SanskritGrammar2Sandhi PDF

Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Series
Volume 2 Phonetics & Sandhi

Editor : Medhā Michika, AVG, Anaikatti
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Volume 2
Phonetics and Sandhi
Medhā Michika
AVG Anaikkatti, 2017
201
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Table of Contents
Topic I – Phonetics ( [śik ā]) 1

1. Classification of the sounds 1
Table 1: Letters/Sounds used in Sanskrit 2
A. Points of articulation (. / / [sthānāni]) 3
B. Efforts (345 [prayatnā7]) 4
2. Varieties of Vowels 6
Table 2: Variety of vowel 6
3. Similar sounds (>?@ A [savarBā7]) 7
Table 3: List of similar sounds 7
E [guBa7] and ?G H [vIddhi7]
4. D@ 8
Table 4: List of guBa and vIddhi letters 8
Topic II - MāheśvarasūtrāBi (N OPQR>ST @) 9

1. MāheśvarasūtrāBi (N OPQR>ST @) 9
Table 5: MāheśvarasūtrāBi 10
2. How to understand Table 5 11
3. Pratyāhāra7 (3Y O R ) 11
Topic III - Basics of Sandhi (> Z ) Phonetic change when two sounds meet 14
1. The Basic Concepts of > Z (sandhi7) 14
2. Three types of > Z (sandhi7) 14
3. Where to apply > Z (sandhi7) 15
Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( ?>DA> Z ) 17

Table 6: Overview of Visarga Sandhi 18
1. ] + ] ( ?_Òa > Z [śivo'hac sandhi7]) 19
g
2. ] + d/ef (]h/AE i? f > Z [arjuna uvāca sandhi7])
g @
and d + ] (D E D@P
E k E > Z [guBā guBe u sandhi7] 21
g
3. ] + O (/N_ /N > Z [namo nama7 sandhi7]) 25
g ?>DA + ] (D
4. ef + g lmA
E n > Z [gururbrahmā sandhi7]) 27
g ?>DA + o/p
5. ]f + g pa > Z [du7khac sandhi7])
g (q
g ?>DA + r/s
]f + g g (r/E r/E > Z > Z [puna≍ puna7 sandhi7]) 31
g ?>DA + other hard consonants
6. ]f +
(R Nt > Z [rāmaśca sandhi7]), /NvP > Z [namaste sandhi7]) 34
7. Practice of all visarga sandhi 37
i
Table of Contents
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (]f-> 43
Table 7: Overview of Vowel Sandhi 44
The basics of understanding PāBini-sūtras on sandhi 45
1. >?@A-w xA-> Z [savarBa-dīrgha-sandhi7] 46
E
2. D@-> Z [guBa-sandhi7] 48
3. ?G H-> Z [vIddhi-sandhi7] 51
General rule (i{DA [utsarga]) and Exception (]r? w [apavāda]) 54
g Z [yaB-sandhi7]
4. 4@-> 55
5. ]4? 4 ?-> Z [ayavāyāva-sandhi7] 57
6. }_r o~• [lopa7 śākalyasya] 60
A r-> Z [pūrvarūpa-sandhi7]
7. rS?€ 62
8. rR€r-> Z [pararūpa-sandhi7] 64
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (O}-> 65
g Z
Overview of O}-> 65
1. /}_r [na-lopa7] (8.2.7) 66
g
2. oE•N [ku-tvam] (8.2.30) 68
3. k•N [g a-tvam] (8.2.36) 70
g
4. h‚•N [jaś-tvam] (8.2.39) 71
g
5. ƒ•N [dha-tvam] (8.2.40) 73
g
6. 2nd l•N [ru-tvam] (8.2.66) 74
E R [anusvāra7] (8.3.23, 8.3.24)
7. ]/„ 75
8. …N†E -dDN
g [‡amuˆ-āgama7] (8.3.32) 77
g
9. NSƒ A‰•N [mūrdhanya-tvam] (8.3.59) 78
g
10. @•N [Ba-tvam] (8.4.1, 8.4.2) 79
11. t•N g •
E /Š g
E N [ścu-tvam/ û-tvam] (8.4.40, 8.4.41) 81
12. ]//E >o [anunāsika7] (8.4.45) 84
g
13. h‚•N [jaś-tvam] (8.4.53) 85
g
14. f•AN [car-tvam] (8.4.55, 8.4.56) 87
15. rR>?@A [parasavarBa7] (8.4.58) 89
16. ‹_ }A [torli] (8.4.60) 89
g
17. Œ4_ O_`‰‹R• N [jhayo ho'nyatarasyām] (8.4.62) 90
18. ‚•_` † [śaśco'î] (8.4.63) 91
ii
Topic I – Phonetics ( [śik ā])
Topic I
Phonetics
[śik ā]
[śik ā], phonetics, comes first among the ?Pw-kŽ g-]• / [veda- a•-a‡gāni], six
limbs or disciplines auxiliary to the study of Veda. Because the teaching tradition is o@A-
rR‘R [karBa-paramparā] (orally passed down), before studying any other disciplines it is
very important to be aware of how the sounds are produced by the organ of speech before
studying any other disciplines. As > Z [sandhi] deals with phonetic changes, [śik ā] is
very much relevant and thus should be understood properly by students.
1. Classification of the sounds
As seen in Table 1, all the sounds used in Sanskrit are classified in terms of two
aspects.
A. Points of articulation (. / / [sthānāni])
There are six points of articulation.
1. Throat, 2. Palate, 3. Roof, 4. Teeth, 5. Lips, 6. Nose
B. Efforts of pronunciation (345 [prayatnā7])
There are two types of efforts:
i. Internal efforts, which are made before pronunciation
1. Contacted, 2. Slightly contacted, 3. Slightly open, 4. Open, 5. Tight
ii. External efforts, which are made during pronunciation
Soft or hard
Aspirated or non-aspirated
Accents
Details follow after the table.
1
Table 1: Letters/Sounds used in Sanskrit
Slightly
B. Efforts Contacted contacted
Slightly open Open
Hard Soft Hard Soft
A. Points Non-
Aspirate
Non-
Aspirate Non-aspirate Aspirate
aspirate aspirate
(Names of
1st of the 2nd of the 3rd of the 4th of the 5th / Semi
sounds by the point) class class class class (Nasals) vowels
Sibilants Vowels
Throat o p D x … O ]*/d
(Gutturals) ka kha ga gha a ha a/ā
Palate f • h Œ – 4 e/—
(Palatals) ca cha ja jha ña ya śa i/ī
Roof † ˜ Ž ™ @ R k š/›
(Cerebrals) a ha a ha a ra a /
Teeth ‹ œ w ƒ / } > •
(Dentals) ta tha da dha na la sa $
Lips r s ž Ÿ N ? ** i/
(Labials) pa pha ba bha ma va u/ū
Throat & palate (gutturo-palatals) – ¢ e, £ ai Throat (guttural) – ] 7 Nose (nasal) – ]a c (anusvāra7)
Throat & lips (gutturo-labials) – ¤ o, ¥ au * Effort of ] a – Tight ** Teeth & lips (dento-labial) – ? va
2
A. Points of articulation (. / / [sthānāni])
1. Throat (o¦˜ [kaBˆha7])

