16FD602 WASTE MANAGEMENT IN

FOOD INDUSTRIES

UNIT IV – SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

IN FOOD INDUSTRIES
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• Solid waste – Can’t recycled or used for other purpose .
• Solid waste Management – Collecting, treating & Disposing of
food processing waste because of no longer use.
• USDA – 55% of food loss in 1995 – Keeps on increasing(
Fluctuating)
• Food waste – In levels
1. Primary level: farm to retail (including food processing); •
2. Retail level: supermarkets, grocery stores and other retail
outlets (not including restaurants and other foodservice
outlets)
3. Consumer level: food consumed at home and away from
home (for example, at restaurants and cafeterias) by
consumers and food services. This category includes non-
edible portions of food, such as banana peels or apple cores,
and cooking loss and uneaten food, such as plate waste.
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• As listed in an article published in Food Policy Journal, causes
of food loss on-farm and between the farm and retailer in
developed countries include:
• Damage by insects, rodents, birds or microbes as well as
damage by unfavorable or extreme weather;
• Spillage and damage caused either by equipment malfunction
or inefficiencies during harvesting, drying, milling,
transporting or processing;
• Diminishing returns when harvesting additional increments of
production and other factors leading to leaving some edible
crops unharvested;
• By-products from food processing not diverted to other food
uses (e.g., ingredients); and Out-grading of blemished,
misshapen or wrong-sized foods due to quality standards of
buyers.
• Although this list of causes includes more than food
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processing losses
• Waste Generation– Industries (Max.) USDA (U.S Department of Agriculture)
S.NO Sector Wastages (2009) in Tons

1 Fruit & Vegetable Fruits – 7,825

Vegetables – 18,866
2 Meat 13,440

3 Dairy 40-60% (but used in some other way) Ex.

Whey from dairy water
Solids - Traces
4 Breweries 2,07,580

Percentage of losses estimated for major produces.

S.NO Food Cumulative wastage – Fixed
Produce
1 Cereals 3.9 – 6.0%
2 Pulses 4.3-6.1%
3 Oil seeds 6.0%
4 Fruits & 5.8-18.0%
Vegetables
5 Milk 0.8%
6 Fisheries 2.9%
7 Meat 2.3%
8 Poultry 3.7%
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• Solid waste – 1. Biodegradable
2. Non – Biodegradable
• Treatment of Solid waste – 1. Based on Origin
2. Based on Physical nature
• Disposal Vs Management
1. There are common practices to dispose waste from ordinary
people.
2. But disposal of waste is becoming a serious and vexing
problem for any human habitation all over the world.
3. Disposing solid waste out of sight does not solve the
problem but indirectly increases the same manifold and at a
certain point it goes beyond the control of everybody.
The consequences of this practice such as health hazards,
pollution of soil, water, air & food etc. are well known.
4. That’s why it is essential to focus on proper management of
waste all over the world.
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 Basic Practices of Solid Waste Management

• 4R Concept: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse & Recycle

1. Refuse: Do not buy anything which we do not really need.
2. Reduce - Reduce the amount of garbage generated. Alter our
lifestyle so that minimum garbage is generated.
3. Reuse - Reuse everything to its maximum after properly cleaning
it. Make secondary use of different articles.
4. Recycle – Keep things which can be recycled to be given to
rag pickers or waste pickers. Convert the recyclable garbage into
manures or other useful products.
• Different treatments for different types of solid wastes: One must
apply the techniques which are suitable to the given type of
Wastes

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Practices…
• During the recent past, the management of solid waste has
received considerable attention from the Central and State
Governments and local (municipal) authorities in India.
• A number of partnerships/alliances are found to exist in the
field of solid waste management in Indian cities. These
alliances are public-private, community-public and private-
private arrangements
• To identify the status of existing alliances in the study area, it
is first necessary to identify the various actors working in the
field of waste management.
• National Solid Waste Association of India (NSWAI) is the only
leading professional non-profit organization in the field of
Solid Waste Management including Toxic and Hazardous
Waste and also Biomedical
Waste in India. It was formed on January 25, 1996.
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REDUCE: The best way to manage waste is to not produce it. This can
be done by shopping carefully and being aware of a few
guidelines.
REUSE: It makes economic and environmental sense to reuse
products. Sometimes it takes creativity
RECYCLE: Recycling is a series of steps that takes a used
material and processes, remanufactures, and sells it as a new
product

