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Pro for
Structure Analysis
By CIVIL DEPARTMENT
Introduction
STAAD.Pro is a general purpose program for performing
the analysis and design of a wide variety of types of
structures.
Applications :
Commercial buildings, bridges and highway structures,
industrial structures, chemical plant structures, dams, Y
X
Z
retaining walls, turbine foundations, culverts and other
embedded structures, etc.
Sample of Platform Structure
Types of Structures
SPACE
A 3D framed structure with loads applied in any
plane. This structure type is the most general.
PLANE
This structure type is bound by a global X‐Y
coordinate system with loads in the same plane.
Types of Structures
TRUSS
This structure type consists of truss members which
can have only axial member forces and no bending in
the members.
FLOOR
A 2D or 3D structure having no horizontal (global X or
Z) movement of the structure.
Methods of creating the model
1. Using the graphical model generation mode, or Graphical User
Interface (GUI).
Methods of creating the model
2. Using the command file, is a text file which
contains the data for the structure being
modeled.
• The file may be created directly using the
editor built into the program.
• Using any editor which saves data in text form
(e.g., Notepad, WordPad, etc.).
• This command file is also automatically
created behind the scenes when the structure
is generated using the Graphical User
Interface.
• Further, when you make changes to the
command file and save it, the GUI immediately
reflects the changes made to the structure
through the command file.
Unit Systems
• Input data and output in almost all commonly used engineering unit
systems including MKS (Meter, Kilogram, Second), SI (International
System), FPS (Foot, Pound, Second).
• In the input file, the user may change units as many times as
required.
• Mixing and matching between length and force units from different
unit systems is also allowed.
Example :
• UNIT MMS KN (Millimeter, Kilo Newton)
• UNIT METER KN (Meter, Kilo Newton)
• UNIT CM KN (Centimeter, Kilo Newton)
• UNIT FT KIP (Feet, Kip)
• UNIT FT KN (Feet, Kilo Newton)
Structure Geometry
A structure is an assembly of individual components
such as beams, columns, slabs, plates, etc.
12
Modeling of the structure geometry consists of two 11
11
steps:
• Identification and description of joints or nodes. 2
• Modeling of members or elements through 1
specification of connectivity (incidences) between
joints.
2
1
Member No.
Y
Joint No.
X
Z
Coordinate Systems
STAAD uses two types of coordinate systems to define the structure
geometry and loading patterns.
• Global coordinate systems.
is an arbitrary coordinate system in space which is utilized to specify
the overall geometry & loading pattern of the structure
• Local coordinate systems.
is associated with each member (or element) and is utilized in
MEMBER END FORCE output or local load specification.
Global coordinate systems
Conventional Cartesian Coordinate System.
This coordinate system is a rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z) which
follows the orthogonal right hand rule. This coordinate system may be
used to define the joint locations and loading directions. The
translational degrees of freedom are denoted by u1, u2, u3 and the
rotational degrees of freedom are denoted by u4, u5 & u6.
Local coordinate systems
A local coordinate system is associated with each member. Each axis of
the local orthogonal coordinate system is also based on the right hand
rule.
j (end joint)
i (start joint)
Relationship Between Global & Local Coordinates
Beta Angle
• When the local x‐axis is parallel to the global Vertical axis, as in the
case of a column in a structure, the beta angle is the angle through
which the local z‐axis has been rotated about the local x‐axis from a
position of being parallel and in the same positive direction of the
global Z‐axis.
• When the local x‐axis is not parallel to the global Vertical axis, the
beta angle is the angle through which the local coordinate system has
been rotated about the local x‐axis from a position of having the local
z‐axis parallel to the global X‐Z plane and the local y‐axis in the same
positive direction as the global vertical axis.
Beta Angle
Y
X
Z
BETA 0
Y
X
Z
BETA 90
Grouping
Group names are a means for easily identifying a collection of entities
like beams, columns, joints, etc.