2. Palate (‹ § [tālu])
3. Roof (NSƒ A [mūrdhā])
4. Teeth (w¨ [dantā7])
5. Lips (¤©ª [o ˆhau])
6. Nose (/ >o [nāsikā])
Names of sounds pronounced from each point:

1. Gutturals (o¦« [kaBthyā7]) are the sounds pronounced from the throat.
2. Palatals (‹ }¬ [tālavyā7]) are the sounds pronounced from the palate.
A
3. Cerebrals (NSƒ‰ [mūrdhanyā7]) are the sounds pronounced from the roof.
4. Dentals (w- [dantyā7]) are the sounds pronounced from the teeth.
5. Labials (¤® [o ˆhyā7]) are the sounds pronounced from the lips.
6. Nasals (]//E >o [anunāsikā7]) are the sounds pronounced from the nose.
The classes (?D A [vargā7])

25 (5 x 5) consonants are classified into five classes corresponding to five points of
articulation.
1. Five gutturals o,g p, g D, g x, g … g are classified to o-?DA [ka-varga7], or oE [ku].
2. Five palatals f, g • g, h, g Œ, g – are
g classified to f-?DA [ca-varga7], or f E [cu].
g
3. Five cerebrals † g, ˜ g, Ž g, ™,g @ are classified to †-?DA [â-varga7], or †E [û].
4. Five dentals ‹, g œ, g w g, ƒ, g / are
g classified to ‹-?DA [ta-varga7], or ‹ E [tu].
5. Five labials r, g s,g ž, g Ÿ, g N are
g classified to r-?DA [pa-varga7], or r E [pu].
3
B. Efforts (345 [prayatnā7])

Efforts are twofold: i. Internal efforts and ii. External efforts
i. Internal efforts
Internal efforts are made before pronunciation takes place.
There are five types of internal efforts according to how the points of articulation
are closed or opened. They are indicated in the top line of Table 1.
1. Contacted
• g
The . / [sthāna] is fully touched (°GŠN [spI âm])
• Sounds with such effort are the 25 consonants belonging to the five classes (o-
?DA , f-?DA , †-?DA , ‹-?DA , and r-?DA ), and they are called “5 x 5 consonants”, or
° A [sparśā7].
2. Slightly contacted
• g ŠN [ī
The . / [sthāna] is slightly contacted/touched (—k‹-°G g at-spI âm]).
• Sounds with such effort are 4, g ?, g R,g and },g and they are called semi-vowels, or
]¨ . [anta7sthā7].
3. Slightly open
• g at-vivItam]).
The . / [sthāna] is slightly open (—kw g- ??G‹N [ī
• Sounds with such effort are , g k, g >, g and O g, and they are called sibilants, or
³ @ [ū māBa7].
4. Open
• g
The . / [sthāna] is open ( ??G‹N [vivItam]).
• Sounds with such effort are d, e, —, i, , š, ›, •, ¢, £, ¤, and ¥, and they are
called vowels, or „R [svarā7].
5. Tight
• Only for the short ], the . / [sthāna] is tight (>a?‹ g
G N [sacvItam]).
4
ii. External efforts

External efforts are made during pronunciation. They are divided into three
categories.
Category 1: Soft/hard distinction among consonants

• Soft consonants
Vocal cord is vibrating while pronouncing soft consonants.
3rd, 4th, and 5th of the classes, semi-vowels, and O g are soft consonants.
• Hard consonants
Vocal cord is not vibrating while pronouncing hard consonants.
1st and 2nd of the classes, and , g k, g > are
g hard consonants.
Category 2: Aspirated/non-aspirated distinction among consonants

• Aspirated consonants (NO -3 @ [mahā-prāBā7])
Air is felt moving forcefully past the lips while pronouncing aspirated
consonants.
2nd and 4th of the classes, and sibilants are aspirated consonants.
• Non-aspirated consonants (]´-3 @ [alpa-prāBā7])
Almost no air moves past the lips while pronouncing non-aspirated
consonants.
1st, 3rd and 5th of the classes, and semi-vowels are non-aspirated consonants.
Category 3: Accents on vowels

• Middle
• Low
• High
5
2. Varieties of Vowels
Vowels vary in relation to 3 factors:
• Length
1. Short (µ„ [hrasva7]) = 1 count (1 N T [mātrā]) e.g., ], e, i
2. Long (w x A [dīrgha7]) = 2 counts (2 N T s) e.g., d, —,
3. Elongated (· E‹ [pluta7]) = 3 counts (3 N T s) e.g., d¸, —¸, ¸
• Accent
1. Middle (iw ¹ [udātta7]) e.g., ], d, e, —
2. Lower (]/wE ¹ [anudātta7]) e.g., ]º , dº, e,º —º
3. Higher („ R‹ [svarita7]) e.g., ]», d», e» , —¼
• Nasalized or non-nasalized
1. Nasalized (]//E >o [anunāsika7]) e.g., ]¾, d¾, …,g /, g N, g ]a (]/„
E R)
2. Non-nasalized (]///E >o [ananunāsika7]) e.g., ], d, o,g ‹, g r g
] has 18 varieties. (3 lengths x 3 accents x 2 (nasalized and non-nasalized))
Table 2: Variety of vowel
]///E >o ]//E >o

µ„ w xA · E‹ µ„ w xA · E‹
iw ¹ ] d d¸ ]¾ d¾ d¾¸
„ R‹ ]» d» d»¸ ]¾ » d¾ » d¾ »¸
]/wE ¹ ]º dº dº¸ ]¾º d¾º d¾º¸
Similarly, e and i have 18 varieties.
š and • are considered to be >?@A (similar sound, see the next section) to each other.
Thus, they both have 30 varieties. (š has 18 = 3 lengths x 3 accents x 2, and • has 12 = 2
lengths x 3 accents x 2, because of the absence of w x A)
¢, ¤, £, ¥ have 12 varieties (2 lengths x 3 accents x 2, because of the absence of µ„).
6
3. Similar sounds (>?@ A [savarBā7])
Sounds are considered similar, >?@A [savarBa], to each other when their points of
articulation (. / [sthāna]) and internal efforts are the same.
Table 3: List of similar sounds
These sounds are Point of articulation Internal effort

