Lecture 4:

Cellular
Respiration and
Fermentation (Ch.9);
Photosynthesis
(Ch.10)

23 September 2019
Learning Outcomes (11)

Students should be able to

K31: state the region and describe the stages of cellular
respiration in eukaryotic cells
K32: explain the role of electron transport chain in
cellular respiration
K33: explain where and how the respiratory electron
transport chain creates a proton gradient
K34: compare aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration,
and fermentation
Learning Outcomes (11)

Students should be able to

K35: describe chloroplast structure
K36: compare two stages of photosynthesis
K37: discribe electron movement in the linear electron flow
K38: discribe electron movement in the cyclic electron flow
K39: discribe roles of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle
K40: discribe consequences of photorespiration
K41: discribe adaptations to minimize photorespiration
Cellular Respiration and
Fermentation [Ch.9]

How does food, like the sand eels captured by this puffin, power the work of life?
The Stages of Cellular Respiration:
A Preview

K31: Students should be able to state the region and describe the stages of cellular respiration in eukaryoyic cells.
 1. Glycolysis harvests chemical Energy investment phase
energy by oxidizing glucose to
Glucose
pyruvate

2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP used

Energy payoff phase

4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed

2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ +
2 NADH + 2 H

2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O

Net
Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP
The energy input and output of glycolysis 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+
K31: Students should be able to state the region and describe the stages of cellular respiration in eukaryoyic cells.
2. After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding
oxidation of organic molecules

CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION - Oxidation of pyruvate

to acetylCoA
NAD+ NADH + H+
- Citric Acid cycle

1 3
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate CO2 Coenzyme A

Transport protein
K31: Students should be able to state the region and describe the three stages of cellular respiration in eukaryoyic cells.
Pyruvate
CO2
NAD+
CoA • The citric acid cycle, also called the
NADH Krebs cycle, takes place within the
+ H+
Acetyl CoA
CoA
mitochondrial matrix
CoA
• The cycle oxidizes organic fuel
derived from one pyruvate,
generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1
FADH2 per turn
Citric
acid
cycle 2 CO2

FADH2 3 NAD+

FAD 3 NADH
+ 3 H+
ADP + P i

ATP

K31
K31
3. During oxidative
phosphorylation,
chemiosmosis couples
electron transport to ATP
synthesis

The Pathway of
Electron Transport

K32; K33
Chemiosmosis: The Energy-
Coupling Mechanism

K32; K33
 H+
H+

H+
H+
Protein Cyt c
complex
of electron
carriers
V
Q
 
ATP
 synthase
2 H+ + 1/2O2 H2O
FADH2 FAD

NAD NAD ADP + P

+
i ATP
H
(carrying electrons
from food)
H+

1 Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation
K32; K33
An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration
4. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable
cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen

– Anaerobic respiration
– uses an electron transport chain
– does not use oxygen as a final electron acceptor at the
end of the chain (e.g. sulfate ion – SO42- by product H2S
instead of H2O)
– Fermentation
– does not use an electron transport chain
– Uses glycolysis to produce ATP
Types of Fermentation

2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP

Glucose Glycolysis

2 Pyruvate

2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 CO2

+ 2 H+

2 Ethanol 2 Acetaldehyde

(a) Alcohol fermentation

K34: Students should be able to compare aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation
 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP

Glucose Glycolysis

2 NAD+ 2 NADH
+ 2 H+
2 Pyruvate

2 Lactate

(b) Lactic acid fermentation

K34: Students should be able to compare aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation
 Photosynthesis

Autotrophs are “self-feeders” (auto- means “self,” and trophos means “feeder”); they
sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living beings.
 Chloroplast

5. Photosynthesis converts light

energy to the chemical energy of
food

Outer
membrane
Thylakoid
Intermembrane
Stroma Granum Thylakoid space
space
Inner
membrane

1 µm
K35: Students should be able to describe chloroplast structure
 K36: Students should be
NADP: Nicotinamide Adenine able to compare two stages
Dinucleotide Phosphate of photosynthesis
 6. The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and
NADPH

Excited
e– state
Energy of electron

Heat

Excitation of
Chlorophyll by
Light
Photon
(fluorescence)
Photon
Ground
Chlorophyll state
molecule

(a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule (b) Fluorescence

K36: Students should be able to compare two stages of photosynthesis
 Photosystem STROMA
Photon

Light-harvesting Reaction-center
Primary A Photosystem: A Reaction-
electron
complexes complex
acceptor Center Complex Associated with
Light-Harvesting Complexes