Member Properties
Block A template using User Provided Steel Table
AX : Cross Section Area
IZ : Inertia about local z‐axis
IY : Inertia about local y‐axis
IX : Torsional Constant ( ≈ ∑
AY : Shear Area in Y (D*TW)
AZ : Shear Area in Z (2*WF*TF)
Member Properties
AX : Cross Section Area
IZ : Inertia about local z‐axis
IY : Inertia about local y‐axis
IX : Torsional Constant ( ≈ ∑
CZ : Center Gravity along local z
AY : Shear Area in Y (D*TW)
AZ : Shear Area in Z (2*WF*TF)
Member Release
• One or both ends of a member or element can be released.
• Release components are given in the local coordinate system for each
member.
• A MEMBER RELEASE should not be applied on a member which is
declared TRUSS, TENSION ONLY, or COMPRESSION ONLY
12
11
11
2
Y
X
1
Z
Truss and Tension or Compression
There are two methods for specifying truss member.
• The type of structure is declared as TRUSS.
• Using the MEMBER TRUSS command.
MEMBER TENSION or MEMBER COMPRESSION command can be used
to limit the axial load type.
Material Constants
The material constants are:
• Modulus of elasticity (E);
• Weight density (DEN);
• Poisson's ratio (POISS); the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
• Co‐efficient of thermal expansion (ALPHA);
• Composite Damping Ratio; and
• Beta angle (BETA).
Supports
STAAD allows specifications of supports that are parallel as well as inclined to the
global axes.
• PINNED : restraints against all translational movement and none against rotational
movement.
• FIXED : restraints against all directions of movement.
The restraints of a fixed support can also be released in any desired direction as
specified.
12 14
11 14
5
11 13
21
41
2
23
4
1 Y
X
3 Z
Y
X
2 4
Z
FIXED FIXED BUT MX MZ
1 PINNED 3
Loads
• Self‐weight
Used to calculate and apply the self weight of structural elements which is
modelled in staad for analysis.
SELFWEIGHT Y ‐1.1
• Joint Load
both forces and moments (in global direction), may be applied to any free
joint of a structure.
JOINT LOAD
12
1 2 FX 0.15
0.520 kN
11 12 FX 0.52 11
0.520 kN
2
0.150 kN
Y 1
X 0.150 kN
Z
• Member Load
uniformly distributed loads
MEMBER LOAD
54 TO 57 UNI GY ‐1 1 3
concentrated loads
MEMBER LOAD
54 CON GY ‐1 2
linearly varying loads (including trapezoidal)
MEMBER LOAD
186 TRAP GY ‐0.24 ‐0.35 0.0 7.96
Loads
• One‐way and Floor Loads -0.146 kN/m
(load per unit square area).
The Oneway load is used for one way -0.146
-0.145 kN/m
distribution.
-0.146 kN/m
ONEWAY LOAD
_FLOOR1 ONE ‐0.4 GY
-0.146
-0.145 kN/m
-0.145 kN/m -0.146 kN/m
-0.146 kN/m
-0.145
-0.146 kN/m
-0.146 kN/m
-0.146 kN/m
Primary Load Case & Combination Load Case
• Primary Load Case : A load case consisting of explicitly defined loads. It may
contain several individual load specifications.
• Load Combination : A set of load results which are combined algebraically to
produce a superimposed set of results for post‐processing.
• Repeat Load : This command is used to create a primary load case
using combinations of previously defined primary load cases. If the
analysis of the model involves non‐linear situations, we have to use
Repeat Load types.
• The load factors can be based on ASD or LRFD.
ASD : Allowable Stress Design.
LRFD : Load and Resistance Factor Design.
LRFD vs ASD
• LRFD
Ru ≤ Rn
Ru : required strength determined by analysis for the LRFD load combinations.
Rn : nominal strength determined according to the AISC Specification
provisions.
: resistance factor given by the AISC Specification.
• ASD
Ru ≤
Ω
Ru : required strength determined by analysis for the ASD load combinations.
Rn : nominal strength determined according to the AISC Specification
provisions.
Ω : safety factor given by the AISC Specification.