>?@As to each other g
(. /N [sthānam]) (345 [prayatna7])
18 varieties of ] o¦˜ [kaBˆha7] ??G‹ [vivIta7]
18 varieties of e ‹ § [tālu] ??G‹ [vivIta7]
18 varieties of i ¤©ª [o ˆhau] ??G‹ [vivIta7]
18 varieties of š and NSƒ A [mūrdhā] ??G‹ [vivIta7]
12 varieties of • w¨ [dantā7] ??G‹ [vivIta7]
12 varieties of ¢ o¦˜‹ § [kaBˆhatālu] ??G‹ [vivIta7]
12 varieties of ¤ g
o¦˜_©N [kaBˆho ˆham] ??G‹ [vivIta7]
12 varieties of £ o¦˜‹ § [kaBˆhatālu] ??G‹ [vivIta7]
12 varieties of ¥ g
o¦˜_©N [kaBˆho ˆham] ??G‹ [vivIta7]
(O g has no >?@A) o¦˜ [kaBˆha7] —k ¿?G‹ [ī advivIta7]
g
4 and 4¾ g ‹ § [tālu] —kÀGŠ [ī atspI â7]
g
? and ?¾ g g
w¨_©N [danto ˆham] —kÀGŠ [ī atspI â7]
(R ghas no >?@A) NSƒ A [mūrdhā] —kÀGŠ [ī atspI â7]
} g and }¾ g w¨ [dantā7] —kÀGŠ [ī atspI â7]
g …
g x
og p D g g o¦˜ [kaBˆha7] °GŠ [spI â7]
g gh Œ
f• g –g g ‹ § [tālu] °GŠ [spI â7]
† g ˜ g Ž g ™ g@ g NSƒ A [mūrdhā] °GŠ [spI â7]
g wg g ƒ /g g
‹œ w¨ [dantā7] °GŠ [spI â7]
rs g N
g gž Ÿ g g ¤©ª [o ˆhau] °GŠ [spI â7]
g
( has no >?@A) ‹ § [tālu] —k ¿?G‹ [ī advivIta7]
g
(k has no >?@A) NSƒ A [mūrdhā] —k ¿?G‹ [ī advivIta7]
g
(> has no >?@A) w¨ [dantā7] —k ¿?G‹ [ī advivIta7]
7
E [guBa7] and ?G H [vIddhi7]

4. D@
E [guBa7] and ?G H [vIddhi7] are technical names assigned to certain vowels in

D@
order to facilitate explanations of certain grammatical operations.
• E [guBa7]
], ¢, ¤ are termed D@
• d, £, ¥ are termed ?G H [vIddhi7]
Table 4: List of guBa and vIddhi letters
] [a] ¢ [e] ¤ [o]

E (guBa7)
D@
(guttural) (gutturo-palatal) (gutturo-labial)
d [ā] £ [ai] ¥ [au]

?G H (vIddhi7)
(guttural) (gutturo-palatal) (gutturo-labial)
These terms are used mainly for explanations of two types of changes:
• in the change of sounds when two sounds meet. (sandhi rules).
• in the change of stems when suffixes are added to them.
Assignment I:
Add these important words to your Sanskrit vocabulary:
6 . /s: o¦˜ , ‹ §, NSƒ ,A w¨ , ¤©ª, / >o
A , w- , ¤® , ]//E >o
6 types of sounds: o¦« , ‹ }¬ , NSƒ‰
5 classes: o-?DA , f-?DA . †-?DA , ‹-?DA , r-?DA
NO -3 @ , ]´-3 @ , µ„ , w x A , · E‹ , ]//E >o , ]///E >o
8
Topic II – MāheśvarasūtrāBi (N OPQR>ST @)
Topic II
MāheśvarasūtrāBi
N OPQR>ST @
1. MāheśvarasūtrāBi (N OPQR>ST @)
Sage PāBini is said to have received fourteen sūtras, which are called N OPQR>ST @
[māheśvarasūtrāBi] directly from the Lord Śiva. They are:
]œ N OPQR>ST @ [atha māheśvarasūtrāBi]

Now Māheśvarasūtras begin.
1. ] e i @ Âg 6. }¾ @ Âg 11. p s • ˜ œ f † ‹ ? Âg
2. š • o g Â 7. – N … @ / N Âg 12. o r 4 Âg
3. ¢ ¤ … g Â 8. Œ Ÿ – Âg 13. k > R Âg
4. £ ¥ f Âg 9. x ™ ƒ k Âg 14. O} g Ã
5. O 4 ? R † g Â 10. h ž D Ž w Âg
e ‹ N OPQR @ >ST @ Â [iti māheśvarāBi sūtrāBi]

Thus Māheśvarasūtras are completed.
All the sounds used in Sanskrit language are represented by these fourteen sūtras.
From O in the 5th sūtra onwards, only the consonants are intended. ] is added just
for pronunciation.
g
The last consonant of each sūtra is termed e‹ [it]. g letters are known as
e‹ [it]
indicatory letters. Their purpose is discussed in the following section.
9
The letters in N OPQR>STs are arranged for making 3Y O Rs [pratyāhāra]s,

abbreviations, for groups of letters. This arrangement is easily understood in Table 5.
Table 5: MāheśvarasūtrāBi
] e i @ g š • og
V Simple
O vowels
W
E
L
S
Diphthongs
¢ ¤ …g £ ¥ f g
O 4 ? R † g }¾ @ g
O+
Semivowels
– N … @ / Ng
5th of the class
S (= Nasals)
O
F
Œ Ÿ – gx ™ ƒ k g
C
O T 4th of the class
N
S
O
N
3rd of the class
h ž D Ž w g
A
p s • ˜ œ
N
T 2nd of the class
S H
A
R
D
1st of the class
f † ‹ ?g o r 4g
Sibilants k > Rg O }g
g letters are circled. e‹ letters
In the table, e‹ [it] g in N OPQR>ST @ [māheśvarasūtrāBi] are
indicatory for making 3Y O R [pratyāhāra7], abbreviations which are to be discussed next.
Assignment II:
• Try to memorize N OPQR>ST @ [māheśvarasūtrāBi] while being aware of the points of
articulation (. / / [sthānāni]) of each sound.
• Help others to memorize N OPQR>ST @ [māheśvarasūtrāBi].
10
2. How to understand Table 5
In Table 5, the 14 N OPQR>STs are separated into rows in the original order. Each row
g letters.)
contains either 4 or 5 letters (excluding e‹ [it]
• Vowels appear in the first two rows.
o Simple vowels are in the first row.
o Diphthongs are in the second row.
• Consonants
o Semivowels are in the third row.
o 5 x 5 consonants are listed from 5th of the classes in descending order.
o Sibilants are in the last row.
o O appears twice.
3. Pratyāhāra7 (3Y O R )
The N OPQR>ST @ [māheśvarasūtrāBi] are arranged in such a way that 3Y O Rs

[pratyāhārā]s, abbreviations for specific groups of letters, can be made from them.
Each 3Y O R [pratyāhāra7] consists of two letters;
• The first indicates the beginning letter of the group denoted by the 3Y O R
• g letter, purely for indicating the end of the denoted
The second is an e‹ [it]
group of letters
In this manner, each 3Y O R denotes the group of letters starting from the first letter
g
of the 3Y O R, and ending with but not including the final e‹ letter.
For example, ]o g is a 3Y O R for all the letters starting from ] and ending with, but
g
not including, the e‹ letter o g (i.e. ], e, i, š, •.)
How the arrangement of N OPQR>STs in Table 5 allows the contents of a 3Y O R to be
found quickly:
For example, in a 3Y O R Œ4 :g
• The first letter is Œ, the 4th of the class.
• g
The e‹ letter is 4, g at the end of 1st of the classes.
11
g understood as all the letters from

By this, the group of letters abbreviated as Œ4 is
4th of the classes down to 1st of the classes.
= Exercise =
1. List the 3Y O R for the following:
All vowels = ______ All consonants = ______
All simple vowels = ______ All soft consonants = ______
All diphthongs = ______ All hard consonants = ______
All letters = ______ All sibilants = ______
2. List the number of letters, types of letters, and letters of the following 3Y O Rs:
]o g _ 5_ _All the simple vowels ________ _], e, i, š, • _________
]f g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
]@ *g 1 ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
]@ *g 2 ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
]† g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
eo g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
ef g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
e@ *g 3 ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
¢… g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
¢f g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
£f g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
pR g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
fR g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
h g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
Œ} g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
12
Œ g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
4@ g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
O g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
O} g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
]} g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________
g usually formed with the first @. g

