Design

 notes  for  seismic  

design  of  building  accordance  
to  Eurocode  8    
AUTHOR:  VALENTINOS  NEOPHYTOU    BEng  (Hons),  MSc    
 
REVISION  1:  June,  2013  
  
 
ABOUT  THIS  DOCUMENT  
 
 
This   publication   provides   a   concise   compilation   of   selected   rules   in   the   Eurocode   8,   together   with  
relevant  Cyprus  National  Annex,  that  relate  to  the  design  of  common  forms  of  concrete  building  
structure   in   the   South   Europe.   Rules   from   EN   1998-­‐1-­‐1   for   global   analysis,   regularity   criteria,   type  
of  analysis  and  verification  checks  are  presented.  Detail  design  rules  for  concrete  beam,  column  
and  shear  wall,  from  EN  1998-­‐1-­‐1  and  EN1992-­‐1-­‐1  are  presented.  This  guide  covers  the  design  of  
orthodox   members   in   concrete   frames.   It   does   not   cover   design   rules   for   steel   frames.   Certain  
practical  limitations  are  given  to  the  scope.  
 
Due  to  time  constraints  and  knowledge,  I  may  not  be  able  to  address  the  whole  issues.  
 
Please  send  me  your  suggestions  for  improvement.  Anyone  interested  to  share  his/her  knowledge  
or   willing   to   contribute   either   totally   a   new   section   about   Eurocode   8   or   within   this   section   is  
encouraged.

 
 
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 Fundamental requirements
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl.2.1 and CYS NA EN1998-1-1,cl NA2.2)

1. “No collapse”(ULS):The structure should be design and constructed as follow:

• Withstand the seismic action without local or global collapse, thus retaining
its structural integrity and residual load bearing capacity after the seismic
event (Protection of human life).
• A design seismic action (for local collapse prevention) with 10% exceedance
probability in 50 years (mean return period: 475 years).
2. “Damage limitation”(SLS):The structure should be design and constructed as
follow:
• Withstand the seismic action having a larger probability of occurrence than
the design than the design seismic action, without the occurrence of damage
and the associated limitations of use, the cost which would be
disproportionately high in comparison with the cost of the structure itself
(damage limitation).
• Seismic actions are determined for mean return period of TDLR=95 year and
probability of exceedance is PDLR=41%. The corresponding design life of
the structure is a TL=50 years design life of structures.

The level of seismic action is depending on its important and

consequences of failure (Importance classes of building)

Importance classes for buildings

(ΕΝ1998-1-1,table.4.3 and CYS NA EN1998-1-1,cl NA2.12)

Importance Buildings Important

class factor γI
Buildings of minor importance for public safety, e.g.
I 0.8
argricultural buildings, etc.
II Ordinary buildings, not belonging in the other categories. 1.0
Buildings whose seismic resistance is of importance in view
III of the consequences associated with a collapse, e.g. schools, 1.2
assembly halls, cultural institutions etc.
Buildings whose integrity during earthquakes is of vital
IV importance for civil protection, e.g. hospitals, fire stations, 1.4
power plants, etc.

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  3  

 Seismic zones

(CYS NA ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl.NA 4)

• 10% probability to be exceeded in 50 years

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  4  

 Ground condition
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.1(6) and CYS NA EN1998-1-1,cl NA2.3)

Ground condition
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.1(6) and CYS NA EN1998-1-1,cl NA2.3)

• Ground investigation may be omitted for building with importance class of I and II. They also
omitted for classes III and IV whenever there is adequate information.
• The construction site and the nature of the supporting ground should normally be free from risks of
ground rupture, slope instability and permanent settlements caused by liquefaction or densification in
the event of an earthquake.

Type of ground soil

(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl.3.1.2)

Groun Description of straigraphic profile Parameters

d type
NSPT
vs,30 (m/s) cu (kPa)
(blows/30cm)
A Rock or other rock-like geological
formation, including at most 5 m of weaker >800 - -
material at the surface.
B Deposits of very dense sand, gravel, or very
stiff clay, at least several tens of metres in
thickness, characterised by a gradual 360-800 >50 >250
increase of mechanical properties with
depth.
C Deep deposits of dense or medium dense
sand, gravel or stiff clay with thickness from 180-360 15-50 70-250
several tens to many hundreds of metres.
D Deposits of loose-to-medium cohesion less
soil (with or without some soft cohesive
layers), or of predominantly soft-to-firm <180 <15 <70
cohesive soil.

E A soil profile consisting of a surface

alluvium layer with vs values of type C or D
and thickness varying between about 5 m
and 20 m, underlain by stiffer material with
vs> 800 m/s.
S1 Deposits consisting, or containing a layer at
least 10 m thick, of soft clays/silts with a <100
high plasticity index - 10-20
(indicative)

S2 Deposits of liquefiable soils, of sensitive

clays, or any other soil profile not included
in types A – E or S1

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  5  

vs,30: average value of propagation velocity of S waves in the upper 30m of the soil profiles at shear strain
of 10-5 or less.
NSPT: Standard penetration test blow count
cu: Undrained shear strength of soil

Vertical elastic response spectrum

(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.3)

The vertical listed below:

• for horizontal structural member spanning 20m or more,

• for horizontal cantilever components longer than 5m,
• component of the seismic action should be taken into account if the avg>0.25g (2.5m/s2) in the cases
for horizontal pre-stressed components,
• for beams supporting columns,
• in based-isolated structures.