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Resource Recovery…
• Concept
1. Waste as a input material to create or develop a product.
2. Separation of certain material from waste and used as a input
material.
3. Processing of waste and screening of useful product.
4. Used as a ingredient in some other products

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Compost…
• Controlled Biological decomposition of Organic matter.
• Microbiological decomposition of organic wastes.
• Biochemical process in which aerobic & anaerobic
microorganism used to decompose organic waste into manure
under certain physical, chemical & microbiological parameter
which may differs for different food waste.
• The Compost must consist of certain nutrient composition to
improve the soil quality.
• Certain needed nutrient not present in compost should be
added manually (betterment as a ingredient)

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Nutrient profile of Compost

S. No. Parameters Quantity

1. Organic matter 70 %
2. pH 7.5
3. Organic carbon 33.11%
4. Nitrogen 1.82 %
5. Phosphorus 1.29 %
6. Potassium 1.25 %
7. Fe (ppm) 1019
8. Mn (ppm) 111
9. Cu (ppm) 180
10. Zn (ppm) 280
Phase of Composting
• Initial Composting: Mesophilic Microorganism (Bacteria
which grows in moderate temperature )
• In this process, the bacteria efficiently breakdown certain
soluble & readily degradable compounds.
• Once the temperature of the process exceeds than 45o C,
several microorganism will enter into temperature accelerated
death phase.
• In this situation thermophilic bacteria ( grows in high
temperature) will starts grow and breakdown proteins , fats,
and complex carbohydrates like cellulose and
hemicelluloses, the major structural molecules in plants.
• Temperature gradually decreases and Mesophilic
microorganisms once again take over for the final phase of
"curing" or maturation of the remaining organic matter.

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 Microorganism involved In Composting
• Bacteria
• 1 gram of compost – Billions of Microorganism – 80 to 90% -
Bacteria.
• Responsible for decomposition of most of the waste & Heat
generation.
• Actinomycetes – Filamentous Bacteria - in degrading complex
organics such as cellulose, lignin, chitin, and proteins.
• Some species appear during the thermophilic phase, and others
become important during the cooler curing phase.
• Fungi
• Decomposition of many complex plant polymers in soil and
compost.
• They break down tough debris, enabling bacteria to continue the
decomposition process once most of the cellulose has been
exhausted.
• Fungal species are numerous during both Mesophilic and
thermophilic phases of composting.
• Most fungi live in the outer layer of compost when temperatures are
high
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 Vermicomposting
• Worm composting is using worms to recycle food scraps
and other organic material into a valuable soil amendment
called vermicompost.
• It is a mesophilic process, utilizing microorganisms and
earthworms that are active at 10–32°C.
• The process is faster than composting; because the material
passes through the earthworm gut,whereby the resulting
earthworm castings ie, rich in nutrients.
• Earthworms consume various organic wastes and reduce
the volume by 40–60%.
 Earthworms are invertebrates.

 mainly divided into two types: (1) burrowing; and (2) non-burrowing.

 The burrowing types Pertima elongata and Pertima asiatica live deep in the soil.

 the non-burrowing types Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugenae live in the upper layer
of soil surface.

 The non-burrowing earthworms eat 10% soil and 90% organic waste materials; these
convert the organic waste into vermicompost faster than the burrowing earthworms.

 They can tolerate temperatures ranging from 0 to 40°C but the regeneration capacity
is more at 25 to 30°C and 40–45% moisture level in the pile.

 The burrowing type of earthworms come onto the soil surface only at night. These
make holes in the soil up to a depth of 3.5 m and produce 5.6 kg casts by ingesting
90% soil and 10% organic waste.
 Incineration...
• Waste incineration is one of many societal applications of
combustion. The typical waste-incineration facility
includes the following operations:
• Waste storage and feed preparation.
• Combustion in a furnace, producing hot gases and a
bottom ash residue for disposal.
• Gas temperature reduction, frequently involving heat
recovery via steam generation.
• Treatment of the cooled gas to remove air pollutants, and
disposal of residuals from this treatment process.
• Dispersion of the treated gas to the atmosphere through
an induced-draft fan and stack.