* 1 ]@ is
g formed with the second @. g

* 2 There is only one PāBini-sūtra in which ]@ is
g always formed with the second @. g

* 3 e@ is
Special notes:
g
]@ (with the second @)g in N OPQR>STs represents all of the >?@As. Thus, ] in N OPQR>ST
represents all the 18 >?@As of ]. Similarly, 4 in N OPQR>ST represents both nasal and non-nasal
4. g Refer back to Table 3: List of similar sounds for details.
There are certain ways to present vowels to convey restriction in length of the
sound. For example:
• To convey only the 6 varieties of short (µ„ [hrasva]) ], the words “]‹”g or “]o R ” are
used.
• To convey only the 6 varieties of long (w x A [dīrgha]) d, the words “d‹”g or “do R ” are
used.
• To convey all 18 varieties of ], the words “]” or “]?@A ” are used.
13
Topic III – Basics of Sandhi (> Z ) - Phonetic change when two sounds meet
Topic III
Basics of Sandhi (> Z )
Phonetic change when two sounds meet
The Basic Concepts of > Z (sandhi)
The word > Z [sandhi] literally means “connection” of two things.

As a grammatical term, > Z is a phonetic change which takes place when two sounds
come in contact.
> Z is purely phonetic. Even when words are phonetically joined by sandhi, and
written without a space between them, the meaning of each word is not affected. They do not
become one word.
> Z is different from >N > [samāsa]. >N >is a compound, where meaningfully
connected words join to become one compound word. > Z can take place between any
words which come into contact, not just words within a >N >.
Three types of > Z (sandhi)
> Z is classified into three categories, based on the type of sound that is replaced.
They are:
1. Visarga sandhi ( ?>DA-> Z [visarga-sandhi7])
Regulations of phonetic change where visarga is replaced.
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
2. Vowel sandhi (]f->
Regulations of phonetic change where vowel (]f)g is replaced.
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
3. Consonant sandhi (O}->
Regulations of phonetic change where consonant (O})g is replaced.
14
Where to apply > Z (sandhi)
> Z is to be applied to either a letter which is not at the end of a word (]rw ¨
[apadānta]) or a letter which is at the end of a word (rw ¨ [padānta]).
The following explanation will be useful to understand where to apply > Z.
E
As for the terminology used here, such as rw, >ž¨-rw, ‹…¨-rw, ir>DA, ƒ ‹,E >N >, and
? Ç, their concepts are explained in detail in Volume 1.
1) > Z within a word (rw)

g
Here, rw means either >rE -ending E
(>ž¨) or ‹…-g ending ( ‹…¨) word. If there are letters
which are subject to > Z (phonetic change) within a rw, that > Z is compulsory.
Note that the first letter of the two is called ]rw ¨ (not at the end of rw).
E
>ž¨ or ‹…¨ rw
letter letter
>Z
2) > Z between ir>DA and ƒ ‹ E

ir>DA is a particle meaningfully connected to a ƒ ‹ E and is placed before the ƒ ‹.E ir>DA
is considered to be a rw by itself. ƒ ‹ E here is suffixed by ‹…,g hence becoming a ‹…¨-rw.
When a > Z is applicable between the last letter of an ir>DA and the first letter of a ƒ ‹,E
that > Z is compulsory.
ir>DA (rw) letter letter ƒ ‹ E ( ‹…¨-rw)
>Z
15
3) > Z in a compound (>N >)

E
Two or more >ž¨-rws can be compounded into one 3 ‹r wo. Such 3 ‹r wo is called
>N >.
E
When a > Z is applicable between the last letter of a >ž¨-rw and the first letter of the
E
following >ž¨-rw within a >N >, that > Z is compulsory.
E
Note that even in a compound, the last letter of each >ž¨-rw is called rw ¨ (at the end
of rw).
>N > (compound)
E
>ž¨-rw letter letter E
>ž¨-rw
>Z
4) > Z between words (rws) in a sentence

E
When a > Z is applicable between the last letter of a >ž¨-rw and the first letter of the
E
following >ž¨-rw within a sentence, that > Z is compulsory. However, if the speaker gives a
pause at the end of a given word, which results in breaking the flow, the > Z is not applied.
? Ç (sentence)
E
>ž¨-rw E
>ž¨-rw
letter letter
or ‹…¨-rw or ‹…¨-rw
>Z
16
Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( ?>DA-> Z )
Topic IV
Visarga Sandhi
( ?>DA> Z )
?>DA [visarga] is the aspirated guttural sound which is represented by “:” or “7”.
When immediately followed by a sound, the ?>DA may change into another sound. This
change is called ?>DA-> Z [visarga-sandhi].
This change of the ?>DA is determined by the sound which precedes the ?>DA and the
sound which follows the ?>DA. Since ?>DA comes only after vowels, the sound which precedes
(rS? A [pūrva]) will be one of the nine vowels. The sound which follows (rR [para]) the ?>DA can
be any letter.
rS? A sound rR sound

?>DA
(only vowel) (any sound)
substitute
Table 6: Overview of Visarga Sandhi shows every possible combination of rS? A and rR
sounds for ?>DA. The corresponding change to the ?>DA is shown on the table at the
intersections of the rS? A and rR sounds. These changes are grouped into six areas. These areas
are numbered #1, #2, etc. and are given nicknames based on their typical examples. Each area
is explained with examples in the following section.
?>DA is also called ?>hA/ 4 [visarjanīya].
17
Table 6: Overview of Visarga Sandhi
rR pR g(hard consonants)
d / ef g O g
] (vowels other (soft consonants)
g pg g g/ g
than ]) o/ f/• † g/˜ g/k g g />
‹/œ g g g g
r/s
rS? A Rg (guttural) (palatal) (cerebral) (dental) (labial)
#1 #2 #3 R gnot born of l¾ #5 #6 #6 #6 #5
] hÉ NS} 4 irÊ / 4
¤` ] (visarga ¤ }_r & w x A on g kg >g
or or
- ?_ÒNÂg drops) - /N_ /N Â rS? A ]@ g ?>hA/ 4: ?>hA/ 4:
- ]h/AE i? fÂ [namo - q pNÂg - R NtÂ - R NŠ o‹PÂ - /NvPÂ - r/E r/E Â
[śivo'ham] - r/E RN‹PÂ
[arjuna uvāca] nama7] [du7kham] [rāmaśca] [namaste] [puna≍
puna7]
- N/_Rœ Â
Optional ?>hA/ 4: when R gfollows
d #2 d (visarga drops) - ¨ ¨ ¨Â
E D@P
E kÂE [guBā guBe u] - N/ k© /Â
- h/ dDË ¨Â D@
- 4 > NOPQR Â
ef g #4 R g }_r & w x A on
E wÂ
- DlR E ?Â
- DlRP E nÂ
- DlmA rS? A ]@ g If pR gis followed by R,g only ?>hA/ 4: - >Nq p>p
E NÂ
[gururādi7] [gururbrahmā] - w Rœ R N Â
(excep-
tion) ¤` ]
> /¢k - >_ÒN Âg E Â - ¢k rlk
- > ¢?Â - > rlk E Â
[so'ham]
18
1. ] + ] ( ?_Òa > Z [śivo'hac sandhi7])
rS? A letter rR letter

