ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude towards all the people

who have contributed their precious time and efforts to help us in the survey of
project literature, without whom it would not be possible for us to understand and
analyses the project.

We would like to thank Prof. JAVED SHAIK of Department of

Electrical Engineering, our Project Supervisor, for his guidance, support,
motivation and encouragement throughout the period this work was carried out.
His readiness for consultation at all the times, his educative comments, his concern
and assistance has been invaluable. We are also grateful to Department of
Electrical Engineering, for providing the necessary facilities in the department.
 ABSTRACT

Main component of Power System is the transmission line.

Transmission Line plays an important role and a medium to transfer power from
generating station to the distribution network that ultimately reaches to the end
user. However, in transmission line there are a number of problems faced in our
day to day life such as power loss due to corona effect, voltage drop due to line
parameters such as resistance, inductance and capacitance. In this report MHO
relay and Frequency Dependent model type transmission line are modelled.
Simulation of single line to ground fault is realized to study the performance of
mho relay.
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Transmission lines are constructed to evacuate Electric Power

generated in power stations over long distances across the country to substations
for further transmission and distribution to various load centres.Power transmission
lines are broadly divided into two categories, viz.Alternating current (A.C.) and
Direct current (D.C.) supplied in Low tension(L.T.) i.e in the range of 0.4KV to
33KV and in Extra High tension (E.H.T.) in the range of 132KV to 400KV and
beyond up to 800KV. Extra High Voltage(E.H.V) is necessary to reduce power
losses for transmission over long distances. The power is carried in three phase
supply through three separate conductors for each of the circuit. Hence the towers
are required to be designed for single circuit, double circuit and or multi circuit as
per the required technical specifications of Customers. The tower configuration
and geometry depends upon the requirement of the technical specifications. Power
is transmitted through flexible metallic conductors strung at safe heights over
towers. Towers are usually self-supported four legged cantilever steel structures
holding the power conductors with the use of insulators at required positions on
cross arms. The power conductors are clamped to the erected towers and carried
forward aerially with the use of stringing equipment avoiding dragging of
conductor on the ground.
A power transmission line with its effective length of around 250 ms or
above is referred to as a long transmission line. Calculations related to circuit
parameters (ABCD parameters) of such a power transmission is not that simple, as
was the case for a short transmission line or medium transmission line. The reason
being that, the effective circuit length in this case is much higher than what it was
for the former models (long and medium line) and, thus ruling out the
approximations considered there like.

a) Ignoring the shunt admittance of the network, like in a small transmission line
model.
 b) Considering the circuit impedance and admittance to be lumped and
concentrated at a point as was the case for the medium line model.

Here a line of length l > 250km is supplied with a sending end voltage and current
of VS and IS respectively, where as the VR and IR are the values of voltage and
current obtained from the receiving end. Lets us now consider an element of
infinitely small length Δx at a distance x from the receiving end
 VOLTAGE RANGE:
Extra low voltage – below 70 V
Low voltage – upto 1000V
Medium Voltage – 1000V to 35 kV
High Voltage – 35 kV to 230 kV
Extra high voltage – above 230 kV
Ultra high voltage – above 800 kV

TRANSMISSION PLANNING:
• Data evaluation.
• Technical evaluation.
• Economic evaluation.
• Environmental impact assessment.

NEED:

• Increase transmission efficiency.

• Decrease volume of the conductor.

• Increase transmission capacity

. • Economical to interconnect the power system on a large scale.

• No. of circuit and the land requirement decreases.

COMPONENT:

• Resistors

•Capacitors

•Inductors

• Conductor

• Earth wire

• Insulator

• Transmission tower
Long transmission line model:
Block diagram:
 DESIGN METHODOLOGY:

• Collecting preliminary line design data and gathering available climatic data.

• Calculating climatic loading on components.

• Calculating loads according to safety requirements.

• Selecting appropriate correction factors.

• Designing the components for the above load and strengths.

COMPONENTS USED: