SPE-186263-MS

Shallow Reservoir Development in Mature Field - From Hazard to Resources

T. Setiawan, A. Putra, A. Az-Zariat, K. Rinjani, R. Brahmantio, and S. Herawati, Total E&P Indonesie

Copyright 2017, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition held in Jakarta, Indonesia, 17-19 October 2017.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents
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Abstract
TUNU is a gas condensate field situated in the swamp environment at the edge of the Mahakam Delta, East
Kalimantan – Indonesia. Hydrocarbons are accumulated in multi-layer reservoirs deposited within a deltaic
environment. The field can be divided into two intervals which are Tunu Shallow Zone (TSZ) (between
600 and 2,200 mSS – typically unconsolidated and strong aquifer support) and Tunu Main Zone (TMZ)
(between 2,200 and 5,000 mSS).
Since the field start up in 1990, it has delivered 9 Tcf of gas production. At the beginning, the field's
first development was focusing on TMZproduction, where the gas reservoir at TSZ was only considered
as hazard for drilling. Through time, TMZ is more and more depleted; hence development of TSZ is the
new focus.
TSZ dedicated development started in 2007 by drilling two horizontal wells, each targeting individual
channel followed by drilling of four deviated twin wells. Given the excellent result, new campaign of TSZ
development was kicked off. Since then, more than 185 TSZ wells have been drilled contributing to 40%
of around 700 MMScfd of total field production. This is resulted from improvement on selection of new
wells target, cost effective well architecture and efficient reservoir management.
The first seismic survey targeting TSZ was performed in 2009 and since then TSZ development relied
on detailed interpretation of seismic anomalies. Performing detailed interpretation is a major challenge
on designing economical wells. This difficulty has been accentuated by recent downturn of gas price;
hence having full field geobody inventory is becoming crucial. A geomodel was therefore built to have an
exhaustive view of TSZ resources.
Optimization in selecting well architecture is also deemed necessary. Tubing-less completion with
Chemical Sand consolidation (SCON) was assessed and shown that it can give more cost effective
completion compare to gravel pack completion. Drilling cost could be reduced up to 30 % by using tubing-
less completion with SCON.
Production optimization can be achieved by carefully implement the efficient reservoir management
technique, e.g. maximize the number of completed reservoir zones without risk to safety and production,
selection of best reservoir zone for first production, and implementation of flowline debottlenecking to
accommodate hepta-mingle wells.
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Introduction
TUNU is a gas condensate field situated in the swamp environment at the edge of the Mahakam Delta, on the
eastern coast of Borneo Island - Indonesia. Discovered in 1977, 22 exploration wells and 44 delineation wells
were drilled with 36 of them being successfully converted as producer wells. Hydrocarbons are accumulated
in multi-layer reservoirs deposited within a deltaic environment (Fig. 1). The field is divided into two main
producing intervals which are Tunu Shallow Zone (TSZ) and Tunu Main Zone (TMZ).

Figure 1—Tunu location map

Since the field start up in 1990, it has delivered 9 Tcf of gas production where production are mostly
contributed from TMZ reservoirs. Through time, TMZ is more and more depleted; hence development of
TSZ is the new focus.

Tunu Shallow Zone

Tunu Shallow Zone (TSZ), initially considered as drilling hazard, corresponds to Pliocene fluvio-deltaic
series located above top of MF6 (600 - 2200 mSS) (Fig. 2). Development objectives are widespread and
scattered gas bearing sand all over the field. These gas accumulations are found in channel reservoir, but
very limited and individual accumulation (less than 1sqkm spread). The reservoir property in channel is
extremely good (sorting and grain size). The porosity is around 30% and net pay thickness is up to 20 m
when it is stacked reservoir. Pore pressure in Tunu Shallow Zone is generally hydrostatic with adequate
aquifer support. Hence, there has not been any issue of high pressure or depletion during drilling.
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Figure 2—Tunu schematic stratigraphic section

Before having a dedicated Shallow development, in 2002 and 2004, Pilot Light Work Over (LWO) to
produce Shallow reservoirs was conducted in existing Tunu Main Zone (TMZ) wells that encountered
as well Shallow reservoirs. The results were encouraging;hence, in 2006 another LWO campaign was
performed. This perforation was a huge success achieving 6 times cumulative production of 2004's
perforation which highly boost the confidence to produce shallow zone.
Given the good results of pilot LWO, dedicated Shallow wells drilling was launched. Targeting proven
shallow gas reservoirs found in TMZ wells, or the so called "twin" wells (Fig. 3), 6 pilot wells were drilled
and completed with Gravel Pack. Having a successful production trial in 2006 and 2007, a new 3D seismic
survey (CT3D Seismic) was acquired to allow a full and proper development for TSZ. It covered an area
of 500 kmsq located at the top structure of the field (crest).
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Figure 3—TSZ well types and seismic survey areas.

