100 mm diameters with their centres 750 mm apart, µ for the larger pulley is 0.3. What
should be the value of the µ for the smaller pulley, so that slipping starts at both the pulleys at the same time.

3.18 A belt 100 mm wide and 10 mm thick transmits power at 1000 m/min. The net driving tension (T 1-T2) is 1.8 times the tension on the
slack side. If the safe permissible stress in the belt section is 1.6 MPa, calculate the maximum power that can be transmitted at this speed.
Assume density of leather as 1 gm/cc. Calculate the absolute maximum power that can be transmitted by this belt and the speed at which this
can be transmitted.

3.19 What maximum power can be transmitted per square mm of cross section, if the tension in the belt is not to exceed 2.5MPa and the ratio
of tensions in the tight and slack side is 1.8. Assume 1 cc of belt has a mass of 0.0011 kg.

3.20 A rope pulley having a mean diameter of 1.50 m rotates at 90 rpm, angle of lap of ropes= 190 o, angle of groove =45o, safe tension per
rope is 750 N and coefficient of friction between the ropes and sides=0.25. Find the number of ropes required for transmitting 170 kW.

3.21 a. Derive an expression for centrifugal tension in the belt and find the velocity at which maximum power can be transmitted.
b. Show that for maximum power transmitted, centrifugal tension should not exceed 1/3 of the total tension.

3.22 a. Derive an expression for finding the length of belt in case of a) Open belt derive, and b) Cross belt derive.
b. Describe the phenomenon of creep in the belt.
c. Derive an expression for ratio of tensions on the tight side to the tension on the stack side for a i) flat belt, ii) V belt.

3.23 Deduce an expression for the tension in a belt due to centrifugal force and prove that the velocity at which the maximum power can be
transmitted is given by (T / 3m) where T is the maximum tension on tight side and m is the mass of the belt per unit length.
A rough rule for the leather belting is that the difference between tight and slack side tensions should not exceed 10 N per mm of belt width
for a belt of thickness 4.75 mm. If this rule is applied under the following conditions, what is the maximum stress on the tight side of the
belt? Angle of lap=170o, µ=0.25, belt speed=200 m/min, density of leather=0.0011 kg/cc.
 Question Bank MEM-404
3.24 A rope drive is required to transmit 750 kW from a pulley of 1 m diameter running at 450 rpm. The safe pull in each rope is 2.25 kN
and the rope weight is 10 N/m length. The angle of lap and groove angle are 150 o and 45o respectively. Find the number of ropes required for
the drive if the coefficient of friction between the rope and the pulley is 0.3. (Ans: 22).

3.25. Determine the percentage increase in the power capacity made possible in changing over from a flat belt to V belt drive. The diameter
of the flat pulley is the same as the pitch diameter of the grooved pulley. The pulley rotates at the same speed as the grooved pulley. The
coefficient of the friction for both flat and V belts is 0.3. The V belt pulley groove angle is 60 o. The belts are of the same material and have
the same cross sectional area. In each case the angle of lap is 160 o. (Ans. 43.2%)

3.26 An open belt drive connects two pulleys of diameters 1.2 m (driver) and 0.5 m, on parallel shaft 4 m apart. The mass of the belt is 0.9
kg/m and the max. Tension is not to exceed 2000 N. Coefficient of friction = 0.3. Driver pulley runs at 200 rpm. Due to slip, the velocity of
the driven shaft is only 250 rpm. Calculate the torque on each shaft, the power transmitted, the power lost in friction, and the efficiency of
the drive. How does centrifugal tension affect the power transmitted by the belt? Discus the effect of increasing belt velocity.

3.27 Two shaft whose centres are 1 m apart are connected by a V belt drive. The driving pulley is supplied with 100 kW and has an
effective diameter of 300 mm. It runs at 100 rpm, While the driven pulley runs at 375 rpm. The angle of groove on the pulleys is 40o. The
permissible tension in 400 mm2 cross-section area belt is 2.1 MPa. The coefficient of friction between the belt and pulleys is 0.28. Estimate
the number of belts required.

3.28 Two pulleys on parallel shaft are connected by a crossed belt. The diameter of the pulleys are 450 mm and 200 mm. The shafts are 1.95
m apart. Find the length of the belts required and angle of contact between the belt and pulley.
What power can be transmitted by the above belt when the larger pulley rotates at 100 rev/min, if the maximum permissible tension in the
belt is 1000 N and the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.25.