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Incineration...
• Furnace Operation
• Burning is a very effective method of reducing the volume and
weight of solid waste, though it is a source of greenhouse
gas emissions.
• In modern incinerators the waste is burned inside a properly
designed furnace under very carefully controlled conditions.
• The combustible portion of the waste combines with oxygen,
releasing mostly carbon dioxide, water vapour, and heat.
• Incineration can reduce the volume of uncompacted waste by
more than 90 percent, leaving an inert residue of ash, glass,
metal, and other solid materials called bottom ash.
• The gaseous by-products of incomplete combustion, along
with finely divided particulate material called fly ash, are
carried along in the incinerator airstream.

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• The gaseous by-products of incomplete combustion, along
with finely divided particulate material called fly ash, are
carried along in the incinerator airstream.
• Modern incinerators must be equipped with extensive
emission control devices.
• Bottom ash and fly ash are usually combined and disposed of
in a landfill. If the ash is found to contain toxic metals, it must
be managed as a hazardous waste.
• Combustion in a furnace occurs in two stages: primary and
secondary.
• In primary combustion, moisture is driven off, and the waste is
ignited and volatilized.
• In secondary combustion, the remaining unburned gases and
particulates are oxidized, eliminating odours and reducing the
amount of fly ash in the exhaust.
• When the refuse is very moist, auxiliary gas or fuel oil is
sometimes burned to start the primary combustion.
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• In order to provide enough oxygen for both primary and
secondary combustion, air must be thoroughly mixed with the
burning refuse.
• Air is supplied from openings beneath the grates or is admitted
to the area above.
• The relative amounts of this under fire air and over fire air
must be determined by the plant operator to achieve good
combustion efficiency.
• A continuous flow of air can be maintained by a natural draft
in a tall chimney or by mechanical forced-draft fans.

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 Energy recovery...
• The energy value of refuse can be as much as one-third that
of coal, depending on the paper content, and the heat given off
during incineration can be recovered by the use of a refractory-
lined furnace coupled to a boiler.

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Pyrolysis…
• Pyrolysis has been examined as an attractive alternative to
incineration for solid waste disposal that obtains different
chemicals and fuels.
• Energy can be obtained in a cleaner way than from
conventional MSW incineration plants as lower amounts of
nitrogen oxides (NO2) and sulphur oxides (SO2) are produced.
• In addition to reduced gas emissions, better quality of solid
residues can be also expected from Pyrolysis- involved
treatment technique.
• In general, pyrolysis represents a process of thermal
degradation of the waste in the total absence of air that
produces recyclable products, including char, oil/wax and
combustible gases.

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• Simply speaking, Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of organic
materials in the absence of oxygen.
• Thermal decomposition of organic components in the waste stream
starts at 350°C–550°C and goes up to 700°C–800°C in the absence of
air/oxygen.
• Pyrolysis of municipal wastes begins with mechanical preparation and
separation of glass, metals and inert materials prior to processing the
remaining waste in a Pyrolysis reactor.
• The process requires an external heat source to maintain the high
temperature required.
Energy source : Example
• Biomass contains varying amounts of cellulose, hemicelluloses and
lignin. Cellulose is a straight and stiff molecule with a polymerization
degree of approximately 10,000 glucose units (C6 sugar).
Hemicelluloses are polymers built of C5 and C6 sugars with a
polymerization degree of about 200 sugar units. The chemical and
thermal stability of hemicelluloses is lower than that of cellulose.
Lignin is a three dimensional branched polymer composed of phenolic
units. Due to the aromatic content of lignin, it degrades slowly on
heating and contributes to a major fraction of the char formation
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 Solution for treating Solid waste…
• Burning directly into atmosphere – Incineration – Highly
polluting
• Landfill / Dumping
• Recycle/ Reuse
• Converting into energy - Pyrolysis
Certain Parameters:
1. Moisture Content : Around 10%( High moisture – Process
delay, Low moisture – Produces dust instead of energy)
2. Particle Size of feed or waste: Maximum 2mm (Size reduction
before processing is required)
3. Types of Solid waste – Analysis of resources
4. Content of Solid waste

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 Types of Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis

• achieve up to 75% of bio-
Slow Pyrolysis
• takes several hours to
complete
• results in biochar as
the main product
Flash Pyrolysis
oil yield.
• rapid de-volatilization in Fast Pyrolysis
an inert atmosphere, • takes seconds for complete
• high heating rate of the pyrolysis.
particles, • yields 60% bio-oil
• High reaction temperatures • In addition, it gives 20%
between 450 °C and 1000 biochar and 20% syngas.
°C.
• Limitations:
• poor thermal stability and
corrosiveness of the oil,
• solids in the oil
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 Briquetting
• Biomass densification represents a set of technologies for the
conversion of biomass into a fuel. The technology is also
known as briquetting and it improves the handling
characteristics of the materials for transport, storing etc.