Vertical elastic response spectrum

(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.3)

!
0 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆!" 𝑇 = 𝑎!" ∙ 1 + ! ∙ 𝜂 ∙ 3,0 − 1 (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.8)
!

𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆!" 𝑇 = 𝑎!" ∙ 𝜂 ∙ 3.0 (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.9)

!!
𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆!" 𝑇 = 𝑎!" ∙ 𝜂 ∙ 3.0 !
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.10)

!! !!
𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 4𝑠: 𝑆!" 𝑇 = 𝑎!" ∙ 𝜂 ∙ 3.0 !!
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.11)

Damping correction factor η: 𝜂 = 10/ 5 + 𝜉 ≥ 0.55

Design ground acceleration on type A ground: ag=γIagR

Note: the value of S is not used in the above expression cause the vertical ground motion is not very much
affected by the underlying ground condition

Vertical elastic design spectrum (ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.5(5))

! ! !.! !
.  0 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎!" ∙ !
+! ∙ !
− ! (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.13)
!

!.!
𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎!" ∙ !
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.14)

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  6  

 2.5 𝑇!
𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎!" ∙
𝑞 𝑇

≥ 𝛽 ∙ 𝑎!" (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.15)

!.! !! !!
𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 4𝑠: 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎!" ∙ ! !!

≥ 𝛽 ∙ 𝑎!" (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.5)

For the vertical component of the seismic action the design spectrum is given by expressions (3.13) to
(3.16), with the design ground acceleration in the vertical direction, avg replacing ag, S taken as being equal
to 1,0 and the other parameters as defined in 3.2.2.3.

Parameters values of vertical elastic response spectra (CYS NA EN1998-1-1,cl NA2.8)

Spectrum avg/ag TB (s) TC (s) TD (s)

Type 1 0.90 0.05 0.15 1.0
Special provisions:

• For the vertical component of the seismic action a behaviour factor q up to to 1,5 should generally
be adopted for all materials and structural systems.
• The adoption of values for q greater than 1,5 in the vertical direction should be justified through an
appropriate analysis.

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  7  

 Horizontal elastic response spectrum

Horizontal elastic response spectrum Design spectrum of elastic analysis

(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.2) (ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.5)
!
0 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎! ∙ 𝑆 ∙ 1 + ! ∙ 𝜂 ∙ 2,5 − 1 (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.2) 0 ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎! ∙ 𝑆 ∙
! !
+! ∙
!.! !
− ! (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.13)
! ! !
!

𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎! ∙ 𝑆 ∙ 𝜂 ∙ 2.5 (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.3) !.!

𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎! ∙ 𝑆 ∙ !
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.14)
!!
𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎! ∙ 𝑆 ∙ 𝜂 ∙ 2.5 !
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.4) 2.5 𝑇!
𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 𝑇! : 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎! ∙ 𝑆 ∙
!! !! 𝑞 𝑇
𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 4𝑠: 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎! ∙ 𝑆 ∙ 𝜂 ∙ 2.5 !!
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.5)
≥ 𝛽 ∙ 𝑎! (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.15)
Damping correction factor η: 𝜂 = 10/ 5 + 𝜉 ≥ 0.55
!.! !! !!
𝑇! ≤ 𝑇 ≤ 4𝑠: 𝑆! 𝑇 = 𝑎! ∙ 𝑆 ∙ ! !!
Design ground acceleration on type A ground: ag=γI*agR
The viscous damping ratio of the structure ≥ 𝛽 ∙ 𝑎! (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.5)

TYPE OF STRUCTURE Damping ration ξ Design ground acceleration on type A ground: ag=γI*agR
%
Welded 2 Lower bound factor for the horizontal spectrum: β=0.2
Steel
Bolts 4
Unreinforced 3 Note: the value of q are already incorporate with an appropriation value of
Concrete
Reinforced 5
damping viscous, however the symbol ηis not present in the above expressions
Wall Reinforced 6

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  8  

 Horizontal elastic response spectrum Design spectrum of elastic analysis
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.2) (ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.5)

Design spectrum Vs Elastic spectrum Parameters of Type 1 elastic response spectrum (CYS NA EN1998-1-
1,table 3.2)

Ground
S TB (s) TC (s) TD (s)
Type
A 1.0 0.15 0.4 2.0
B 1.2 0.15 0.5 2.0
C 1.15 0.20 0.6 2.0
D 1.35 0.20 0.8 2.0
E 1.4 0.15 0.5 2.0

Note: For important structures (γI>1.0), topographic amplification effects

should be taken into account (Annex A EN1998-5:2004 provides
information for topographic amplification effects)

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  9  

 Elastic displacement response spectrum (EN1998-1-1,cl.3.2.2.2(6))

Spectrum Type 1 Elastic

YES
0≤T≤TB response spectrum
TB≤T≤TC
≤4s
TC≤T≤TD
TD≤T≤4s NO Elasticdisplacement
response spectrum

Calculation of seismic mass

(EN1998-1-1,cl.3.2.4)

The inertial effects of the design seismic action shall be evaluated by taking into account the presence of the
masses associated with all gravity loads appearing in the following combination of actions:

𝑮𝒌,𝒋 + 𝝍𝑬𝒊 𝑸𝒌,𝒊 (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 3.17)

Where:

Combination coefficient for variable action is: 𝜓!" = 𝜙 ∙ 𝜓!! (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 4.2)

Values of φ for calculating 𝝍𝑬𝒊 (CYS NA EN1998-1-1:2004)

Type of Storey φ
Variable
action
Roof
1,0
Categories Storeys with correlated
0,8
A-C1 occupancies
0,5
Independently occupied storeys
Categories
1.0
A-F1

1
those categories are describes in EN 1991-1-1:2002
Note: the value of φ is take into account only for calculating the seismic mass.

