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BAB 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
PRELIMINARY .......................................................................................................................................... 3
A. Background .................................................................................................................................... 3
B. Problem Formulation ..................................................................................................................... 3
BAB II ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
PREPOSITION ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Definition .......................................................................................................................................... 4
A. Simple prepositions. ................................................................................................................. 6
B. Compound preposition ............................................................................................................. 7
C. Participle prepositions. ............................................................................................................ 9
D. Phrase prepositions................................................................................................................. 10
Prepositions with Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs. ................................................................. 14
NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS ........................................................................................................ 15
ADJECTIVES and PREPOSITIONS ............................................................................................... 15
VERBS and PREPOSITIONS ......................................................................................................... 15
Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions .................................................................................... 15
Unnecessary Prepositions ............................................................................................................. 15
Prepositional Phrases .................................................................................................................... 16
What are the Parts of a Prepositional Phrase? .......................................................................... 16
Formal Functions of Prepositions ................................................................................................ 16
Prepositions Functioning as Adjectives ...................................................................................... 16
Prepositions Functioning as Adverbs........................................................................................... 16
Prepositions Functioning as Nominals ........................................................................................ 17
Semantic Properties of Prepositions ........................................................................................... 17
Exersices I ................................................................................................................................... 17
Exersices II .................................................................................................................................. 18
Exersices III................................................................................................................................. 19
Exersices IV ................................................................................................................................ 21
Exersices V ................................................................................................................................. 21
Exersices VI ................................................................................................................................ 22
Exersices VII ............................................................................................................................... 22
Exersices VII ............................................................................................................................... 23
Exersices VIII
I
...................................................................................................................................................... 23
Exersices IX ................................................................................................................................ 24
Exersices X ................................................................................................................................. 24
Exersices XI ................................................................................................................................ 25
Exersices XII ............................................................................................................................... 25
BAB III .................................................................................................................................................... 27
COVER ................................................................................................................................................... 27
A. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 27
B. Suggestions ................................................................................................................................... 27
2
BAB 1
PRELIMINARY
A. Background
After mastering English well, then we will be able to
we will also be able to add our insights and knowledge for the sake of
the progress of our nation and country, because we will be able to read
B. Problem Formulation
5. What are meant by Prepositions and adverbs . and how for example?
3
BAB II
PREPOSITION
Definition
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or
phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.
A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to
the rest of the sentence as in the following examples:
In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in
time.
In this sentence, the preposition "without" introduces the noun "fear." The prepositional
phrase "without fear" functions as an adverb describing how the children climbed.
There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated.
Here, the preposition "throughout" introduces the noun phrase "the land." The
prepositional phrase acts as an adverb describing the location of the rejoicing.
4
The preposition "along" introduces the noun phrase "the banister" and the prepositional
phrase "along the banister" acts as an adverb, describing where the spider crawled.
The dog is hiding under the porch because it knows it will be punished for chewing
up a new pair of shoes.
Here the preposition "under" introduces the prepositional phrase "under the porch," which
acts as an adverb modifying the compound verb "is hiding."
The screenwriter searched for the manuscript he was certain was somewhere in his
office.
Similarly in this sentence, the preposition "in" introduces a prepositional phrase "in his
office," which acts as an adverb describing the location of the missing papers.
5
Kinds of prepositons.
1. Simple prepositions
2. Compound prepositions
3. Double prepositions
4. Participle prepositions
5. Phrase prepositions
A. Simple prepositions.
Simple prepositions are words like in, on, at, about, over, under, off, of, for, to etc.
Example :
In In the house
On On the desk
At At school
To (Go) to Colorado
By Written by me
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Among There are no secrets among us (three).
B. Compound preposition
A preposition that is composed of more than one word is called a compound preposition.
The last word of a compound preposition is always one of the simple prepositions, so
compound prepositions are easy to recognize. You will notice that many of the following
compound prepositions are formed with a directional word and the simple preposition de.
Remember that if a directional word is used without de, it is no longer considered a
preposition.
7
24. Confidence 44. Foundation 62. In
in in reference
to
25. Confident 45. Founded on
of 63. In regard
46. Hindered to
26. Contrast to from
64. In search
27. Derogate 47. Hindrance to
from to
65. In side of
28. Derogatory 48. In
to accordanc 66. In spite of
e to
29. Descendant 67. In the
of 49. In addition event of
to
30. Descended 68. In the light
from 50. In behalf of of
8
80. Out of 89. Qualified 98. Subsequent
for to
81. Outside of
90. Respect for 99. Together
82. Owing to with
91. Respectful
83. Partiality to 100. Vis-a-vis
Example :
C. Participle prepositions.
9
Example :
D. Phrase prepositions
Phrase prepositions are phrases like because of, by means of, with regard to, on behalf
of, instead of, on account of, in opposition to, for the sake of etc.