#1 in the table :
]a ]a
] + ] [a7 + a]
= ¤` [o']
¤`
When a ?>DA is preceded by short ], and followed by short ], all together they
become ”¤`”.
e.g. 1) ? ]ON Âg e.g. 2) /N ]v E Â

= ?_ÒN Âg = /N_`v E Â
śiva aham | nama astu |

= śivo'ham | = namo'stu |
= Exercise =
1) Resolve the ?>DA sandhi.
1. 3œN_`Ì 4 = + g
2. }_o_`4N = +
1. prathamo'dhyāya5 = + 2. loko'yam = +
3. ]h_` r = + g
4. wP O/_` Í/ = +
3. ajo'pi = + 4. dehino'smin = +
5. g
Q‹_`4N = + 6. /N_`v E = +
5. śāśvato'yam = + 6. namo'stu = +
7. ‹GÎ_ÒN=g + 8. 3@‹_` Í = +
7. t pto'ham= + 8. pra ato'smi = +
9. ¢o_` v = + 10. R>_` r = +

9. eko'sti = + 10. raso'pi = +
19
11. oS †._` R = + 12. ]‹_` Í = +

11. kū astho'k ara5 = + 12. ato'smi = +
2) Apply the ?>DA sandhi rule.
1. Ï_ƒ ] Ÿh 4‹P = 2. rÐw ]Ì 4 =

1. krodha5 abhijāyate = 2. pañcadaśa5 adhyāya5 =
E
3. rlk ]Ñ‹PE = 4. oNA@ ]‰T =
3. puru a5 aśnute = 4. karma a5 anyatra =
g
5. rS@ A ]ON = 6. ŸÒ ] > =
5. pūr a5 aham = 6. bhakta5 asi =
g
7. oE‹ ]4N = 8. > NH ] Ó =
7. kuta5 ayam = 8. samiddha5 agni5 =
9. /N ]v E = 10. .‹ ] Í =
9. nama5 astu = 10. sthita5 asmi =
11. 4 ]? ‹© ‹ = 12. 34 ] > =

11. ya5 avati hati = 12. priya5 asi =
13. o ]‰ ] v = 14. ‹NE } g

E ]Ÿ?‹ =
13. ka5 anya5 asti = 14. tumula5 abhavat =
20
g
2. ] + d/ef (]h/AE i? f > Z [arjuna uvāca sandhi7])
g @
and d + ] (D E D@P
E k E > Z [guBā guBe u sandhi7]

#2 (Elision of Visarga) :
] [a] g
d/ef [ā/ic]
] + d/ef g [a7 + ā/ic]
= ] + d/ef g [a + ā/ic] Elision
g
When a ?>DA is preceded by short ], and followed by d/ef (any vowel other than
short ]), the ?>DA is elided.
e.g. 1) ]h/AE dDË ‹ Â e.g. 2) ]h/AE eË ‹ Â

= ]h/AE dDË ‹ Â = ]h/AE eË ‹ Â
arjuna āgacchati | arjuna icchati |
= arjuna āgacchati | = arjuna icchati |
e.g. 3) ]h/AE — ‹P Â e.g. 4) ]h/AE i? f Â

= ]h/AE — ‹P Â = ]h/AE i? f Â
arjuna īk ate | arjuna uvāca |
= arjuna īk ate | = arjuna uvāca |
e.g. 5) ]h/AE šË ‹ Â e.g. 6) ]h/AE ¢? Â

= ]h/AE šË ‹ Â = ]h/AE ¢? Â
arjuna cchati | arjuna eva |
= arjuna cchati | = arjuna eva |
e.g. 7) ]h/AE £ ‹ Â e.g. 8) ]h/AE ¥k ƒ Â

= ]h/AE £ ‹ Â = ]h/AE ¥k ƒ Â
arjuna aik ata | arjuna au adhi5 |
= arjuna aik ata | = arjuna au adhi5 |
21
= Exercise =
1) Apply ?>DA sandhi rule.
1. R N + dÔ_ ‹ = 2. R N + eË ‹ =
1. rāma5 + āpnoti = 2. rāma5 + icchati =
3. R N + —ÕP = 4. R N + iÖ4 ‹ =
3. rāma5 + ī e = 4. rāma5 + unnayati =
5. R N + @× ‹ = 6. R N + šË ‹ =
5. rāma5 + ūr oti = 6. rāma5 + cchati =
7. R N + ¢ƒ‹P = 8. o N + £ Oo =
7. rāma5 + edhate = 8. kāma5 + aihika5 =
9. rØ + ¤w/ = 10. 3Y4 + ¥{ DAo =

9. pakva5 + odana5 = 10. pratyaya5 + autsargika5 =
1. ]¨?¨ eNP = + 2. ]¬4 —QR = +

1. antavanta ime = + 2. avyaya īśvara5 = +
3. 4_D iÙ‹P = + 4. o N ¢k = +
3. yoga ucyate = + 4. kāma e a5 = +
22
#2 (Elision of Visarga) rS? A letter rR letter

:
d [ā] g
] [aś]
d +] g [ā7 + ā/ic]
=d +] g [ā + ā/ic]
Elision
g
When a ?>DA is preceded by d, and followed by ] (all the vowels and soft
consonants), the ?>DA is elided.
e.g. 1) wP? ]• ¨ Â e.g. 2) wP? dDË ¨ Â

= wP? ]• ¨ Â = wP? dDË ¨ Â
devā asyanti | devā āgacchanti |
= devā asyanti | = devā āgacchanti |
e.g. 3) wP? eË ¨ Â e.g. 4) wP? iÙ¨P Â

= wP? eË ¨ Â = wP? iÙ¨P Â
devā icchanti | devā ucyante |
= devā icchanti | = devā ucyante |
e.g. 5) wP? šË ¨ Â e.g. 6) wP? ¢? Â

= wP? šË ¨ Â = wP? ¢? Â
devā cchanti | devā eva |
= devā cchanti | = devā eva |
e.g. 7) wP? £ ¨ Â e.g. 8) wP? ¥k ƒ Â

= wP? £ ¨ Â = wP? ¥k ƒ Â
devā aik anta | devā au adhi5 |
= devā aik anta | = devā au adhi5 |
e.g. 9) wP? ?w ¨ Â e.g. 10) wP? DË ¨ Â

= wP? ?w ¨ Â = wP? DË ¨ Â
devā vadanti | devā gacchanti |
= devā vadanti | = devā gacchanti |
23
= Exercise =
1. wP? ] r = + 2. >RE dDË ¨ = +
1. devā api = + 2. surā āgacchanti = +
3. N @D@ e? = + 4. wP? — ¨P = +
3. ma iga ā iva = + 4. devā īk ante = +
E ir >‹P=
5. /Y4Ò + 6. h/ ¢? = +
5. nityayuktā upāsate= + 6. janā eva = +
E D@P
7. D@ E kE= + 8. h/ x†¨P = +
7. gu ā gu e u = + 8. janā gha ante = +
9. Ÿ_D q p4_/4 = + E ƒNA• =