Unit IV
Governors

4.1 Name different types of governors. What is the difference between centrifugal and inertia type of governor?

4.2 What are the limitations of a simple Watt governor? Why has it become obsolete?

4.3 a. Define the terms 'controlling force' and 'effort' of a governor.

b. What is the difference between 'stability' and 'isochronism' of a governor? How are these determined?

4.4 Explain how you would determine from the controlling force curve whether the governor is stable, unstable or isochronous?

4.5 Explain 'HUNTING' of a governor? Is the degree of hunting is more or less in the case of an isochronous governor as compared to an
unstable governor? Explain.

4.6 a. Describe the effect of friction on the sensitiveness of a governor.

b. Explain 'hunting' of a governor.
c. Explain power of a governor. How is it determined?

4.7 A Hartnell governor is isochronous. By what adjustment can you make it stable?

4.8 In a crossed arm Watt governor, the apex angle at its highest and lowest positions are 90 o and 60o respectively. The suspension pins are
40 mm from the axis of rotation. Neglecting friction, calculate the maximum and minimum speeds if the length of arm is 250 mm.

4.9 The upper arms of a Porter governor are pivoted to the axis of rotation, their lengths being 300mm. The lower arms are pivoted on the
sleeve at a distance of 30 mm from the axis. Their lengths being 270 mm. Mass of each ball is 6kg and that of the sleeve is 50 kg. Determine
(i) the equilibrium speed for a radius of rotation of 170 mm and (ii) the effort and power for a 1 % change in speed.

4.10 In a Proell governor, the mass of each ball is 5.25 kg. The central load is 600 N. The length of each upper and lower arm is 240 mm.
The minimum and maximum radii are 130 and 190 mm. The distances of the point of suspension of upper and lower arms are 0 and 30 mm
from the axis of rotation. The walls are attached to links of 80 mm length. Assuming that the links to which the walls are attached are parallel
to governor axis at the minimum radius. Find the equilibrium speed corresponding to the extreme radii. (Ans. 187 rpm, 201 rpm)

4.11 In a spring loaded governor of the Hartnell type, the mass of each ball is 5 kg, and the lift of the sleeve is 50 mm. The speed at which
the governor begins to float is 240 rpm and at this speed the radius of rotation is 110 mm. The mean working speed is 20 times the range of
working when friction is neglected. If the lengths of ball and roller arms of bell lever and axis of governor spindle is 140 mm. Determine the
initial compression of the spring. Take into account the obliquity of arms if the friction is equivalent to 30 N at the sleeve. Find the total
alteration in speed before the sleeve begins to move from mid position. (Ans. 60.9 mm, 6rpm)

4.12 A Porter governor has links 180 mm long and the points of attachment of the links are at a radial distance of 40 mm from the vertical
axis of the governor. Each ball weight 12 N and the central weight including sleeve weights 200 N. When the links are at angle of 30o to the
vertical the governor sleeve begins to rise at 283 rpm. Estimate the higher and lower speeds of the governor when the angle of the links is 45 o
to the vertical. Assume constant friction.
 Question Bank MEM-404
4.13 In a speed loaded Hartnell governor the weight of each ball is 10 N. Length of vertical arm of the bell crank lever is 100 mm and that of
the horizontal arm 50 mm. Distance of the fulcrum of each bell crank from the axis of rotation is 80 mm. The minimum and maximum radii
of rotation of the governor balls are 75 mm and 112.5 mm. The minimum equilibrium speed is 350 rpm and the maximum equilibrium speed
is 5% greater than this. Neglecting obliquity of arms determine (a) The stiffness of the spring in N/m, and (b) the equilibrium speed for a
radius of rotation of 100 mm.

