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2. Mix Design- use low cement content and cements with low heats of
hydration. Use approved admixtures for reducing the water demand or for
retarding the set.
Underwater concrete should have a slump of 100 to 180mm. The water cement
ratio should not exceed 0.6 and may need to be smaller, depending upon the
grade of concrete or the type of the chemical attack. For aggregates of 40mm
maximum particle size, the cement shall be atleast 350kg/cubic m of concrete.
Concrete cast under water shall not fall freely through the water. Otherwise it
may be leached and become segregated. Concrete shall be deposited by,
continuously until it is brought to the required height. While depositing, the top
surface shall be kept as nearly level as possible and the formation of seams
avoided.
The methods to be used for depositing concrete under water shall be one of the
following:
1. Termite
2. Direct placement with pumps
3. Drop bottom bucket
4. Bags
5. Grouting
The void content of the coarse aggregates should be kept as low as possible.
The code assumes a maximum void content of 55 percent.
3. Concrete in Sea Water:
Portland slag cement may be used but it will be necessary to seek specialists
advice.
Construction joints are potentially weak and the problems of durability are
accentuated in the zone subject to alternate drying and wetting that is, between
upper and lower planes of wave actions.
This refers to concrete placed in soils and waters, containing sulphates, nitrates
and other salts which may cause deterioration of concrete. Naturally occurring
aggressive chemicals such as sulphates of sodium and magnesium, are
sometimes found in soils and waters. Sea water is mildly aggressive to concrete
because of soluble sulphates it contains. The decomposition of sulphide minerals
contained in colliery waters may cause the formation of F2SO4 which can cause
severe sulphate attract. Durability problems may arise also when concrete is
exposed to acids.
1. Those in the proper attention to the concrete itself will provide sufficient
immunity.
2. Those in which additional precautions are to be taken to prevent contact
between the aggressive chemicals and the concrete
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