10. rlk +
9. bhogā du5khayonaya5 = + 10. puru ā dharmasya = +
11. h/ žO? = + 12. wP?‹ ŸÒ = +

11. janā bahava5 = + 12. devatā bhaktā5 = +
13. ž E H4Ò
E O= + 14. r r 4P = +
13. buddhiyuktā hi = + 14. pāpā ye = +
15. d wY ?>? = + 16. dO R R h> = +

15. ādityā vasava5 = + 16. āhārā rājasā5 = +
24
g
3. ] + O (/N_ /N > Z [namo nama7 sandhi7])
#3 (Change into ¤) rS? A letter rR letter

:
] [a] g
O [haś]
] +O g [a7 + haś]
=¤+O g [o + haś]
¤
g
When a ?>DA is preceded by short ], and followed by O (soft consonants), the
combination of ] and the ?>DA becomes ”¤”.
e.g. 1) oG Ú O> ‹ Â e.g. 2) oG Ú 4‹‹P Â

= oG Ú_ O> ‹ Â = oG Ú_ 4‹‹P Â
k a hasati | k a yatate |
=k o hasati | =k o yatate |
e.g. 3) oG Ú ?w ‹ Â e.g. 4) oG Ú RN‹P Â

= oG Ú_ ?w ‹ Â = oG Ú_ RN‹P Â
k a vadati | k a ramate |
=k o vadati | =k o ramate |
e.g. 5) oG Ú }Ÿ‹P Â e.g. 6) oG Ú DË ‹ Â

= oG Ú_ }Ÿ‹P Â = oG Ú_ DË ‹ Â
k a labhate | k a gacchati |
=k o labhate | =k o gacchati |
e.g. 7) oG Ú h4 ‹ Â e.g. 8) oG Ú Ì 4 ‹ Â
= oG Ú_ h4 ‹ Â = oG Ú_ Ì 4 ‹ Â
k a jayati | k a dhyāyati |
=k o jayati | =k o dhyāyati |
e.g. 9) oG Ú Ÿ? ‹ Â e.g. 10) oG Ú /Û‹P Â

= oG Ú_ Ÿ? ‹ Â = oG Ú_ /Û‹P Â
k a bhavati | k a namyate |
=k o bhavati | =k o namyate |
25
= Exercise =
1. 4_DPQR_ O R = + 2. N/_ Ü w = +
1. yogeśvaro hari5 = + 2. mano h di = +
E 4=
3. ‹‹_ 4H + 4. 4_ ?P ¹ = +
3. tato yuddhāya = + 4. yo vetti = +
g
5. /_ R ÝN = + 6. 4 _ }Ÿ„ = +
5. no rājyam = + 6. yaśo labhasva = +
7. ]ƒ_ DË ¨ = + 8. /Š_ x† = +
7. adho gacchanti = + 8. na o gha a5 = +
9. ‹Ph_ h 4‹P = + 10. o o_ Ž 4‹P = +

9. tejo jāyate = + 10. kāko īyate = +
11. 4_ wP? = + E R =
12. r œ× ƒ/ƒA +
11. yo deva5 = + 12. pārtho dhanurdhara5 = +
13. N_O_ /Š = + 14. ]h_ /Y = +

13. moho na a5 = + 14. ajo nitya5 = +
15. N/_ ž E H = + 16. >N_ ŸS• = +

15. mano buddhi5 = + 16. samo bhūtvā = +
g
17. 4P _ Ÿ_ÒEN = + 18. ]‹_ Þ4‹P = +
17. śreyo bhoktum = + 18. ato mriyate = +
2) Apply ?>DA sandhi.
1. iÒ Ük oP = 2. ]‹ O =
1. ukta5 h īkeśa5 = 2. ata5 hi =
3. ‹‹ 4 ‹ = g
4. Ì 4‹ ?k4 / =
3. tata5 yāti = 4. dhyāyata5 vi ayān =
5. o RNP‹ = g
6. 4 }_oT4N =
5. ka5 rameta = 6. ya5 lokatrayam =
26
7. / DR 4 = 8. ‹‹ x† =
7. na5 garīya5 = 8. tata5 gha a5 =
9. ]‹ h 4‹P = 10. ‹‹ Ž 4‹P =

9. ata5 jāyate = 10. tata5 īyate =
g
11. N/ q / AßON = g
12. ‹r w /N =
11. mana5 durnigraham = 12. tapa5 dānam =
13. ‹Ph ƒG ‹ = 14. /NAN /ROà R =

13. teja5 dh ti5 = 14. nirmama5 niraha kāra5 =
15. 3Y? 4 / ?á‹P = 16. dâ/ žZ E =

15. pratyavāya5 na vidyate = 16. ātmana5 bandhu5 =
g
17. NO‹ Ÿ4 ‹ = 18. 4_D Ÿ? ‹ =
17. mahata5 bhayāt = 18. yoga5 bhavati =
27
g ?>DA + ] (D
4. ef + g lmA
E n > Z [gururbrahmā sandhi7])
#4 (Change into R)g rS? A letter rR letter

:
ef [ic]g g
] [aś]
g ?>DA + ] g [ic + 7 + aś]
ef +
g
= ef + R g + ] g [ic + r + aś] Rg
g
When a ?>DA is preceded by ef (any vowel other than ]?@A, and followed by ] g
g
(all the vowels and soft consonants), the ?>DA becomes ”R”.
e.g. 1) š k ] v Â e.g. 2) š k Ÿ? ‹ Â
= š kR g] v Â = š kR gŸ? ‹ Â
i asti | i bhavati |
= ir asti | = ir bhavati |
e.g. 3) ]vÂ e.g. 4) Ÿ? ‹ Â

= R g] v Â = R gŸ? ‹ Â
śrī asti | śrī bhavati |
= śrīr asti | = śrīr bhavati |
e.g. 5) DlE ] v Â e.g. 6) DlE Ÿ? ‹ Â

E g] v Â
= DlR E gŸ? ‹ Â
= DlR
guru asti | guru bhavati |
= gurur asti | = gurur bhavati |
e.g. 7) ORP ] v Â e.g. 8) ORP Ÿ? ‹ Â

= ORPR g] v Â = ORPR gŸ? ‹ Â
hare asti | hare bhavati |
= harer asti | = harer bhavati |
E ]vÂ
e.g. 9) DR_ E Ÿ? ‹ Â
e.g. 10) DR_
E g] v Â
= DR_R E gŸ? ‹ Â
= DR_R
guro asti | guro bhavati |
= guror asti | = guror bhavati |
28
Note: When followed by š/›, the R gis often written as “ã/ä”. E.g., N E / šË ‹ = N E /ãË ‹ Â;
DlE šË ‹ = DlãË
E ‹ Â; NO HA šH = NO HAãH Â
= Exercise =
1) Apply ?>DA sandhi rule.
1. /R + ]r RßO = 2. g
¨ + dhA?N =
1. nirāśī5 + aparigraha5 = 2. k ānti5 + ārjavam =
3. EH + e ‹ = 4. O R + — Ž‹ =
3. śuddhi5 + iti = 4. hari5 + ī ita5 =
5. N E / + iÙ‹P = 6. ž E H + ¢o =
5. muni5 + ucyate = 6. buddhi5 + ekā =
7. hå > E + ] r = 8. žZ E + dâ =
7. jijñāsu5 + api = 8. bandhu5 + ātmā =
9. i{ wP4 E + eNP = 10. DlE + — Ž‹ =