Then in 2009, the first dedicated Plan of Development (PoD) was launched, named as PoD-1, covering
drilling and connection of 17 shallow wells where most of the wells were twin of the existing TMZ wells.
The next PoD-2 was started in 2011 with 85 wells for 3 years of drilling campaign. PoD-2 was marked as the
mass use of seismic for well definition as the CT3D Seismic had been delivered and gave an excellent result.
Three years later, PoD-3 was sanctioned and carrying 90 wells for 3.5 years of drilling campaign. In 2015,
North West 3D seismic (NWT3D Seismic) was delivered and started to introduce new gas accumulation in
the north part of the field. Generally speaking, there are nearly 200 shallow wells were drilled during the
past 10 years with high success ratio in finding the targets (Fig. 4).

Figure 4—Tunu shallow development milestone untilltoday.

Through time, TSZ continued to develop and many completion types combination have been used such
as Ceramic Screen (CS), Geoform, and SCON were used as a solution to produce marginal reservoirs or
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inaccessible reservoirs by using Gravel Pack completion. Up to today, TSZ wells currently contribute to
40% of Tunu's total production with more than 500 Bcf of cumulative production (Fig. 5).

Figure 5—Tunu shallow gas production evolution through time.

Tunu Shallow Seismic Interpretation Methodology

TSZ development relies heavily on the use of seismic with at least 4 major sequences in TSZ's seismic
methodology. They consist of indentifying gas sand reservoir on seismic, defining the reservoir geometry
(area), calculating static volume or initial reserve, and designing well trajectory.
In general, gas is easy to be discriminated since it has very low Acoustic Impedance (AI) compared to
shale and water bearing sands except for coal which has low AI as well (Fig 6b). In addition, Amplitude
Versus Offset (AVO) study shows that gas sand is known for its unique characteristic which usually
identified with linier relationship between amplitude and angle. Henceforth, gas bearing sand is defined in
TSZ. The reservoir extension is defined by observing the consistency of several pre-stacked seismic maps
and well correlation (Fig. 6a &6c). After the area defined, the net pay calculation is derived from seismic
amplitude data as well as its petrophysical properties taken from statistics in order to calculate the estimated
reserve. Lastly, geoscientist, driller, and other entities involved are taking a collaboration to design a feasible
well.

Figure 6abc—Seismic methodology best practice.

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More than 160 seismic driven wells have been drilled with a very high success ratio in finding the targeted
reservoirs hence making the workflow reliable. However, assessing each seismic anomaly to determine
potential gas sands in the area of 1350 sqkm would be a lengthy procedure. This triggers the need of quicker
approach that can mimic and automate the seismic workflow in the most efficient manner. A geomodel was
therefore built to have an exhausting and comprehensive view of all potential gas sands in TSZ.

Geobody Inventory
Through time, it becomes more difficult to locate scattered anomalies at full field scale. Thus, to overcome
the difficulties and optimize the current and future development plan, a geobody inventory was built to
evaluate the ultimate resources and to resolve technical (drilling, surface) and economical constraints on
the remaining potential resources. The objective is to perform an automatic screening of all potentially gas-
related seismic objects and to evaluate them honoring the current Tunu Shallow Seismic Method.
In principle, it captures all the bright negative anomalies that correspond to each top of gas reservoirs
simultaneously. Then they are used to capture the shape of reservoir in layer basis based on far-stacked
seismic cube in which represent typical gas reservoir anomalies. Finally, they were translated from seismic
shape into geo-bodies (Fig. 7).