4.14. In a spring control governor in which the controlling force curve is a straight line, the balls are 350 mm apart when controlling force is
1.2 kN and 200 mm apart when it is 0.6 KN. At what speed will the governor run when the balls are 250 mm apart if each of them weighs 60
N. By how much must the initial tension be increased to make the governor isochronous and what would then be the speed of rotation? (Ans.
308 rpm, 200 N, 346 rpm)

4.15 A Hartnell type governor with vertical axis has two rotating weights of 14 N carried on right angled bell crank levers in which the
weight arm is 75 mm and the sleeve arm is 60 mm long. The sleeve has the total movement of 30 mm. When the sleeve is in mid position the
sleeve arm is horizontal and the weights as revolve in a circle 0f 100 mm radius. Owing to maladjustment of the controlling spring it is found
that the equilibrium speed at the top stop is lower than that at the bottom stop, being 420 and 435 rpm respectively. Determine (a) the
stiffness of the spring and the compression at the bottom stop, (b) the initial compression which would give a top stop equilibrium speed 12
rpm greaten than the bottom stop speed. (c) If now for the governor for case (b) is rotating at 100 mm radius, determine the equilibrium
speed of rotation and hence find the period of oscillation of the rotating weights about their mean position. Also find the governor effort and
power for a 1% change in speed at the 100 mm radius, (d) Find the new initial compression required at the bottom stop to make the governor
isochronous and find the isochronous speed.

4.16 The bell crank levers of a spring controlled governor are carried by a rotating casing. Each ball arm is 100 m long, each sleeve arm is
125 mm long and when the sleeve is in its mid position (as in figure 15) the ball arms are vertical, the sleeve arms are horizontal and the
radius of the ball path is 150 mm. The balls weigh 36 N each and are controlled by helical compression in contact with the outside of the
balls and the inside of the casing. The operating gear attached to the sleeve weights 90 N. Each of the springs has a stiffness of 10.15 kN/m
and is initially compressed by 50 mm at the bottom position of the sleeve. Determine the range of speed for operation of the governor for a
sleeve lift of 25 mm. When the sleeve is at its mid position, determine the frequency of the vibrations if disturbed when the governor is
running at its equilibrium speed.

Figure: 15

Dynamometers
4.17 How are the dynamometers classified? What is the difference between absorption and transmission type of dynamometers?

4.18 Describe the construction and working of a Prony brake dynamometers.

4.19 Describe the construction and working of a Rope brake dynamometer. What is the criteria speed of the pulley?
What are the advantages of this type of dynamometer?

4.20 Describe Belt transmission dynamometer. How do you use this type of dynamometer to determine the power transmitted by the prime
mover? Also epicyclic train dynamometer.

4.21 Explain with necessary sketches the working and principle of the well known type of hydraulic dynamometer.

4.22 In a belt transmission dynamometer, the distance between the centre of driving pulley and the dead weights is 1 m. Find the value of the
deadweight required to keep the lever in horizontal position of the power transmitted is 10 KW and the diameter of each of the driving as
well as intermediate pulleys is 400 mm. The driving pulley runs at 400 rpm.

4.23 The essential features of transmission dynamometer are shown in figure 16. A is the driving pulley which runs at 500 rpm. B and C are
jockey pulleys mounted on a horizontal beam pivoted at D, at which point the complete beam is balanced when at rest. E is the driven pulley
and all portions of belts between pulleys are vertical. B, C, and E are each 300 mm diameter. DF is 750 mm. Find (a) the value of W to
maintain the beam in a horizontal position when 0.5 kW is being transmitted, (b) the value of W when the belt just begins to slip on A. Take
μ = 0.2 and maximum tension in belt 1 kN.
 Question Bank MEM-404

Figure: 16

4.24 A Prony brake dynamometer is used to find the brake power of an engine running at 950 rpm. The length of the lever of the
dynamometer is 1.75 m. The weights in the pan of balance measure 350 N and the tare is 63 N. Find the power of the engine in kW.

4.25 Figure 17 shows the outline of a belt transmission dynamometer. A triangular frame ABC pivoted about A carries tightening pulleys
which are adjusted to press on the belt. When the drive is transmitting power, a load W is suspended from the lowest point of the frame and
is adjusted in amount until the angles of inclination α of the belt are all equal. The pulleys P and Q are each 1 m diameter and μ=0.25. Given
W= 600 N and α=12o determine the power transmitted at a speed of 300 rpm and state the two belt tensions.