9. utsīdeyu5 + ime = 10. guru5 + ī ita5 =
11. ƒ/ E + iáÛ = 12. DlE + ¢? =

11. dhanu5 + udyamya = 12. guru5 + eva =
g
13. ORP + ]4N = g
14. ORP + dDN/N =
13. hare5 + ayam = 14. hare5 + āgamanam =
g
15. ORP + e4N = 16. ORP + iw4 =
15. hare5 + iyam = 16. hare5 + udaya5 =
17. iŸ4_ + ] r = 18. DR_ g

E + dDN/N =
17. ubhayo5 + api = 18. guro5 + āgamanam =
19. ? 4_ + e? = 20. >P/4_ + iŸ4_ =

19. vāyo5 + iva = 20. senayo5 + ubhayo5 =
g
21. ¢‹4_ + ¢oN = g
E + £Q4AN =
22. DR_
21. etayo5 + ekam = 22. guro5 + aiśvaryam =
29
23. Ef + w = 24. æ} / + Ÿ? ‹ =
23. śuci5 + dak a5 = 24. glāni5 + bhavati =
g
25. DlE + DR 4 / = 26. NGY E + ƒ ? ‹ =
25. guru5 + garīyān = 26. m tyu5 + dhāvati =
g
27. 3 ç + 4_DN = E N™S =
28. 3oG ‹P + D@>a
27. prāhu5 + yogam = 28. prak te5 + gu asa=mū hā5 =
g
29. TP TP å4_ + å /N = E + NÌP =
30. è?_
29. k etrak etrajñayo5 + jñānam = 30. bhruvo5 + madhye =
g
1. ] ÓRON = + 2. š kŸA? ‹ = +
1. agniraham = + 2. irbhavati = +
E
3. ŸGDRON g
= + 4. 4hRPE ? = +
3. bh guraham = + 4. yajureva = +
E n =
5. DlmA + 6. DlE ?AÚ E = +
5. gururbrahmā = + 6. gururvi u5 = +
g
7. 3oG ‹P? A ‹ = + 8. ?ŸS‹ P ?AvR = +
7. prak tervaśāt = + 8. vibhūtervistara5= +
9. ‹4_/ A = + g
10. ¢‹4_RPoN = +
9. tayorna = + 10. etayorekam = +
11. 4_D éR r = + 12. rS?Rê r = +

11. yogairapi = + 12. pūrvairapi = +
E
13. ¿ëé ?ANÒ = + g
14. >?êRON = +
13. dvandvairvimuktā5 = + 14. sarvairaham = +
15. >P/4_lŸ4_NAÌ P = + +
15. senayorubhayormadhye = + +
16. oP ?}é R ì4 éR r = + +
16. kevalairindriyairapi = + +
30
g ?>DA + o/p
5. ]f + g g (q pa > Z [du7khac sandhi7])
g ?>DA + r/s
]f + g g (r/E r/E > Z > Z [puna≍ puna7 sandhi7])

#5 (Change into hÉ NS} 4 ) :
any vowel o/p g
g [k/kh]
?>DA g
+ o/p g [7 + k/kh]
g
= hÉ NS} 4 + o/p g [7 (≍) + k/kh] ≍
hÉ NS} 4
When ?>DA is followed by o g or p, g the ?>DA becomes hÉ NS} 4 [jihvāmūlīya7]

optionally.
hÉ NS} 4 [jihvāmūlīya7] is a sound to pronounce the ?>DA before o g or p. g The sound
is produced by the vibration of the root of the tongue. It can be written as ≍.
e.g. 1) R N oœ4 ‹ Â e.g. 2) R N p w ‹ Â

= R N ≍ oœ4 ‹ Â =RN≍pw‹Â
rāma kathayati | rāma khādati |

= rāma ≍ kathayati | = rāma ≍ khādati |
g p, g which is followed by R,g the

There is an exception. When ?>DA is followed by o/
?>DA does not become hÉ NS} 4 .

e.g. 3) R N Û‹P Â :
any vowel g +
o/p g Rg
rāma k āmyate |
≍
hÉ NS} 4
31
= Exercise =
1. oé ?‹Ao + oP ? = 2. 4_D + oNA> E =

1. kaivartaka5 + keśava5 = 2. yoga5 + karmasu =
3. 4_D. + oEl = g
4. ?í + o‹R‹ =
3. yogastha5 + kuru = 4. vidma5 + katarat =
E ? =
5. 4å + oNA>Nî g
6. /ßO + oN =
5. yajña5 + karmasamudbhava5 = 6. nigraha5 + kim =
7. 4_ D/ + oNA oE?A ¨= 8. 3>Ò + o NŸ_DPk E =

7. yogina5 + karma kurvanti= 8. prasaktā5 + kāmabhoge u =
9. 4 + p/ ‹ = 10. h/ + pá¨P =
9. ya5 + khanati = 10. janā5 + khidyante =
g
11. .‹ƒ + oN = g
12. OP‹_ + oN =
11. sthitadhī5 + kim = 12. heto5 + kim =
g
13. ?q + oG ïN = g
14. ? 4 E + pN =
13. vidu5 + k tsnam = 14. vāyu5 + kham =
15. 3oG ‹P + Ï4N @ / = 16. 4_D é + oN A @ =

15. prak te5 + kriyamā āni = 16. yogai5 + karmā i =
g
17. oN ì4 é + oNA4_DN = g
18. ¢‹ é + oE}ñ / N =
17. karmendriyai5 + karmayogam = 18. etai5 + kulaghnānām =
19. > E p/ + T4 = E + N =
20. >p
19. sukhina5 + k atriyā5 = 20. sukha5 + k amī =
21. ƒG ‹ + N = 22. ‹Ph + N =

21. dh ti5 + k amā = 22. teja5 + k amā =
32
#5 (Change into irÊ / 4 ) rS? A letter rR letter

:
any vowel g g [p/ph]
r/s
?>DA g g [7 + p/ph]
+ r/s
g g [7 (≍) + p/ph]
= irÊ / 4 + r/s
≍
irÊ / 4
g s g the ?>DA becomes irÊ / 4 [upadhmānīya7]

When ?>DA is followed by r or
optionally.
g s.g The sound is made by
irÊ / 4 is a sound to pronounce the ?>DA before r or
blowing through rounded lips. It can be written as ≍.
e.g. 1) R N r‚4 ‹ Â e.g. 2) R N s }‹ Â

= R N r‚4 ‹ Â = R N s }‹ Â
rāma paśyati | rāma phalita5 |
= rāma ≍ paśyati | = rāma ≍ phalita5 |
= Exercise =
1. 4 + r‚4 ‹ = 2. r/E + r/E =