Example :
There are some words which can be used both as prepositions and as adverbs. If a
word is used as a preposition it will have a noun or pronoun as its object. Adverbs,
on the other hand, do not have objects. They are used to modify a verb, adjective
or another adverb.
Compare:
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Consider the professor's desk and all the prepositional phrases we can use while talking
about it.
You can sit before the desk (or in front of the desk). The professor can sit on the desk
(when he's being informal) or behind the desk, and then his feet are under the desk
or beneath the desk. He can stand beside the desk (meaning next to the desk), before the
desk, between the desk and you, or even on the desk (if he's really strange). If he's
clumsy, he can bump into the desk or try to walk through the desk (and stuff would
fall off the desk). Passing his hands over the desk or resting his elbows upon the desk, he
often looks across the desk and speaks of the desk or concerning the desk as if there were
nothing else like the desk. Because he thinks of nothing except the desk, sometimes you
wonder about the desk, what's in the desk, what he paid for the desk, and if he could
live without the desk. You can walk toward the desk, to the desk, around the desk, by the
desk, and even past the desk while he sits at the desk or leans against the desk.
All of this happens, of course, in time: during the class, before the class, until the
class, throughout the class, after the class, etc. And the professor can sit there in a bad
mood [another adverbial construction].
In general, we use:
at for a POINT
in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
on for a SURFACE
at In on
Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in these standard expressions:
at in On
We use:
at In on
PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:
Expression Example
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
in On
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
Prepositions are sometimes so firmly wedded to other words that they have
practically become one word. (In fact, in other languages, such as German, they
would have become one word.) This occurs in three categories: nouns, adjectives,
and verbs.
NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS
A combination of verb and preposition is called a phrasal verb. The word that is
joined to the verb is then called a particle. Please refer to the brief section we
have prepared on phrasal verbs for an explanation.
In everyday speech, we fall into some bad habits, using prepositions where they
are not necessary. It would be a good idea to eliminate these words altogether,
but we must be especially careful not to use them in formal, academic prose.
Prepositional phrases modify nouns and verbs while indicating various relationships
between subjects and verbs. They are used to color and inform sentences in
powerful ways.
The noun phrase or pronoun that follows the preposition is called the object of the
preposition. For example, behind the couch is a prepositional phrase
where behind is the preposition and the noun phrase the couch acts as the object
of the preposition. Sometimes adjectives are used to further modify the object of
the preposition, as in behind the big old smelly green couch.
Look at the boat with the blue sail. Please hand me the pen next to the telephone. Park the
car beside the fence.
The coyote runs after the rabbit. The car stalled despite the tune-up. The team won without
the starting quarterback.
Prepositions Functioning as Nominals
In English, sometimes words function as nouns but aren't themselves nouns. These
words are called nominals. Prepositions sometimes perform this important function
in sentences when they are used in conjunction with the verb to be. For example:
The park is next to the hospital. The student is between an A and a B. The fight scene is before
the second act.
In this example, the prepositional phrase on his bed indicates a spatial relationship
between the subject dog and the object bed. If the preposition on was replaced
with under or beneath the spatial relationship would be altered.
In this sentence, the prepositional phrase since the war indicates a temporal
relationship between the verb phrase hasn't been the same and the object war.
Exersices I
08. His wife stays at home until ten: then she goes to the supermarket.
09. At the supermarket, she buys groceries.
13. She buys groceries at the courses and vegetables at an open market.
16. The only exciting thing that ever happened to Jim was that once the lift
stopped between the eighth and ninth floors and Jim was stuck in it.
18. When she has a lot to buy, Mary takes the car and parks in the car park, close
to the store.
19. In/inside/at the supermarket, she walks along/down the aisles , pushing her
trolley between the rows of shelves.
20. She pays at the checkout, loads the groceries into the boot (trunk) of her car,
and drives (no preposition!) home.
Exersices II
11. We are leaving in three days. (for could be used, meaning that you will be
away for a period of time, in this case, three days)
14. The train always leaves on time. (that is, exactly according to the timetable)
16. Too late! We weren't in time. (that is, we didn't get there before the set
time; we weren't on time means, we weren't punctual)
17. Don't be late! Be in time for the start of the race. (that is, get there some
time before it starts; more precisely, be on time, at the time the race starts. The
race started on time = the race started when it was scheduled to do so.)