Figure: 17
4.26 A rope brake dynamometer is applied on a pulley of outer diameter 600 mm. The rim is of channel section and the wall thickness is
uniformly 20 mm. If the channel has to carry cooling water at least 30 mm deep, what will be its critical speed? The drum runs at a speed
10% greater than the above speed. The weight applied at the end is 980 N while the spring balance reads 85 N. Taking the rope diameter 16
mm, calculate the brake power.

Unit V
Toothed Gears
5.1 Classify toothed gears with the help of neat sketches.

5.2 Define the following terms:- PCD. Pitch surface, Pitch, Addendum, Pressure angle, Base circle, Clearance.

5.3 Derive the condition for constant velocity ratio between gears. Also find the velocity of sliding between gears.

5.4 a. State the fundamental law of gearing. Show that the common normal of the contacting surfaces should pass through a fixed point on
the line of centres for the law of gearing to be satisfied.
b. Find the expression for the velocity of sliding between two contacting surfaces.
c. What do you understand by conjugate teeth?

5.5 a. Which of the curves (involute or cycloidal) is better suited for gears? Why?
b. Explain why involute teeth are more common for gear teeth than cycloidal.

5.6 What is interference? Derive the formula for minimum number of teeth on gear wheel and pinion to avoid interference.

5.7 Derive the equation for length of arc of contact for involute gears.

5.8 a. What do you understand by "undercutting"?

b. What are the standards of proportions of involute teeth?
c. What are ‘stub’ teeth?
d. What are the methods of reducing interference in involute teeth?

5.9 Find the minimum number of teeth to avoid undercutting when the addendum for stub teeth is 0.84 module and power component 0.95
times the normal thrust if: a. the gear ratio is unity,
b. the gear ratio 3 to 1, and c. the pinion gears with a rack.
In each case find (a) the length of arc of contact in terms of the module, (b) the number of pairs in contact on an average, (c) the minimum
and maximum number of pairs in contact during motion.
What would be the effect of increasing the addendum on pinion while maintaining the working depth the same as before?

5.10 Two gears having the 20 and 40 involute teeth are in mesh. Pressure angle is 20o and module is 12 mm. The line of contact on each side
of the pitch point is half the maximum possible length. Find the length of addendum for each gear and the length of arc of contact.
 Question Bank MEM-404
5.11 What is the "Hunting Tooth" ? Why is it used?

5.12 Find the length of path of contact when a pinion of 18 meshes with an internal gear of 72 teeth. ϕ=20 o, m=4,Addenda of pinion and
wheel are 8.7 and 3.7 mm. (Ans. 10.6 mm).

5.13 a. A pinion with 25 teeth has a module of 2 and a pressure angle 14.5o. It is made to match with a rack having straight sided teeth at an
angle 70o to the pitch line. Pinion rotates at 120 rpm. Determine the speed of the rack.
b. What is the rack speed if the rack teeth had 75.5 o inclination to the pitch line?

5.14 A gear wheel having 24 involute teeth of 5 mm module is generated by a straight sided rack cutter. The addendum of the cutter and the
wheel is 1 module. Determine the minimum pressure angle if interference is to be avoided. If such 24 teeth wheel should mesh with a 40
teeth wheel correctly, determine the length of arc of contact and the minimum number of pairs of teeth in contact at any time.

Train on Wheels
5.15 a. What is an epicyclic train?
b. What are the advantages of epicyclic gear train as compared to simple gear train?

5.16 What is a reverted gear train? Where is it used?

5.17 A four speed sliding gear box of a motor car is required to give speed ratios from the driving shaft to driven shaft of 4:1, 2.5:1, 1.5:1 and
1:1 approximately in the first, second, third and top gears respectively. The module of the gears is 3.25 mm and the centre to centre distance
between mating gears is 70 mm. Find suitable numbers of teeth on various gears, if the minimum number of teeth on pinion is 14.

5.18 In a reverted gear train, two shafts A and B in the same line are geared together through an intermediate parallel shaft C. The wheels
connecting shafts A + C have a module of 4 mm and those connecting shafts C and B is to be about 9 mm, the least number of teeth in any
wheel being not less than 15. The speed of B is to be about but not greater than 1/12 the speed of A, and the ratio of each reduction is the
same. Find suitable wheels, the actual reduction and the distanced of shaft C from A and B.

