NUST School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

ME-311 Machine Design

Lecture 4

Instructor: Dr. Jawad Aslam

Screws, keys and non-permanent fasteners:
Design of Screws, Fasteners, and Connections
Thread Standards & definitions
Power Screws
Thread Stresses
Threaded Fasteners
Bolted Joints In Tension & Compression
Torque requirements
Strength Specifications
Selection of the Nut
Bolt Pre-Load & Fatigue Strength
Page 2
Screws, Keys and Couplings, Screws:
Gasket Joints
Bolt & Riveted Joints in Shear
Centroid of Bolt/ Rivet Groups
Eccentric Loading of Bolt & Rivet Joints
Keys, Pins & Retainers.

Page 3
• Joints – Fastener stiffness
Twisting the nut provides
pre-tension or preload
This load exists even
without external load P
A variation of fastening in
Fig 8-14 may be to use studs
A spring rate can be defined
for a bolt – determine
stiffness of the bolt system
The grip is the total
thickness of the connected
material
Page 4
Stiffness of bolt consists of two parts
Threaded
Non-threaded
1 1 1 k1k 2
  k
k k1 k 2 k1  k 2

At E Ad E
kT  kD 
lt ld
Where
At = tensile stress area
lt = length of threaded portion of grip
Ad = major diameter of area of fastener
ld = length of unthreaded portion in grip Page 5
Substituting in earlier equation, we get
Ad At E
kb 
Ad lt  At ld

Where
kb is the estimated effective stiffness of the bolt in the
clamped zone
For short fasteners, where threaded area is longer, kT may be
used
For long fasteners where unthreaded area is longer, kd may be
used

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• Joints – Member stiffness
In earlier section, stiffness of fastener was determined in
clamped zone
In this section, stiffness of member must be known in the
clamped zone
Both must be known to know what happens when an external
loading is applied to this assembled connection
There may be more than two members in the grip of the
fastener, each acting as a spring in series
Total spring rate is given by
1 1 1 1 1
   
k m k1 k 2 k3 ki
Page 10
 A pressure cone may be used to calculate stress distribution in
clamped member
Variable – proposed by Ito et al.1 – complicated
Fixed – Little2 and Osgood3 – much simpler
A fixed cone angle of 30o will be used

1. Y. Ito, J. Toyoda and S. Nagata, “Interdace Pressure Distribution in a Bolt-Flange Asse;mbly”, ASME paper np. 77-WA/DE-11, 1977
2. R. E. Little, “Bolted Joints: How Much Give?”, Machine Design, Nov. 9, 1967
3. C. C. Osgood, “Saving Weight on Bolted Joints”, Machine Design, Oct. 25, 1979
Page 11
Referring to figure, elongation of an element of the cone of
thickness dx subjected to a tensile force P is
Pdx
d 
EA
The area of the element is
 D d  
2 2

  
A   ro  ri    x tan       
2 2

 2   2  

 D  d  Dd 
   x tan    x tan   
 2  2 

Page 12
Integrating, we get the elongation as
P t dx
E 0  x tan   D  d  2x tan   D  d  2


Using a table of integrals, we get


P
ln
2t tan   D  d D  d 
Ed tan  2t tan   D  d D  d 
Thus the spring rate or stiffness of this frustum is
P Ed tan 
k 
 ln 2t tan   D  d D  d 
2t tan   D  d D  d 

Page 13
With α=30o, this becomes
0.577  Ed
k
ln
1.15t  D  d D  d 
1.15t  D  d D  d 
The last two equations must be solved separately for each
frustum in the joint
Individual stiffnesses are assembled to give km (series
stiffness)
If the members have the same Young’s modulus E with
identical frusta back-to-back, we treat them as two identical
springs in series

Page 14
Using grip as
l =2t
dw as the diameter of the washer face
We find the spring rate of the members to be
Ed tan 
km 
2 ln
l tan   d w  d d w  d 
l tan   d w  d d w  d 
The washer external dia is usually 50% greater than inner dia
for normal hexagonal nuts and cap screws, thus
dw = 1.5d
If we also use α=30o
0.577Ed
km 
 0.577l  0.5d 
2 ln 5 
 0.577l  2.5d  Page 15
Thank you

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