Exersices III
03. I am going....................
A. to the work B. in work C. to work D. work
09. Many books and papers were lying.................... the room. A. through B. over
C. about D. along
Exersices IV
04. He lied to the police when he was arrested for drunken driving.
07. In the floods there were ten thousand square kilometres under water.
08. The goods do not have to be paid for in advance but can be sent cash on delivery.
Exersices V
2. The patient was very ill indeed. The doctors were working against time.
4. The boxer lost the fight because he hit his opponent below the belt.
8. I couldn't buy the book because the shop didn't have it in stock.
9. I felt pleased I no longer had the responsibility. It was a weight off my shoulders.
10. This is the better product. It has many advantages over its competitors.
11. The floods were serious. There were ten thousand square kilometres under water.
12. The bank wants to be sure you can pay back the money. It lends money
only against good security.
Exersices VI
1. I don't know exactly how far it is. I think it's 23 kilometres to the nearest round number.
2. Because of the huge traffic jam on the main road, traffic was at a standstill.
3. The criminal appeared before the court. (note: in court = in the courtroom; in the
court = not used)
9. The estate agent showed the potential purchaser around the building.
11. The goods were sold cheaply because they were on sale.
12. When you speak to the old lady, you will have to shout because she is hard of hearing.
Exersices VII
2. The gambler did not pick his horses carefully or thoughtfully. He selected
them at random.
6. The golfer got into all sorts of difficulties trying to escape from the bunker.
Exersices VII
01. She has got over her illness, and is up and about again.
02. The cars were moving round the track at high speed.
07. She was able to make him do whatever she wanted. She could twist him round her
little finger.
08. I have the job in hand and should complete it by late afternoon.
10. The handle stuck, and then it broke when he tried to move it by force.
11. The car was a write-off but the driver escaped without injury.
Exersices VIII
04. The newspapers were not supposed to print what the President said because he was
speaking off the record.
06. With competition intense, you cannot sell goods that are below standard.
Exersices IX
02. Modern life is so complicated I wouldn't mind being cast away on a desert
island.
03. The bankrupt company had got so far behind with its debt payments that
there was no hope of its meeting its commitments.
04. He told his secretary to hold the reports in readiness in case the committee
needed to inspect them.
05. The managing director put the case for expansion in south-east Asia to the
company's shareholders.
06. The inhabitants of a small community are more likely to take pride in its
appearance than those who live in a large city.
07. Salesmanship comes naturally to the New Yorker: it runs in his blood.
08. The manager demanded a rise in salary commensurate with his new
responsibilities.
10. If you bear with me a moment longer you will understand what I mean.
Exersices X
01. The lookout saw that the Titanic was bearing down on the iceberg. Collision
threatened.
03. As far as his opponents are concerned, a dictator is likely to take the law into
his own hands.
04. The shortage took us by surprise and we had no time to arrange alternative
supplies.
05. The government can find no painless way to hold inflation in check.
06. While the sales director was on holiday, the sales office got into a real mess.
08. The injured man was done for. He was going to die.
09. In the warm spring sunshine, the plants came on quickly. (= grew, developed).
10. The publisher threw a big party when the author's new book came out.
Exersices XI
02. Although after the accident the car was a complete write-off, he escaped without a
scratch.
04. The office supervisor in charge of a number of people had twenty people beneath her.
05. At the seaside, the children were so beside themselves with excitement, they could
hardly control themselves.
06. The train is behind time and will make me late for my appointment.
07. The country with have a million men under arms is prepared for war.
08. The men in white coats said he was off his head and took him away.
09. The sympathetic employer knew every one of his employees by name.
10. It is worthwhile keeping those old bits of string because they could be of use later.
Exersices XII
01. Traffic was backed up for six kilometres as a result of the jam on the main road.
02. The footballers were down at heart after losing such an important match.
03. He always acts on the level and you can believe he Is serious when he says he is going
to resign.
06. If he reported your private conversation to the boss, he was definitely in the wrong.
08. Why are those noisy children shouting at the tops of their voices?
09. He went to the boss and repeated everything I said word for word.
COVER
A. Conclusion
The background of the preparation of this paper is to add
B. Suggestions
1. English is an international language, to make things easier
(especially for those who have not yet learned the material about Prepositions)
2. We hope that readers who are more familiar with this material
giving feedback can even add information towe are both direct and indirect. Hopefully can
not quite right especially not in accordance with the opinion of the sources, us
any