Figure: 20
Figure 18 Figure:19

5.19 A mechanism for recording the distance covered by the bicycle wheel is as follows: There is the fixed annular wheel A of 22 teeth
Another annular wheel B of 23 teeth rotates freely on the axis of A. an arm driven by the bicycle wheel through the known, also revolves
freely on the axis of A and carries on a pin at its extremes two wheels C and D which are integral with one another. The wheel C has 19 teeth
and meshes with A and the wheel D with 20 teeth meshes with B. The diameter of the bicycle wheel is 700 mm. What must be the velocity
ratio between the bicycle wheel and the arm if B makes 1 revolution per 1 km covered by the bicycle?

5.20 In an epicyclic gear train of sun and planet type as shown in figure 16, the annular wheel A has 48 teeth and meshes internally. Three
planet wheels of equal size mesh with the annular gear A and the sun wheel B. When gear A is stationary, the spider C which carries the
planet wheels is to make one revolution for every five rotation of the sun wheel B. Determine the number of teeth on all wheels (Refer figure
19).
5.21 In an epicyclic gear train, an arm carries two wheels A and B having 36 and 45 teeth respectively. If the arm rotates at 150 rpm in anti-
clockwise direction about the centre of A which is fixed, determine the speed of B. If A, instead of being fixed, makes 300 rpm clockwise,
what will be the speed of B?

5.22 Figure 20 shows an epicyclic gear train in which the arm A is fixed to the shaft S. B is free to rotate on S and F in separately driven. A
receives 10 KW at 200 rpm and F is driven in the same direction at 100 rpm. Determine the speed of B and the torque on its shaft.

5.23 In the train of gear wheels shown in figure 21, the vertical shaft X runs at 2400 rpm and drives the bevel wheel B by the pinion A. The
compound wheel EC revolves freely on a spindle rigidly attached to B. Wheel C gears with D, E meshes with F. Both wheels D and F being
concentric with B. Wheel F is held stationary and wheel K, solid with D, drives L on shaft Z. There are three sets of wheels EC carried on
spindles equally spaced on B. The tooth numbers are A 18, B 60, C 22, D 22, E 23, F 21, K 19, and L 64.
a. Find the speed of the shaft Z.
b. If the gear is to be modified by simply substituting different wheels of the same pitch for E and F, so that speed of Z is to reversed in
direction and to be between 35 and 45 rpm, find the number of teeth on the new wheels E and F.
 Question Bank MEM-404

Figure: 21

Figure: 22
5.24 In the epicyclic train shown in figure 22 the shaft X is rotated at 350 rpm in a clockwise sense viewed in the direction XY. Gear 'b' has
20 teeth each, gear 'c' have 28 teeth each and gear 'd' has 35 teeth. The annular gear 'a' is fixed, gear 'd' is keyed to the shaft X and the gears
'b' and 'c' are carried on pins fixed on the arm 'e' which in turn is fixed to the shaft B. Find the number of teeth on 'a' and the speed and
direction of rotation of the shaft B.
5.25 An epicyclic speed reduction gear is shown in figure 23. The driving shaft X carries on the arm A, a pin on which the compound wheel
B-C is free to revolve. Wheel C meshes with the fixed wheel E and wheel B meshes with wheel D keyed to the driven shaft Z. The number
of teeth on the wheels are TB =40, TD=45, TC= 84. Find TE if module of B is 6 and of C is 3.
Find the ratio of the speed of the driving shaft to the speed of the driven shaft. If the input torque on the driving shaft is 50 N-m, what are (i)
the load torque on D and (ii) the holding torque on E?

Figure: 23

Figure: 24

5.26 In the Humpage gear shown (figure 24) the number of teeth on C, D, E, F and G are 20, 50, 64, 30 and 80. Compute the speed of B (a)
when G is fixed, (b) when G rotates at 20 rpm CCW, and (c) when G rotates at 200
rpm CW.

5.27 Find the velocity ratio of the epicyclic gear shown in figure 25, when B is the driving shaft, A and C are stationary, and D is the driven
shaft.

Figure: 26

Figure: 25

5.30 If in the problem given below in figure 26, the module of B and C is 3 mm and they have 20 and 32 teeth respectively, and module of D
and E is 4 mm, find the number of teeth in gears D and E if the gear ratio between gear D and pinion E is 2.