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The metre is defined as the distance travelled by light in 1299, 792, 458 second. Why didn't
people choose some easier number such as 1300, 000, 000 second? Why not 1 second?
ANSWER:
Then time taken by light to cover a distance of 1 metre in vacuum = 1299, 792, 458 s
Hence, the metre is defined as the distance travelled by light in 1299, 792, 458 s.
As 300,000,000 m/s is an approximate speed of light in vacuum, it cannot be used to define the
metre.
The distance travelled by light in one second is 299,792,458 m. This is a large quantity and
cannot be used as a base unit. So, the metre is not defined in terms of second.
Page No 8:
Question 2:
(c) the ratio of the volume of a cube of edge a to the volume of a sphere of radius a?
ANSWER:
i.e., [V] = L × L × L = L3
(b) Volume of a sphere of radius a, V=43π(a)3
i.e., [V] = L × L × L = L3
(c) The ratio of the volume of the cube to the volume of the sphere is a dimensionless quantity.
Page No 9:
Question 3:
Suppose you are told that the linear size of everything in the universe has been doubled
overnight. Can you test this statement by measuring sizes with a metre stick? Can you test it by
using the fact that the speed of light is a universal constant and has not changed? What will
happen if all the clocks in the universe also start running at half the speed?
ANSWER:
The validity of this statement cannot be tested by measuring sizes with a metre stick, because
the size of the metre stick has also got doubled overnight.
Yes, it can be verified by using the fact that speed of light is a universal constant and has not
changed.
If the linear size of everything in the universe is doubled and all the clocks in the universe starts
running at half the speed, then we cannot test the validity of this statement by any method.
Page No 9:
Question 4:
If all the terms in an equation have same units, is it necessary that they have same dimensions?
If all the terms in an equation have same dimensions, is it necessary that they have same units?
ANSWER:
Yes, if all the terms in an equation have the same units, it is necessary that they have the same
dimension.
No, if all the terms in an equation have the same dimensions, it is not necessary that they have
the same unit. It is because two quantities with different units can have the same dimension, but
two quantities with different dimensions cannot have the same unit. For example angular
frequency and frequency, both have the dimensions [T−1] but units of angular frequency is
rad/s and frequency is Hertz.Another example is energy per unit volume and pressure.Both have
the dimensions of [ML−1T−2] but units of pressure is N/m2 and that of energy per unit volume
is J/m3
Page No 9:
Question 5:
If two quantities have same dimensions, do they represent same physical content?
ANSWER:
No, even if two quantities have the same dimensions, they may represent different physical
contents.
Example: Torque and energy have the same dimension, but they represent different physical
contents.
Page No 9:
Question 6:
It is desirable that the standards of units be easily available, invariable, indestructible and easily
reproducible. If we use foot of a person as a standard unit of length, which of the above features
are present and which are not?
ANSWER:
If we use the foot of a person as a standard unit of length,features that will not be present are
variability, destructibility and reproducible nature and the feature that will be present is the
availability of the foot of a person to measure any length.
Page No 9:
Question 7:
ANSWER:
(a) The thickness of a sheet of paper can roughly be determined by measuring the height of a
stack of paper.
Example: Let us consider a stack of 100 sheets of paper. We will use a ruler to measure its height.
In order to determine the thickness of a sheet of paper, we will divide the height of the stack
with the number of sheets (i.e., 100).
(b) The distance between the Sun and the Moon can be measured by using Pythagoras theorem
when the Earth makes an angle of 90∘ with the Sun and the Moon. We already know the
distances from the Sun to the Earth and from the Earth to the Moon. However, these distances
keep on changing due to the revolution of the Moon around the Earth and the revolution of the
Earth around the Sun.
Page No 9:
Question 1:
Which of the following sets cannot enter into the list of fundamental quantities in any system of
units?
We define length and time separately as it is not possible to define velocity without using these
quantities. This means that one fundamental quantity depends on the other. So, these quantities
cannot be listed as fundamental quantities in any system of units.