Figure 7—Isoproportional layering for far stack seismic cubes

Once the gas geobodies are defined, net-pay thickness is automatically derived from their amplitude. With
the given porosity, gas saturation, and recovery factor function, the volume can be estimated simultaneously
for all geobodies. The reserves are stacked to highlight the areas with the most accumulations in Tunu (Fig.
8).
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Figure 8—(a) Initial automated geobody inventory before going through manual QC.
(b) Sweet spot of shallow anomalies after vertical stacking of the screened geobodies.

A thorough QC is an essential step to confirm the results of automatic screening and volume estimation
for each geobody. The geobody inventory unlocks more gas-potential targets which might be missed by
conventional methods, and also allows the integration of subsurface targets, drilling, and surface facilities
constraints, which is essential to optimize the well's economic in today's low gas price context.

Tunu Shallow Zone Well Architecture and Sand Control Selection

For years, Gravel Pack (GP) completion has been the main sand control for the shallow wells. Although
considered as the most robust option today, the cost of this completion type is relatively high in the current
gas price environment; the main challenge is to maximize the well's economic value given the stakes vs.
cost of each well. From end-2015 onward, looking forward to the next Tunu Shallow wells candidates at
that time, several wells were deemed uneconomic to be completed with GP (Fig. 9). In this case, the new
reservoirs targeted by these wells would be potentially left undrilled. A cheaper and reliable alternative of
sand control is therefore compulsory to unlock these smaller resources and to ensure the continuity of the
development drilling campaign.
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Figure 9—Stakes per well vs economic cut off for Gravel Pack

New Sand Management Approach

Sand consolidation is an in-situ sand control technique through epoxy resin mixture (resin and hardener)
injection to near-wellbore sand reservoir (Fig. 10). The treatment is conveyed through coiled tubing with
isolation packer to ensure flow conformance through perforation and eliminating circulation path to the
tubing. The resin mixture will then be squeezed into reservoir matrix, and followed by over flush to regain
reservoir's permeability. This mixture will be internally catalyzed with the reservoir temperature. 15- 30
days shut-in time is required to allow the resin's compressive strength to fully develop on the reservoir
matrix before well clean up.

Figure 10—Sand Consolidation resin component

This method was first introduced in Total E&P Indonesie in 2009. During this stage, the treatment
objective is to implement sand control mechanism on wells with sand risk which did not have initial sand
control equipment. Since 2010, several zones on existing wells were completed with sand consolidation
during well intervention program. Since oil price collapse on 2014, sand consolidation was further
challenged to be the main option as primary sand control mechanism for shallow wells to replace the more
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expensive standard GP completion. Trial campaign on 2015 was dedicated to challenge the performance
envelope to the maximum level with satisfactory result.

Sand Consolidation Performance

More than 50 reservoirs in Tunu have been produced using sand consolidation, unlocking significant
reserves. At the beginning, the operating envelope of sand consolidated well in Tunu was limited by
drawdown of 20 bar and maximum Qg of 2 MMSCFD, merely based on empirical approach. After further
evaluation, new parameter is used to control the sand consolidation integrity i.e. in-situ gas velocity across
the perforation hole. Maximum Qg is no longer a limiting parameter. By implementing in-situ gas velocity
of 4 m/s & maximum drawdown of 30 bar, recent Tunu sand consolidation wells have been produced with
higher Qg (> 2.5 MMSCFD) without significant issues on productivity and sand.
Sand Consolidation well is considered as critical sand risk well. Therefore, sand monitoring using
portable sand detection instrument is performed in weekly basis. Manageable sand production on treated
wells indicates successful sand-control performance. In average, 180 days production time is needed to
achieve the economic value anduntil beginning of January 2017, 3 out of 11 sand consolidation wells have
production more than 180 days and still flowing, with average gas rate around 3 MMscfd (Fig. 11). Such
promising result opens up 23 reservoir candidates for sand consolidation treatment that are already in place
for 2017 (from completed and future wells).