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  10  

 Second order effects P-Δ(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.4.2.2)

Second-order effects (P-Δ effects) need not be taken into account if the following condition is fulfilled in all
storeys:
!!"! ∙!!
𝜗= !!"! ∙!
≤ 0,10 (ΕΝ1998-1-1,Eq. 4.28)

Ptot: is the total gravity load at and above the storey considered in the seismic design situation dr: is the
design interstorey drift, evaluated as the difference of the average lateral displacements ds at the top and
bottom of the storey under consideration and calculated in accordance with 4.3.4.

Vtot: is the total seismic storey shear.

h: is the interstorey height.

Consequences of value of P-Δ coefficient θ on the analysis

θ≤0,1 No need to consider P-Δ effects

P-Δ effects may be taken into account approximately by
0,1≤θ≤0,2 !
amplifying the effects of the seismic actions by !!!

P-Δ effects must be accounted for by an analysis

0,2≤θ≤0,3
including second order effects explicity
θ≥0,3 Not permitted

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  11  

 CRITERIA FOR REGULARITY IN PLAN (EN1998-1-1,cl. 4.2.3.2)

CRITERIA FOR REGULARITY IN ELEVATION

(EN1998-1-1,cl. 4.2.3.2)

Approximately” symmetrical distribution of mass and stiffness in plan (in X-Y)

1.
A “compact” shape, i.e one in which the perimeter line is always convex, or at least encloses not more
than 5% of total area as show in figure below.

2.

The floor diaphragms shall be sufficiently stiff in-plane not to affect the distribution of lateral loads
3. between vertical elements. EC8 warn that this should be carefully examined in the branches of
branched systems, such as L, C, H, I and X plan shapes.
3. The ratio of longer side to shorter side in plan does not exceed 4 (λ=Lmax/Lmin<4).
The geometrical stiffness – lateral torsional response and torsional flexibility should be satisfied by
the following expressions:

Lateral torsional response condition:𝑟! > 3.33𝑒!"

𝑟! > 3.33𝑒!"
Torsionally rigidity condition: 𝑟! > 𝐼!
𝑟! > 𝐼!
4.
𝐼! =   𝑙 ! + 𝑏 ! /12

Where the torsional radius rx and ry are:

(𝑥𝐸𝐼! ) (𝑦𝐸𝐼! )
𝑥!" = 𝑦!" =
(𝐸𝐼! ) (𝐸𝐼! )

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  12  

 𝑥 − 𝑥!" ! 𝐸𝐼! + 𝑦 − 𝑦!" ! 𝐸𝐼! )
𝑟! ≈
𝐸𝐼!

𝑥 − 𝑥!" ! 𝐸𝐼! + 𝑦 − 𝑦!" ! 𝐸𝐼! )

𝑟! ≈
𝐸𝐼!

In multi-storey buildings only approximate definitions of the centre of stiffness and of the torsional
radius are possible. A simplified definition, for the classification of structural regularity in plan and
for the approximate analysis of torsional effects, is possible if the following two conditions are
5.
satisfied:
a) all primary members, run without interruption from the foundations to the top of the building.
b) The deflected shapes of the individual systems under horizontal loads are not very different.

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  13  

 CRITERIA FOR REGULARITY IN ELEVATION
(EN1998-1-1,cl. 4.2.3.2)

All primary members, shall run without interruption from their foundations to the top of the building.
1.
Mass and stiffness must either remain constant with height or reduce only gradually, without abrupt
changes. In the absence of a quantitative definition in EC8, it is recommended that the decrease with
2.
height may be considered gradual if both the mass and stiffness of every storey is between 70% and
100% of that of the storey below.
In framed buildings the ratio of the actual storey resistance to the resistance required by the analysis
3.
should not vary disproportionately between adjacent storeys
Buildings with setbacks (i.e. where the plan area suddenly reduces between successive storeys) are
generally irregular, but may be classified as regular if less than limits shown in figure below. This
shows that the setback at any level on one side may not exceed 10% compared to the level below.
Where the setbacks are symmetrical on each side, there is no limit on overall reduction; however, for
asymmetrical setbacks, the overall reduction is limited to 30% of the base width. The exception is that
an overall reduction in width of up to half is permissible within the lowest 15% of the height of the
building. Note that ‘overhangs’ (i.e. inverted pyramid shapes) as opposed to ‘setbacks’ are always
classified as highly irregular.

3.

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  14  

 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3)

CONSEQUENCES OF STRUCTURAL REGULARITY ON SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN (ΕΝ1998-1-1,table 4.1)

The structural regularity if the building is play significant role to the following aspects of the seismic
design:

• Construction of structural model (planar or spartial model)

• Method of analysis (response spectrum analysis/lateral force procedure of a modal
• The value of behaviour factor q (low value of q is for building not regular in elevation)

Consequences of structural regularity on seismic analysis and design

Regularity Allowed Simplification Behaviour factor

Model Linear-elastic
Plan Elevation
Analysis (for linear analysis)
Yes Yes Planar Lateral force Reference value
Yes No Planar Modal Decreased value
No Yes Spatialb Lateral forcea Reference values
No No Spatial Modal Decreased value
Notes: aThere are also maximum limits on the period of vibration for the lateral force
method to be allowed (see equation above)

b
The reference behaviour factor is multiplied by 0.8 for buildings with irregular
elevations.
c
Torsionally flexible concrete buildings, defined, are assigned much lower reference q
values than equivalent concrete buildings which are regular. Certain other buildings
which are irregular in plan also attract a lowered q value
d
Separate planar model may be used. e It is observed that equivalent linear analysis may
not always be suitable for irregular buildings. Highly irregular buildings.