- Photosystem II
Thylakoid membrane

The reaction-center chlorophyll a of

e– PS II is called P680

- Photosystem I
The reaction-center chlorophyll a of
PS I is called P700

Transfer Special pair of Pigment

of energy chlorophyll a molecules
molecules
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
K36
 Primary
Primary 4 acceptor 7
acceptor Fd
Pq e–
2 e– 8
e– e–
2 H+
H2O Cytochrome
complex NADP+
NADP+
+ H+ Linear
+ reductase
1/ O
2 2
3 NADPH Electron
Pc
e–
e– P700
Flow
P680 5 Light

1 Light 6

ATP

Pigment
molecules
Photosystem I
(PS I)
Photosystem II
(PS II)
Pq: plastoquinone
Pc: plastocyanin
K37: Students should be able to discribe electron movement in the linear electron flow
Cyclic Electron Flow
Primary
acceptor
Primary Fd
acceptor
Fd
NADP+
Pq
NADP+ + H+
reductase
Cytochrome NADPH
complex

Pc

Photosystem I

Photosystem II ATP
Fd: Ferredoxin
Pq: plastoquinone
Pc: plastocyanin
K38: Students should be able to discribe electron movement in the cyclic electron flow
STROMA
(low H+ concentration) Cytochrome
Photosystem II Photosystem I
complex
4 H+ Light NADP+
Light reductase
Fd 3
NADP+ + H+

Pq NADPH

e– Pc
e– 2
H2O
THYLAKOID SPACE 1 1/
2 O2
(high H+ concentration) +2 H+ 4 H+

To
Calvin
Cycle

Thylakoid
membrane ATP
STROMA synthase
ADP
(low H+ concentration)
+ ATP
Pi
H+

K36; K39: Students should be able to discribe roles of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle
 Input 3 (Entering one
CO2 at a time)

Phase 1: Carbon fixation 7. The Calvin cycle uses

Rubisco
ATP and NADPH to
3 P P convert CO2 to sugar
Short-lived
intermediate
3P P 6 P
Ribulose bisphosphate 3-Phosphoglycerate
(RuBP) 6 ATP
6 ADP

3 ADP Calvin
Cycle
3 6 P P
ATP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH
Phase 3:
Regeneration of 6 NADP+
the CO2 acceptor 6 Pi
(RuBP) 5 P
G3P 6 P
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Phase 2:
(G3P) Reduction

1 P Glucose and
Output G3P other organic
(a sugar) compounds
K36; K39: Students should be able to discribe roles of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle
 8. Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation
have evolved in hot, arid climates

Photorespiration
– In most plants (C3 plants), initial fixation of CO2,
via rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound
– In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 instead of
CO2 in the Calvin cycle
– Photorespiration consumes O2 and organic fuel
and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar

K 40: Students should be able to discribe consequences of photorespiration

 C4 leaf anatomy The C4 pathway

Mesophyll
Mesophyll cell cell CO2
Photosynthetic PEP carboxylase – C4 Plants
cells of C4 Bundle-
plant leaf sheath
cell
Oxaloacetate (4C) PEP (3C)
Vein ADP
(vascular tissue)
Malate (4C) ATP

Pyruvate (3C)
Bundle-
Stoma sheath CO2
cell

Calvin
Cycle

Sugar

Vascular
tissue
PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate

K41: Students should be able to discribe two adaptation to minimize photorespiration

Sugarcane Pineapple
C4
CO2
CAM
CO2
CAM (Crassulacean
Mesophyll Night
Acid Metabolism)
1 CO2 incorporated
cell Organic acid into four-carbon Organic acid Plants
organic acids
(carbon fixation)

Bundle- CO2 CO2 Day

sheath
cell 2 Organic acids
Calvin release CO2 to Calvin
Cycle Calvin cycle Cycle

Sugar Sugar

(a) Spatial separation of steps (b) Temporal separation of steps

K41
 Summary

1. Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing

glucose to pyruvate
2. The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding
oxidation of organic molecules
3. During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis
couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
4. Fermentation and anaerobic
respiration enable cells to produce ATP without
the use of oxygen
 Summary

5. Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical

energy of food
6. The light reactions convert solar energy to the
chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
7. The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2
to sugar
8. Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have
evolved in hot, arid climates
Next Week

– Quiz 2 (Cellular Respiration - Meiosis

and Sexual Life Cycle I) at the beginning
of Lecture 6
– Topics of the Next Lecture
– Cell Cycle (Ch. 12)
– Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycle I (Ch. 13)