Figure 11—Sand Consolidation Performance

Adapting Well Architecture Portfolio

The pursuit of well cost reduction has come to well architecture simplification. Main advantage of Sand
Consolidation completion is no requirement of large downhole equipment, hence allowing further reduction
of well size. One approach is to adapt from the already established Light Architecture. Light Architecture is
initially designed to drill TMZ wells with optimum cost. This architecture is then applied to TSZ as Shallow
Light Architecture (SLA) replacing standard design that is normally used to accommodate GP completion
(Fig. 12). Chemically-enhanced sand consolidation is injected to the wells post drilling operations using
well intervention's barges (rigless operations).
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Figure 12—GP Architecture vs SLA

As a result, since October 2015, SLA wells have come live to the operator's architecture portfolio. Until
the end of 2016, 11 SLA wells have been drilled and completed with sand consolidation successfully
with positive outcomes. Compared to GP wells, the design allows twice faster well duration. One project
achievement is the fastest completed well in the history of Tunu field, at around 4.5 days.

Tunu Shallow Zone Network Optimization

Tunu's surface network was initially designed to develop TMZ reservoirs. Initial network condition played
at high rate and high pressure. With time, reservoir pressure keeps declining and TMZ production gas rate
keeps decreasing followed by switching of production mode from High Pressure (HP) to Medium Pressure
(MP), finally to Low Pressure (LP) Mode. By producing at LP Mode, Low well head flowing pressure
(WHFP) and higher drawdown can be achieved to maximize gas production. However, Production capacity
becomes limitation in LP mode where lower flow line working pressure reduces maximum allowable gas
erosional velocity, pipe vibration, and PSV capacity. Thus, flowline debottlenecking is needed to optimize
TSZ's production.

Selective switching from Low Pressure to Medium Pressure mode

Many TSZ reservoir targets accumulate in nearby area which is produced using same flow line which has
production limitation at LP mode. To cope with high productivity and strong aquifer support for shallow
reservoirs, network debottlenecking is needed. Main objective of having network debottlenecking is to
increase flow line capacity at higher network pressure so that strong wells can be unchoked to saturate the
flow line. Based on flow line review, debottlenecking can be achieved by switching from LP to MP mode
and performing close monitoring of flow line vibration. To reduce back pressure impact to low gas rate and
low WHFP wells, debottlenecking was performed only in selected GTS.

Jumperline installation
In other cases, switching to higher pressure production mode cannot be performed due to having many
weak wells still producing with good gas rates. To avoid killing weak wells due to back pressure in higher
production mode, jumper line was proposed as solution to this case (Fig. 13). Jumper line could increase
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flow line capacity by joining two different flow lines with minimum modification and low cost. Total of 9
jumper lines have been put on service.

Figure 13—Jumperline Network Installation

Conclusions
Initially considered as geo-hazard, the first Tunu shallow development was firstly launched in 2009 to
sustain future Tunu & Mahakam production. The use of 3D seismic is proven to be the key development
with more than 160 seismic driven wells drilled and significant success ratio. A 3D full field potential
gas geobody inventory was created using available 1500 sqkm seismic dataset. By having this geobody
inventory, a map of sweet spots is produced to guide interpreters in indentifying the next commercial shallow
by also integrating drilling and surface constrains.
Supported by the satisfactory performances, SLA wells become a verypromisingarchitecture for marginal
reserves of future Tunu Shallow Development ensuring sustainable drilling operations in Tunu field.
Furthermore, the well productivity shows the effectiveness and reliability of sand consolidation to maintain
acceptable sand control performance. This integrated innovation has been successful in delivering a robust
and lucrative well design. The combined effort ofmétiers to create the synergy has also been the main
highlight on the overall value of the project.
Good inventory and more wells to be produced, network debottlenecking demand will keep increasingin
order to boost Tunu production. Well planned network debottlenecking job is needed and has been
successfully achieved by selective switching LP to MP and jumperline installation. With all these efforts,
TSZ has helped to maintain Tunu Field productionin the past few years.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank SKK MIGAS, INPEX, and Total E&P Indonesie for permission to publish
this paper. Our biggest gratitude is given to Tunu Shallow G&G and Reservoir teams.
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References
Basa, R. C., Prabowo, D., Sugiharto, D., Brahmantio, R., 2017, From Hazard To Full Scale Development: Seismic
Interpretation Method To Unlock Shallow Gas Potentials In Tunu Field, Mahakam : Proceedings of Indonesian
Petroleum Association, 41st Annual Convention & Exhibition.
Rengifo, R., Yoga, T., Cibaj, I., 2012, Tunu Shallow Gas Combine Traps, from Drilling Hazard to Massive Successful
Development: Proceedings of Indonesian Petroleum Association, 36th Annual Convention.