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  15  

 METHOD OF ANALYSIS
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl. 4.3.3)

Analysis type Criteria

Lateral force analysis • Regular in plan and elevation
• Regular in elevation and irregular in plan
• Fundamental period:
                                                                                                         𝑇! ≤ 4𝑇!
                                                                                                         𝑇! ≤ 2,0𝑠
• Height of building: H<10m
Response spectrum • Regular in plan and irregular in elevation
modal • Irregular in plan and elevation
• Fundamental period: Not special requirements
Non-linear • High irregular structures

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  16  

 LATERAL FORCE ANALYSIS
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl 4.3.3.2)

Fundamental period (EN1998-1-1,Eq.4.6) Value of Ct(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.3.2.2(3))

T1=CtH3/4 (For heights up to 40m) Ct = 0.085 (for moment resisting steel frames)

Ct= 0.075 (for moment resisting concrete frames)

Ct= 0.05 (for all other structures)

(EN 1998-1-1:2004, cl. 4.3.3.2.2(3))

Fundamental period requirements Ct= 0.075/√ΣAc(for concrete/masonry shear wall

(EN1998-1-1,Eq.4.6) structures)
(EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq. 4.7)
T1≤4TCT1≤2sec
Ac= Σ[Ai·(0,2+(lwi/H2))]
IF this (EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq. 4.8)

YES NO

LATERAL FORCE RESPONSE SPECTRUM

ANALYSIS ANALYSIS

Correction factor λ(EN1998-1- Design spectrum Seismic mass(EN1998-1-

1,cl.4.3.3.2.2(1Ρ)) Sd(T)(EN1998-1- 1,cl.3.2.4)
1,cl.3.2.2.5)
λ=0.85 if T1≤2TC and more than 2 storey ΣGk,j/g”+”ΣψE,i.Qk,i/g
0≤T≤TB
λ=1.0 in all other case TB≤T≤TcTC≤T≤TDTD≤T (EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq.3.17)

Base shear(EN1998-1-
1,cl.4.3.3.2.2)

Fb=Sd(T1).m.λ

(EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq. 4.5)

Horizontal seismic forces Horizontal seismic forces

(according to displacement of (according to height of the
the masses) masses)

s! ∙ m ! z! ∙ m !
F! = F! ∙ F! = F! ∙
s! ∙ m ! z! ∙ m !

(EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq. 4.10) (EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq. 4.11)

Displacement (EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.4)

ds=qd.de

(EN 1998-1-1:2004, Eq. 4.23)

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  17  

 MODAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,CL 4.3.3.3)

The sum of effective modal masses along each individual seismic action
Criterion componenet, X, Y or Z, considered in design, of at least 90% of the total
1 mass, addresses only the magnitude of the base shear captured by the
modes taken into account.
Criterion All the modes whose effective modal mass is higher than 5% of the total
2 mass are taken into account (X,Y or even in Z direction).
Minimum number of modes is:

k≥3.√n

and

Period of vibration of mode:

Spatial analysis
MODAL
Tk ≤0.20sec
RESPONSE
SPECTRUM
k: is the number of modes taken into account
ANALYSIS
n: is the number of storey above foundation or the top of a rigid
basement.
Tk: is the period of vibration of mode k.

The response in two vibration modes:

Tj≤ 0.9 Ti

Seismic action effects:

Combination of
modal responses !
𝐸! = Σ𝐸!"

EE: is the seismic action affect under consideration (force,

displacement, etc)
EEi: is the value of this seismic action affect due to the vibration
mode i.

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  18  

 COMBINATION OF THE SEISMIC ACTIONS
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl 4.3.3.5)

Horizontal components of the seismic action

Horizontal seismic X – direction

action is to be (independent)
acting
simultaneously: Y – direction
(independent)

Structural
X – direction
response spectrum
(independent)
shall be evaluated
separately:

Y – direction
(independent)
Maximum seismic Method 1: Square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS)
action calculation Method 2: Complete quadratic combination (CQC)
Combination of the horizontal
EEdx‘’±’’0,30EEdy
components are:
0.30EEdx ‘’±’’EEdy
(EN1998-1-1,Eq. 4.18&4.19)
If the structural system or the regularity classification of the building
Behaviour factor q in elevation is different in different horizontal directions, the value of
the behaviour factor q may also be different
Vertical component of the seismic action
The effects of vertical action need to be taken into account ONLY for the
Rules of vertical seismic
elements that are listed in the section of “Vertical component of the seismic
action
action” and their directly associated supporting elements or substructures.