Page No 9:
Question 2:
A physical quantity is measured and the result is expressed as nu where u is the unit used and n
is the numerical value. If the result is expressed in various units then
(a) n ∝ size of u
(b) n ∝ u2
(c) n ∝ u−−√
(d) n ∝ 1u.
ANSWER:
(d) n ∝ 1u
The larger the unit used to express the physical quantity, the lesser will be the numerical value.
Example:
Here, g (gram) is the larger quantity as compared to mg (milligram), but the numerical value
used with gram is lesser than the numerical value used with milligram.
Page No 9:
Question 3:
Suppose a quantity x can be dimensionally represented in terms of M, L and T, that is, [x]=Ma Lb
Tc. The quantity mass
ANSWER:
Page No 9:
Question 4:
A dimensionless quantity
ANSWER:
(a) may have a unit
Page No 9:
Question 5:
A unitless quantity
ANSWER:
Page No 9:
Question 6:
∫dx2ax−x2√=an sin−1[xa−1].
The value of n is
(a) 0
(b) −1
(c) 1
(d) none of these.
ANSWER:
(a) 0
[ax] = [x2]
Page No 9:
Question 1:
(c) pressure
ANSWER:
(c) pressure
From the above, we can see that pressure and energy per unit volume have the same dimension,
i.e., ML−1 T−2.
Page No 9:
Question 2:
ANSWER:
It is not possible that a dimensionally incorrect equation is correct. All the other situations are
possible.
Page No 9:
Question 3:
(b) A base quantity cannot be represented dimensionally in terms of the rest of the base
quantities.
(c) The dimensions of a base quantity in other base quantities is always zero.
(d) The dimension of a derived quantity is never zero in any base quantity.
ANSWER:
(a) All quantities may be represented dimensionally in terms of the base quantities.
(b) A base quantity cannot be represented dimensionally in terms of the rest of the base
quantities.
(c) The dimensions of a base quantity in other base quantities is always zero.
Statement (d) is not correct because A derived quantity can exist which is dimensionless for
example fine structure constant which is given by
α=2πe2hc=1137where e is the electric charge and c is the speed of light and h is Planks
constant.α is a derived quantity and is dimensionless.
Page No 9:
Question 1:
(c) pressure.
ANSWER:
Page No 9:
Question 2:
ANSWER:
Page No 10:
Question 3:
ANSWER:
Here, [F]=[MLT−2], [q]=[AT] and [v]=[LT−1] So, dimension of magnetic field, [B] =[MLT−2][AT]
[LT−1]=[ML0T−2A−1]
Page No 10:
Question 4:
ANSWER:
Here, A = [L2]
∴ Dimension of magnetic dipole moment = [L2A]
Page No 10:
Question 5:
Find the dimensions of Planck's constant h from the equation E = hv where E is the energy and v
is the frequency.
ANSWER:
Page No 10:
Question 6:
ANSWER:
So, [α]=[L][LK]=[K−1]
(c) Gas constant, R=PVnT
Page No 10:
Question 7:
Taking force, length and time to be the fundamental quantities, find the dimensions of
(a) density,
(b) pressure,
(d) energy.
ANSWER:
(a) Density=mv=(force/acceleration)volume
(b) Pressure=forcearea
[Area]=[L2]∴ [Pressure]=[F][L2]=[FL−2]
∴ [Momentum]=[F][LT−2]×[LT−1]=[FT]
(d) Energy=12mv2=forceacceleration×(velocity)2
∴ [Energy]=[F][LT−2]×[LT−1]2=[FL]
Page No 10:
Question 8:
Suppose the acceleration due to gravity at a place is 10 m/s2. Find its value if cm/(minute)2.
ANSWER:
Page No 10:
Question 9:
The average speed of a snail is 0⋅020 miles/ hour and that of a leopard is 70 miles/ hour. Convert
these speeds in SI units.
