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Introductory Genetics
Lecture 1
Discussion this week
Dr. Isgouhi Kaloshian
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DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes (2) Chromosomes= c’some
- Genes are specific sequences of
nucleotides that pass traits from - Composed of DNA and protein.
parents to offspring - Most prokaryotes have a single usually circular c’some.
- Genetic material in cells is - In Eukaryotes, c’somes have linear structure.
organized into chromosomes
- C’somes differ in size and morphology.
a. Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus,
or membrane bound organelles, - Each has a constriction called a centromere.
generally have one circular
chromosome.
b. Eukaryotes generally have:
i) Nucleus where chromosomes are
located, with different species having Short arm
different numbers of chromosomes.
ii) DNA in organelles (e.g., –––––
––––– ) that is usually a circular
molecule.
Long arm
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Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Chromosomal DNA
- Ploidy= number of sets of c’somes. N= c’some set , 1N= 1 set of
- DNA is very efficiently packaged in a chromosome c’somes, while 2N= 2 sets of c’somes.
- This is done by coiling the DNA around molecular spools - Haploid organisms have 1N, while diploid organisms have 2N.
known as nucleosomes - Diploid organisms have homologous pairs; 2 version of each
c’some. One member in each pair inherited from each parent.
- Each nucelosome is composed of eight proteins known as
histones
- DNA and associating nucleosomes are called chromatin
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Chromosomes
Genetic Maps
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Expression of Genetic Information Transmission of Genetic Information
Transmission of traits from parents to offspring
Gene expression is the process by which a
was addressed in Mendel’s work with peas.
gene produces its product and the
product carries out its function. - He selected strains differing in defined traits (e.g.,
smooth or wrinkled seeds, purple or white flowers)
Production of proteins requires 2 steps:
(Figure above).
1. Transcription- involves an enzyme
(RNA polymerase) making an RNA - After making genetic crosses, he counted the
copy of part of one DNA strand appearance of traits in the progeny and analyzed the
(Figure 1.3). There are four main results mathematically.
classes of RNA.
- He concluded that each organism contains two
2. Translation- converts the information copies of each gene, one from each parent, and that
in mRNA into the amino acid alternative versions of the genes (alleles) exist (e.g.,
sequence of a protein using ribosomes,
large complexes of rRNAs and flower color alleles are purple, C, and white, c).
proteins. Allele is one of the different forms of a gene that can exist in a particular locus
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