Combination of the vertical

EEdx‘’±’’0.30 EEdy ‘’±’’0,30EEdz
components are:
0.30EEdx ‘’±’’ EEdy ‘’±’’0,30EEdz
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.
0.30EEdx ‘’±’’0.30 EEdy ‘’±’’EEdz
4.20,4.21&4.22)

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  19  

 DISPLACEMENT CALCULATION
(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.4)
ds=qd.de ds<Displacement from the elastic spectrum analysis

ds:is the displacement of a point of the structural system induced by the

design
seismic action
Linear analysis case: qd: is the displacement behaviour factor, assumed equal to q unless
otherwise
specified
de:is the displacement of the same point of the structural system, as
determined by
a linear analysis based on the design response spectrum

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  20  

 MASONRY INFILLED FRAMES
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl 4.3.6)

DCH
Rule of masonry
Steel or steel-concrete
infilled is APPLIED to Frame equivalent dual
Frames composite moment resisting
the following concrete systems
frames
structural system
ONLY

Rule of masonry
Wall-equivalent dual Steel braced or steel-concrete
infilled is NOT
Wall concrete systems composite systems
APPLIED to the
following structural
system ONLY
Strongly irregular, unsymmetrical or non-uniform arrangements of infills in plan
should be avoided
In the case of severe irregularities in plan due to the unsymmetrical arrangement
For buildings not of the infills (e.g. existence of infills mainly along two consecutive faces of the
regular in plan building), spatial models should be used for the analysis of the structure.
(EN1998-1- Infill panels with more than one significant opening or perforation (e.g. a door
1,cl.4.3.6.3.1) and a window, etc.) should be disregarded in models for analyses
When the masonry infills are not regularly distributed, but not in such a way as to
constitute a severe irregularity in plan, these irregularities may be taken into
account by increasing by a factor of 2,0 the effects of the accidental eccentricity
If there are considerable irregularities in elevation (e.g. drastic reduction of infills
in one or more storeys compared to the others), the seismic action effects in the
vertical elements of the respective storeys shall be increased.

For buildings not

Magnification factor, η
regular in elevation
(EN1998-1-
1 + Δ𝑉!"
1,cl.4.3.6.3.2) 𝜂= ≤𝑞
𝑉!"

Note: If η< 1.1, there is no need for modification of action effects

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  21  

 ΔVRw: is the total reduction of the resistance of masonry walls in the storey
concerned, compared to the more infilled storey above it.

ΣVEd: is the sum of the seismic shear forces acting on all vertical primary
seismic members of the storey concerned.

DCL, DCM, DCH

The consequences of irregularity in plan produced by the infills shall be taken
into account.
The consequences of irregularity in elevation produced by the infills shall be
taken into account.
Mechanical properties, method of attachment and possibility of modification.
Shear failure of column under shear force induced by the diagonal strut action of
Additional rules should
be taken into account infills
(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.3.6.2)

Slenderness ratio: min(Lwall,Hwall)/twall>15

Damage limitation of To improve both in-plane and out-of-plane integrity and behaviour, include light
infills(EN1998-1-1,cl. wire meshes well anchored on one face of the wall, wall ties fixed to the columns
4.3.6.4) If there are large openings or perforations in any of the infill panels, their edges
should be trimmed with belts and posts

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  22  

 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
(ΕΝ1998-1-1,cl 4.4.2)

Ed ≤ Rd
Resistance condition
(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.4.2.2) Ed:is the design value of the action effect, due to the seismic design situation
Rd :is the corresponding design resistance of the element
Soft plastic mechanism

ΣMRc≥ 1.3 ΣMRb

ΣMRc:is the sum of the design values of the moments of resistance of the columns
framing the
the joint. The minimum value of column moments of resistance within the range
of column
axial forces produced by the seismic design situation
Global and local
ductility condition ΣMRb:is the sum of the design values of the moments of resistance of the beams
(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.4.2.3) framing the joint
When partial strength connections are used, the moments of resistance of these
connection
are taken into account in the calculation of ΣMRb

Note: 1. This expression is only applied to the building with two or more
storeys, and should be satisfied at all joints.
2. The above expression is waived at the top level of multi-storey
buildings.

Pad/strip/raft foundation

EFd=EF,G + γRdΩEF,E
Resistance of
foundation γRd: is the overstrength factor, taken as being equal to 1,0 for q ≤3, or as being
(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.4.2.6) equal to 1,2 otherwise

EF,G: is the action effect due to the non-seismic actions included in the
combination of actions for the seismic design situation

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  23  

 EF,E: is the action effect from the analysis of the design seismic action; and Ω is
the value of (Rdi/Edi) ≤ q of the dissipative zone or element iof the structure
which has the highest influence on the effect EF under consideration; where

Rdi: is the design resistance of the zone or element i

Edi: is the design value of the action effect on the zone or element iin the
seismic design situation.

Note: If Ω=1 =>γRd= 1.4

For non-structural For building having For building having

elements of brittle ductile non structural non-structural
material attached to elements elements fixed in a way
the structure so as not to interfere
with structural
deformation

drv≤0.005h drv≤0.0075h drv≤0.010h

dr: is the interstorey drift

h: is the storey height
Damage limitation
v: is the reduction factor
(EN1998-1-1,cl.4.4.3)

Reduction factor of limitation to interstorey drift

(CYA NA EN1998-1-1,cl.NA.2.15)

Importance class Reduction factor v

I 0.5
II 0.5
III 0.4
IV 0.4

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  24  

 SPECIFIC RULES FOR CONCRETE BUILDINGS
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5)

Structural system
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.1.2)

Structural system in which both

the vertical and lateral loads are
mainly resisted by spatial frames
Frame system whose shear resistance at the
building base exceeds 65% of
the total shear resistance of the
whole structural system
Dual system in which the shear
resistance of the frame system at
the building base is greater than
50% of the total shear resistance
Dual system
of the whole structural system
(frame or wall
Dual system in which the shear
equivalent)
resistance of the walls at the
building base is higher than 50%
of the total seismic resistance of
the whole structural system
Structural system in which both
vertical and lateral loads are
mainly resisted by vertical
Ductile wall structural walls, either coupled
system (couple or or uncoupled, whose shear
uncoupled) resistance at the building base
exceeds 65% of the total shear
resistance of the whole structural
system