Analysis Facilities
Analysis options :
• Linear Elastic Analysis
To perform a static, linear elastic analysis on the structure.
Conventional structural analysis considers the external forces or joint
displacements to be static and resisted only by the stiffness of the structure.
Therefore, the resulting displacements and forces resulting from structural analysis
do not vary with time.
PERFORM ANALYSIS
• P‐Delta Analysis (Second Order Analysis)
Structures subjected to lateral loads often experience secondary forces due to the
movement of the point of application of vertical loads. Iterations process is used.
PDELTA ANALYSIS
Small Delta : To calculate small delta effects (Default)
Large Delta : To include only the large delta effects.
Analysis Facilities (continued)
Analysis options :
• Nonlinear Analysis
An analysis where a nonlinear relation holds between applied forces and
displacements. Stiffness matrix is not constant during the load application.
• Dynamic Analysis
structural analysis that considers the external loads or displacements to vary with
time and the structure to respond to them by its stiffness as well as inertia and
damping.
Load Envelope
Load Envelopes are a means for clustering a set of load cases under a
single number.
Load List
This command allows specification of a set of active load cases. All
load cases made active by this command remain active until a new
load list is specified.
Design Parameter
Refer to Block A template.
PARAMETER 1
CODE AISC
FYLD 235000 ALL : Yield strength (235000 kN/m2)
NSF 0.8 MEMB _TRUSS : Net section factor for tension members. (Reduction due to bolt holes)
STP 1 ALL : Section Type to determine Fr (compression residual stress in flange) (1 : Rolled, Fr = 10 ksi, 2 : Welded, Fr =
16.5 ksi)
MAIN 200 ALL : Allowable KL/r in compression.
TMAIN 300 ALL : Allowable KL/r in tension.
BEAM 1 ALL : 1.0 = design at ends and at every 1/12th point along member length
TRACK 0 ALL : Reported result detail. 0 = minimum, 1 = intermediate, 2 = maximum.
RATIO 1 ALL : Permissible ratio of actual to allowable stress.
KY 1 ALL : Effective length factor in Y‐axis.
KZ 1 ALL : Effective length factor in Z‐axis.
K‐value
Design Parameter 14
LY 4.5 MEMB XX : Length used to calculate slenderness ratio for buckling about 14
5
the local y‐axis. 13
24
42
LZ 4.5 MEMB XX : Length used to calculate slenderness ratio for buckling about 21
the local z‐axis 22
41
40
UNT 4.5 MEMB XX : Unsupported length of the top flange for calculating 23
allowable bending compressive stress. 30
4
UNB 4.5 MEMB XX : Unsupported length of the bottom flange for calculating
allowable bending compressive stress.
DJ1 4 MEMB 4 5 : Joint No. denoting starting point for calculation of "Deflection 3
Length"
4
DJ2 14 MEMB 4 5 : Joint No. denoting end point for calculation of "Deflection Y
X
Length“ Z
3
OVR 10000 MEMB _DFF_BEAM : Overstress factor.
CAN 1 MEMB _COLUMN : 0 = deflection check based on the principle that maximum deflection occurs within the span
between DJ1 and DJ2.
1 = deflection check based on the principle that maximum deflection is of the cantilever type.
DFF 200 MEMB 4 5 : "Deflection Length" / Maximum allowable local deflection.
STEEL TAKE OFF ALL
FINISH
Design Result
Sample Design Result are as follow :
ALL UNITS ARE - KN METE (UNLESS OTHERWISE Noted)
MEMBER TABLE RESULT/ CRITICAL COND/ RATIO/ LOADING/
FX MY MZ LOCATION
=======================================================================
1 ST WH300 (UPT)
PASS AISC- H1-3 0.629 136
188.70 C 12.00 63.09 3.35
2 ST WH300 (UPT)
PASS AISC- H1-3 0.634 135
73.54 C 2.67 -103.15 5.60
1 ST WH300 (UPT)
PASS DEFLECTION 0.222 101
130.00 C 0.00 0.00 3.35