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Pressure Compaction …
• Densification improves the volumetric calorific value of a fuel,
reduces the cost of transport and can help in improving the fuel
situation in rural areas.
1. High pressure compaction .
2. Medium pressure compaction with a heating device.
3. Low pressure compaction with a binder.
• Widely used – Screw press & Piston Press
• The selection of method is completely based on the nature &
moisture content of the sample.
• For Piston press – Optimum moisture content – 10-15%
• For Screw press – Optimum moisture content – 08-09%

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 VALUE ADDED
• Adding value i.e., producing a valuable
product from the waste.
• Imaginative
• Implementation of new techniques to extract
the needed

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Pelletizing..(Briquetting) ( Refused Derived Fuel)

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 SCP – Single Cell Protein
• Dried cells – used as a dietary protein Supplement
• Also called Novel Food
• SCP production is totally based on the strength of food waste.
• Based on the type & origin of waste, the microorganism used
for the production of SCP will be screened.
• Based on the microorganism used the treatment of food waste
may varies.
• There is no particular equipment is designed for SCP.
• Mostly bioreactor is designed for the use of SCP production
from the organic rich food waste.
• Through this process we can preserve lot of waste protein
which can used for protein deficiency can be preserved .

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Example:
• Production of SCP from Pineapple waste
Collection of pineapple waste

Biochemical analysis of Pineapple waste

(Moisture, Protein, Reducing sugar etc.)

Fermentation using Yeast

(Because 10-13% of sugar)

Analysis of yeast biomass

Separation by filtration (inactivation – optional)

Harvesting ( Mechanical, Chemical & Physical methods)

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 Enzyme Production from Food waste
• Enzymes are of great importance in the industry due to their
substrate and product specificity, moderate reaction conditions,
minimal by-product formation and high yield.
• They are important ingredients in several products and
production processes. Up to 30% of the total production cost
of enzymes is attributed to the raw materials costs.
• Enzymes are predominantly used for the production of several
products that we use in our day-to-day lives.
• Wastes are rich in several sources and it holds several
nutrients.
• Like an enzyme substrate reaction, the particular bacteria
should be used to produce the required enzyme from food
waste.

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 Suitable for the Selection of
Food waste rich in
production of cellulase bacterial species
Carbohydrate
enzyme which can produce
( high level of cellulose
lignin hemicelluloses) cellulase enzyme
to cleave cellulose
Process Involved
1. Pretreatment of Cellulose
2. Choice of Microorganism Selection of reactor
3. Fermentation suitable for the
4. Isolation of enzyme production of enzyme
5. Purification of enzyme
6. Recovery of enzyme
7. Fractionation ( centrifugation etc.)
8. Chromatography
9. Immobilization and purification
10. Drying or Lyophilizing

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 Pectin Extraction from food waste
• Pectin, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, It is
commercially extracted from citrus peels and some other
sources like banana, apple, grapes etc, under acidic condition.
• It is also used in confectionery, beverages and other fruit
drinks. It can be used as pharmaceutical additives, and various
food preparations.
• Pectin comes under the important plant cell wall components.
Pectin is obtained by the aqueous extraction of the appropriate
plant materials and basically from citrus fruit peel and apple
pomace etc, followed by a decided precipitation using alcohol
or salt.
• Pectin is one of the ingredient which costs high because of
processing and purification difficulties

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• Methods Involved
1. Pretreatment of waste (loosen the complex structure –
chemical or physical)
2. Treatment with mechanical stirrer after crushing
3. Chemical treatment for separation of pectin
4. Analysis of Methoxyl component (grading of pectin)
5. Qualitative analysis
6. Grading - separation
7. Purification
8. Drying/ segregation

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Any material which is not needed by the
owner, producer or processor is waste.

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