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  25  

 Wall with large cross-sectional
System of large dimensions, that is, a horizontal
lightly reinforced dimension lw at least equal to 4,0
walls m or two-thirds of the height hw
of the wall

System in which 50% or more of

Inverted
the mass is in the upper third of
pendulum system
the height of the structure

Torsionally Dual or wall system not having a

flexible minimum torsional rigidity

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  26  

 Behaviour factor qo
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.2.2.2(2))

Multiplication factor
αu/a1

Approximate values of Explicit calculations (Push

αu/a1 over analysis)

Multiplication factor (EN1998-1- Multiplication factor (EN1998-1- Multiplication factor (EN1998-1-

1,cl.5.2.2.2(5a))Frames or frame- 1,cl.5.2.2.2(5b))Wall- or wall-equivalent 1,cl.5.2.2.2(6)Building not regular in
equivalent dual systems. dual systems plan

Structural system au/a1 Structural system au/a1 Structural system au/a1

One-storey building 1.1 Wall system with only two uncoupled One-storey building 1.05
Multistorey, one-bay frames 1.2 walls per horizontal direction 1.0 Multistorey, one-bay frames 1.1
Multistorey, multi-bay Other uncoupled wall system 1.1 Multistorey, multi-bay
frames or frame-equivalent 1.3 Wall-equivalent dual, or coupled wall 1.2 frames or frame-equivalent
1.15
dual structures systems dual structures

LIMIT
αu/a1≤1.5

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  27  

 Behaviour factor qo for DCM structural system
(Extract from IStructE Manual to EC8)

Not regular structures

Regular In plan
STRUCTURAL TYPE In
in plan In plan and
elevation
elevation
One storey (au/a1) 3.3 3.15 2.64 2.52
Multi-storey,one bay 3.6 3.3 2.88 2.64
Frame system, dual system, coupled wall system (au/a1)
Multi-storey,multi-bay 3.9 3.45 3.12 2.76
(au/a1)
System of coupled walls or wall equivalent dual system 3.6 3.3 2.88 2.64
Uncoupled wall system, 3,0 3.0 2.4 2.4
Large lightly reinforced walls
Tosrionally flexible system 2,0 1.6 1.6 1.6
Inverted pendulum system 1,5 1.2 1.2 1.2
Note: For buildings which are not regular in elevation, the value of qo should be reduced by 20%

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  28  

 Curvature ductility factor, µφ
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.2.3.4)

REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT
CLASS CLASS
B C

1.5 µφ µφ

µφ = 2qo – 1 if (T1≥TC)
µφ = 1+2(qo – 1)·TC/T! if (T1≤TC)

Behaviour factors for horizontal seismic actions, q

(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.2.2.2)

The factor kw
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.2)

Frame and frame – Wall, wall – equivalent and

equivalent dual system torsionally flexible

kw = 1.0
ao = Σhwi / Σlwi

kw = (1+ao) / 3

0.5≤ kw ≤ 1.0

q = qo . kw ≥ 1.5

(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.1)

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  29  

 Importance class/Ductility class

I II III IV

DCL DCM DCM DCH

DCH DCH

Ignore “topographic Consider “topographic

amplification effects” amplification effects”

Ignore Consider

Slopes <15o Slopes <15o

Cliffs height IF Cliffs height
<30m <30m

Type of soil:
A , B ,C ,D, E, S1, S2
0≤T≤TB
TB≤T≤TC
Type 1 elastic response TC≤T≤TD
spectrum TD≤T≤4s

Regular in plan: YES Regular in plan: NO Regular in plan: YES Regular in plan: NO
Regular in elevation YES Regular in elevation YES Regular in elevation NO Regular in elevation NO

LATERAL MODAL
FORCE ANALYSIS

P-Δ effects Interstoreydrift

θ≤0.1 – Ignore drv≤0.005h - Brittle Frame joint
Displacement 0.1≤θ≤0.2 Consider drv≤0.0075h - Ductile ΣMRC≥1.3ΣMRB
ds=qd·de 0.2≤θ≤0.3 Consider drv≤0.010h - Other Storey ≥ 2
θ≥0.3 Not Permited

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  30  

 Design and detail concrete frame with DCM (EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4)

Allowable material for primary seismic element(EN1998-1-1,cl.

5.4.1.1)

Type of material Requirements

Concrete C16/20 and higher
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4.1.1(1)P)
Reinforcement steel
(EN1992-1-1,Table C.1) Class B or C (ribbed bars)

Allowable material for primary seismic element

(EN1992-1-1,cl. 2.4.2.4)

Type of material Partial factor

Concrete
γc=1.5
(CYS NA EN1992-1-1,Table 2.1
Reinforcement steel
γs=1.5
(CYS NA EN1992-1-1, Table 2.1

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  31  

 Design and detailing requirements of EC8 – Primary Beams
Detailing rule name Equation Comments
Critical region length
2hw
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4.3.1.2(2))
Longitudinal bars
The minimum amount of steel reinforcement is
ρmin, tension side
ρmin = 0.5fctm/fyk provide in order to withstand to the applied
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.12)
moment .
The maximum amount of steel reinforcement is
provide in order to ensure that yielding of the
ρmax, critical regions
ρmax= ρ’+0.0018fcd/(µφεsy,dfyd) flexural reinforcement occurs prior to crushing of
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.11)
the compression block.