ANSWER:
1 mi = 1.6 km
1 km = 1000 m
Page No 10:
Question 10:
The height of mercury column in a barometer in a Calcutta laboratory was recorded to be 75 cm.
Calculate this pressure in SI and CGS units using the following data : Specific gravity of mercury =
13⋅6, Density of water=103 kg/m3, g= 9⋅8 m/s2 at Calcutta. Pressure =hρg in usual symbols.
ANSWER:
Height, h = 75 cm = 0.75 m
g = 9.8 m/s2
Page No 10:
Question 11:
ANSWER:
Page No 10:
Question 12:
The normal duration of I.Sc. Physics practical period in Indian colleges is 100 minutes. Express
this period in microcenturies. 1 microcentury = 10−6 × 100 years. How many microcenturies did
you sleep yesterday?
ANSWER:
Page No 10:
Question 13:
ANSWER:
1 dyne = 10−5 N
1 cm = 10−2 m
Page No 10:
Question 14:
The kinetic energy K of a rotating body depends on its moment of inertia I and its angular speed
ω. Assuming the relation to be K=kIaωB where k is a dimensionless constant, find a and b.
Moment of inertia of a sphere about its diameter is 25Mr2
ANSWER:
Dimensions of the quantities are [K] = [ML2T−2], [I] = [ML2] and [ω] = [T−1].
Now, dimension of the right side are [I]a = [ML2]a and [ω]b = [T−1]b.
2 = 2a
⇒a=1
And,
−2 = −b
⇒b=2
Page No 10:
Question 15:
Theory of relativity reveals that mass can be converted into energy. The energy E so obtained is
proportional to certain powers of mass m and the speed c of light. Guess a relation among the
quantities using the method of dimensions.
ANSWER:
⇒ a = 1, b = 2
∴ E = kmc2
Page No 10:
Question 16:
Let I = current through a conductor, R = its resistance and V = potential difference across its ends.
According to Ohm's law, product of two of these quantities equals the third. Obtain Ohm's law
from dimensional analysis. Dimensional formulae for R and V are ML2I−2T−3 and ML2T−3I−1
respectively.
ANSWER:
[V][R]=[ML2A−1T−3][ML2A−2T−3]=[A]
⇒ V = IR
Page No 10:
Question 17:
The frequency of vibration of a string depends on the length L between the nodes, the tension F
in the string and its mass per unit length m. Guess the expression for its frequency from
dimensional analysis.
ANSWER:
Frequency, f ∝ LaFbmc
f = kLaFbmc ...(1)
[L] = [L]
[F] = [MLT−2]
[m] = [ML−1]
b+c=0 ....(i)
a + b −c = 0 ....(ii)
−2b = −1 ....(iii)
⇒ f=kL (Fm)−−−−√
Page No 10:
Question 18:
(b) v=Pρ−−√,
ANSWER:
Density, [ρ]=[M][I]=[ML−3T0]
Since the dimensions of both sides are the same, the equation is dimensionally correct.
(b) ν=(Pρ)−−−−√
Pressure, P=[F][A]=[ML−1T−2]
Density, [ρ]=[M][V]=[ML−3T0]
Now, Pρ−−√=[[ML−1T−2][ML−3]]12=[L2T−2]1/2=[LT−1]
Since the dimensions of both sides of the equation are the same, the equation is dimensionally
correct.
Pressure, P=[F][A]=[ML−1T−2]
Coefficient of viscosity,
[η]=[F]6π[r][v]=[MLT−2][L][LT−1]=[ML−1T−1]
Since the dimensions of both sides of the equation are the same, the equation is dimensionally
correct.
(d) ν=12π(mglI)−−−−−√
Frequency, ν = [T−1]
Since the dimensions of both sides of the equation are the same, the equation is dimensionally
correct.
Page No 10:
Question 19:
ANSWER:
Dimension of the left side of the equation= [∫dx(a2−x2)√]=[∫L(L2−L2)√]=[L0]
Since the dimensions on both sides are not the same, the equation is dimensionally incorrect.