The minimum area of bottom steel, As,min, is in

addition to any compression steel that may be
needed for the verification of the end section for
As,min, critical regions bottom
As,min = 0.5 As,top the ULS inbending under the (absolutely)
maximum negative (hogging) moment from the
analysis for the design seismic action plus
concurrent gravity, MEd.
As,min, support bottom As,min = As,bottom-span/4

dbL/hc–bar crossing interior joint 𝑑!" 7.5  𝑓!"# 1 + 0.8𝑣!

≤ ∙
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.50a) ℎ! 𝛾!" 𝑓!" 1 + 0.75𝑘! 𝜌′ /𝜌!"# Those equationsdeveloped in order to ensure that

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  32  

dbL/hc–bar crossing exterior joint 𝑑!" 7.5  𝑓!"# the area is sufficient joint region through the
≤ ∙ 1 + 0.8𝑣!
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.50b) ℎ! 𝛾!" 𝑓!" beam column joint where are existing high rate of
change of reinforcement stress.
Transverse bars
Outside critical regions:
Outside critical region
Spacing, sw 0.75d
(CYS EN 1992-1-1,Eq.9.8) ρw≥0.08√fck/fyk
Critical region
Critical region
Spacing, s ≤min{hw/4, 24dbw, 225mm, 8dbL}
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.13)
Diamter, dbw ≥6mm
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4.3.1.2(6)P)
Shear design
VEd seismic 𝑀!"
𝑔! + 𝜓! 𝑞!
(EN1998-1-1,Fig.5.1) 𝑙!"

VRd,max,seismic VRd,max=0.3(1-fck/250)·bw·z·fcd·sin2θ
(EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.3) 1≤cotθ≤2.5
Outside critical region, VRd,s, VRd,s=bw·z·ρw·fywd·cotθ
(EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.3) 1≤cotθ≤2.5
Critical region, VRd,s, VRd,s=bw·z·ρw·fywd·cotθ
(EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.3) 1≤cotθ≤2.5

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  33  

 Design and detailing requirements of EC8 – Primary Columns

Detailing rule name Equation Comments

Cross section sides, hc, bc -
Critical region length
lcr=max{hc,bc,0.45m, lc/6}
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.14)
Longitudinal bars
ρmin 1. Symmetrical cross-section must be
ρmin=0.01
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4.3.2.2(1)P) symmetrically reinforced.
2. At least one intermediate bar should be
providealong in each corner in order to
ρmax
ρmax=0.04 ensure the integrity of column beam joint.
(EN1998-1-1,cl. 5.4.3.2.2(1)P)
The column end is consider as critical
region .
dbL ≥{8mm}
Bar per each side ≥{ 3}
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4.3.2.2(2)P)
Maximum spacing between restrained bars ≤{200mm}
(EN1998-1-1,5.4.3.2.2(11b))
Distance of unrestrained bar from nearest restrained ≤{150mm}
bar
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4.3.3(2))
Transverse bars
Outside critical regions:

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  34  

dbw
(EN 1998-1-1,cl.5.4.3.2.2(10)P) ≥{6mm ,dbL/4}
Spacing, s
≤{20dbL,hc,bc,400mm}
(EN1992-1-1,cl.9.5.3(3))
At lap splices, if dbL>14mm: sw≤ ≤{12dbL,0.6hc,0.6bc,240mm}
(EN1992-1-1,cl.9.5.3(4))
Within critical region:
dbw, ≥ {6mm, dbL/4}
(EN 1998-1-1,cl.5.4.3.2.2(10)P)
Spacing, s ≤{bo/2, 175mm, 8dbL)
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.18)
In critical region at column base: ≥0.08
ωwd,
(EN19981-1,cl.5.4.3.2.2(9)
In critical region at column base: 1. The amount of hoops at the critical
aωwd regions should be satisfy be this equation.
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.15) 2. The mechanical volumetric ratio of
≥30µφvdεsy,dbc/bo -0.035 confining hoops within the critical
regions:
3. The confinement effectiveness factor,
(EN1998-1-1,Eq. 5.16a & 5.17a) an= 1-Σbi2/6boho equal to α=αn.αs
(For cross section) The mechanical volumetric ratio of confining
as= (1-s/2bo)(1-s/2ho) hoops within the critical regions:

a) For cross section:

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  35  

(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.16b& 5.17b) 2 ℎ! + 𝑏! + ℎ!! + 𝑏!! 𝑓!"
𝜔!" = ∙ 𝐴! ∙ ≥ 0.08
(For circular cross section) an=1 ℎ! 𝑏! 𝑠 𝑓!"
b) For circular cross section with circular
as=(1-s/2Do)2 hoops:
3 ℎ! + 𝑏! 𝑓!"
𝜔!" = ∙ 𝐴! ∙ ≥ 0.08
ℎ! 𝑏! 𝑠 𝑓!"

Capacity design – beam column joint

Capacity design checks at beam-column joints Σ𝛭!" ≥ 1,3Σ𝑀!" This rule is not apply at:
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.4.29) -to a top level of multi-storey building
-in single storey building
Axial load ratio
Axial load ratio 𝑣! = 𝑁!" /𝐴! 𝑓!" ≤ 0.65
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4.3.2.1(3)P)
Shear design
Shear design Σ𝑀!",!"#$
𝛾!" ∙
(EN1998-1-1,Fig.5.2) 𝑙!"

VRd,max,seismic VRd,max=0.3(1-fck/250)·bw·z·fcd·sin2θ
(EN1992-1-1,Eq.6.9) 1≤cotθ≤2.5
VRd,s, seismic VRd,s=bw·z·ρw·fywd·cotθ+NEd(h-x)/lcl
(EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.3) 1≤cotθ≤2.5

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  36  

 Design and detailing requirements of EC8 – Ductile wall
Detailing rule name Equation Comments
Web thickness, bwo
≥ max{150mm, hstorey/20}
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.7)
hcr= max{lw, hw/6}
Critical region length, hcr ≤2lw
(EN1998-1-1,Eq. 519a & 5.19b) ≤hsfor n ≤ 6 storey
≤2hs for n ≤ 6 storey
Boundary elements
Critical region
Length of the confined boundary element, lc lc = max{0.15lw,1.5bw} length over which
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4.3.4.2(6)) εcu>0.0035
bw≥ 0.20m and bw≥ hs/10
lc≥ max(2bw,0.2lw)
Thickness bw over lc
and
(EN1998-1-1,cl. 5.4.3.4.2(10))
bw≥ 0.20m and bw≥ hs/15
lc≤ max(2bw,0.2lw)
Vertical reinforcement:
ρmin over Ac=lcbw
ρmin= 0.005
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4.3.4.2(8))
ρmaxover Ac
ρmax= 0.04
(EN1998-1-1,cl. 5.4.3.2.2(1)P)
Confining hoops

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  37  

 In the part of the section where : 0.02Ac
dbw 1. Distance of unrestrained bar in
(EN 1998-1-1,cl.5.4.3.2.2(10)P) compression zone from nearest restrained
bar ≤150mm
Spacing oh hoops (at edges of the wall), sw 2. Hoops with dbw≥max{6mm, dbL/4}
(EN1992-1-1,cl.9.5.3(4)) 3. Spacing of hoops, sw≤ min{12dbL, 0.6bwo,
240mm) up to a distance of 4bw above or
Spacing oh hoops (at the distance beyond to the edge below floor beams or slabs or,
of wall), sw 4. Spacing of hoops,
(EN1992-1-1,cl. 9.5.3(4)) sw≤min{20dbL,bwo,400mm} beyond that
distance mansion at (3).
The transverse reinforcement of the boundary
elements may be determined in accordance with
EN1992-1-1 alone, if one of the following
conditions is fulfilled:
a. vd≤ 0.15
b. vd≤ 0.20 and the q-factor used in the
analysis is reduced by 15%.
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4.3.4.2(12a&b)).

ωwd,
0.08
(EN19981-1,cl.5.4.3.2.2(9)
aωwd αωwd≥ 30µφ (vd + ωv)εsy,dbc/bo – 0.035 For walls of rectangular cross-section.
(EN1998-1-1,Eq.5.20)

xu, xu = (vd+ωv)·lwbc/bo
(EN1998-1-1,Eq. 5.21)

εcu2,c, εcu2,c = 0.0035 + 0.1aωwd

(EN1998-1-1,cl. 5.4.3.4.2(6)
ωv , ωv = (Asv/hcbc)fyd/fcd
(EN1998-1-1,cl. 5.4.3.4.1(5a))
Web

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  38  

Vertical reinforcement
In the height of the wall above the critical region
ρv.min only the relevant rules of EN1992-1-1:2004
εc> 0.002: ρv.min≥0.005
(EN1998-1-1,cl. 5.4.3.4.2(11)) regarding vertical, horizontal and transverse
reinforcement apply.
ρv.max ρv.max = 0.04
Spacing of vertical bars, sv
≤ min{3bwo,400mm}
(EN1992-1-1,cl.9.6.2(3))
Horizontal reinforcement
ρh.min
ρh.min = max{0.001Ac , 0.25ρv)
(CYS NA EN1992-1-1,cl. 9.6.3(1))
Spacing of reinforcement, sh
≤ 400mm
(EN1992-1-1,cl. 9.6.3(2))
Axial load ratio
Normalised axial load, vd
≤ 0.4
(EN1998-1-1,cl. 5.4.3.4.1(2))
Design moments
The design bending moment diagram along the
height of the wall should be given by anenvelope
If the hw/lw ≥ 2.0, the moment distribution along of the bending moment diagram from the
Design moment, MEd
the height of slender primary seismic wall shall be analysis, vertically displaced(tension shift). The
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4.2.4(4)P)
covered envelope may be assumed linear, if the structure
does not exhibitsignificant discontinuities of
mass, stiffness or resistance over its height.

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  39  

Shear resistance
Design shear force, VEd
(EN1998-1-1,cl.5.4.2.4(7))
Outside critical region
VRd,max,seismic
(EN1992-1-1,Eq.6.9)
VRd,s
(EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.3)
Critical region in web
VRd,max,seismic
(EN1992-1-1,Eq.6.9)
VRd,s if as = MEd/VEdlw≥2
(EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.3)
VRd,s if as = MEd/VEdlw≤2
(EN1992-1-1,cl.6.2.3)
VEd = 1.5·VEd,seismic
VRd,max=0.3(1-fck/250)·bwo·0.8lw·fcd·sin2θ
1≤cotθ≤2.5
VRd,s = bwo (0.8lw)ρh·fywd·cotθ
1≤cotθ≤2.5
VRd,max=0.3(1-fck/250)·bwo·0.8lw·fcd·sin2θ
1≤cotθ≤2.5
VRd,s = bwo (0.8lw)ρh·fywd·cotθ
1≤cotθ≤2.5
VRd,s = bwo (0.8lw)ρh·fywd·cotθ
1≤cotθ≤2.5

Valentinos Neophytou BEng, MSc   Page  40