1. ya5 + paśyati = 2. puna5 + puna5 =
E
3. rlk E
+ rlk = 4. N No + r ¦Ž? =
3. puru a5 + puru a5 = 4. māmakā5 + pā avā5 =
g
5. oNA@ + s}N = 6. oG r@ + s}OP‹? =
5. karma a5 + phalam = 6. k pa ā5 + phalahetava5 =
7. ek E Ÿ + 3 ‹4_ò N = g
8. ‹N ç + r ¦Ž‹N =
7. i ubhi5 + pratiyotsyāmi = 8. tamāhu5 + pa itam =
9. OP‹ E + 3oG ‹ = g
10. žHE P + rRN =
9. hetu5 + prak ti5 = 10. buddhe5 + param =
11. oP ? h/AE 4_ + r¦4N
E g
= g
12. rS? ê + rS?‹A RN =
11. keśavārjunayo5 + pu yam = 12. pūrvai5 + pūrvataram =
13. > ó é + 3 ô‹P = E ‹P =
14. >?Ar r é + 3NÙ
13. sā khyai5 + prāpyate = 14. sarvapāpai5 + pramucyate =
33
g ?>DA + other hard consonants

6. ]f +
(R Nt > Z [rāmaśca sandhi7]), /NvP > Z [namaste sandhi7])
#6 (change into , g k, g >)g

:
any vowel g g/ [c/ch/ś]
f/• g
g g/ g [7 + c/ch/ś]
?>DA + f/•
= g g/ g [ś + c/ch/ś]
g + f/•
g
(palatal)
any vowel : g
† g/˜ g/k [ˆ/ˆh/ ]
?>DA + † g/˜ g/k g [7 + ˆ/ˆh/ ]
= k g + † g/˜ g/k g [ + ˆ/ˆh/ ]
(cerebral) kg
g />
?>DA + ‹/œ g g [7 + t/th/s]
any vowel : g />
‹/œ g [t/th/s]
g
= > g + ‹/œ
g />
g g [s + t/th/s]
(dental)
>g
When ?>DA is followed by hard palatal, cerebral, and dental consonants, the
substitutions are , g k, g and > respectively,

g the sibilants belonging to the same . /.
When ?>DA is followed by , g k, g >, g the substitution is optional.
e.g. 1) R N fR ‹ Â e.g. 2) R N •_†4 ‹ Â e.g. 3) ¨ ¨ Â

g ‹Â
= R N fR g
= R N •_†4 ‹Â = ¨ g ¨ Â (optional)
rāma carati | rāma cho ayati | śānti śānti5 |
= rāmaś carati | = rāmaś cho ayati | = śāntiś śānti5 |
34
e.g. 4) R N † o‹P Â e.g. 5) R N ˜õER Â e.g. 6) N/ k© / Â

= R Nk †g o‹P Â g ER Â
= R Nk ˜õ g / Â (optional)
= N/k k©
rāma īkate | rāma hakkura5 | mana a hāni |
= rāma īkate | = rāma hakkura5 | = mana a hāni |
e.g. 7) R N ‹R ‹ Â e.g. 8) R N œŽE ‹ Â e.g. 9) R N >R ‹ Â

g ‹Â
= R N> ‹R = R N> œg ŽE ‹ Â g ‹ (optional)
= R N> >R
rāma tarati | rāma thu ati | rāma sarati |
= rāmas tarati | = rāmas thu ati | = rāmas sarati
= Exercise =
1) Remove the ?>DA sandhi.
1. N/t = g
2. N/ t¹N =
1. manaśca = 2. manaścittam =
3. r ¦Ž? t = 4. ]/‰ t¨4¨ =

3. pā avāśca = 4. ananyāścintayanta5 =
5. d wt = E =
6. ?Prœt
5. ādiśca = 6. vepathuśca =
g
7. ORPtR@N = E
8. DR_tR@N g
=
7. hareścara am = 8. guroścara am =
9. ?Pwt
é = 10. Dªt =
9. vedaiśca = 10. gauśca =
11. R NŠ o‹P =
11. rāma īkate =
13. 4v E = A E=
14. N T ° v
13. yastu = 14. mātrāsparśāstu =
15. ž E Hvw = g
16. 3 çv / =
15. buddhistadā = 16. prāhustān =
17. žHE v
P w = 18. ]/4_vöw A Ÿ =
35
17. buddhestadā = 18. anayostattvadarśibhi5 =
E évE =
19. ?NÒ 20. DªvR ‹ =
19. vimuktaistu = 20. gaustarati =
1. R N + f = 2. R N + f/_ ‹ =
1. rāma5 + ca = 2. rāma5 + cinoti =
3. O R + fR ‹ = 4. DlE + fR ‹ =
3. hari5 + carati = 4. guru5 + carati =
g
5. o?P + f¹N = g
6. NNE E _ + f¹N =
5. kave5 + cittam = 6. mumuk o5 + cittam =
g
7. e ì4 é + fR/ = 8. Dª + fR ‹ =
7. indriyai5 + caran = 8. gau5 + carati =
g
9. R N + † o N = 10. ¢k + † o =
9. rāma5 + īkām = 10. e ā5+ īkā5 =
11. R N + ‹R ‹ = 12. rTE + ‹œ =

11. rāma5 + tarati = 12. putrā5 + tathā =
13. O R + ‹R ‹ = 14. DlE + ‹œ =

13. hari5 + tarati = 14. guru5 + tathā =
15. ORP + ‹œ = 16. ¢‹4_ + ‹œ =

15. hare5 + tathā = 16. etayo5 + tathā =
17. ¢‹ é + ‹R ‹ = 18. Dª + ‹œ =
17. etai5 + tarati = 18. gau5 + tathā =
36
7. Practice of all visarga sandhi
1) ] + all possible combinations
1. R N + ] v = 21. R N + Ž4‹P =
2. R N + dDË ‹ = 22. R N + ™ªo‹P =
3. R N + e ‹ = 23. R N + ‹R ‹ =
4. R N + — ‹P = 24. R N + œ?E A ‹ =
5. R N + ir?> ‹ = 25. R N + ww ‹ =
6. R N + O = 26. R N + ƒ R4‹P =
7. R N + šË ‹ = 27. R N + /N ‹ =
8. R N + ¢ƒ‹P = 28. R N + r‚4 ‹ =
g
9. R N + ¤w/N = 29. R N + s} ‹ =
10. R N + £ ‹ = 30. R N + ž ƒ‹P =
11. R N + ¥k ƒ = 31. R N + Ÿ? ‹ =
12. R N + oœ4 ‹ = 32. R N + N 4‹P =
13. R N + p w ‹ = 33. R N + 4‹‹P =
14. R N + DË ‹ = 34. R N + RN‹P =
15. R N + x†‹P = 35. R N + } }4‹P =
16. R N + f} ‹ = 36. R N + ?w ‹ =
17. R N + • 4 = 37. R N + à‹P =
18. R N + h / ‹ = 38. R N + k© =
19. R N + Œ † ‹ = 39. R N + >R ‹ =
20. R N + † o‹P = 40. R N + O> ‹ =
37
2) d + all possible combinations
1. R N + ]† ¨ = 21. R N + Ž4¨P =
2. R N + dDË ¨ = 22. R N + ™ªo¨P =
3. R N + e ‹ = 23. R N + ‹R ¨ =
4. R N + — ¨P = 24. R N + œ?E A ¨ =
5. R N + ir?> ¨ = 25. R N + ww ‹ =
6. R N + O = 26. R N + ƒ R4¨P =
7. R N + šË ¨ = 27. R N + /N ¨ =
8. R N + ¢ƒ¨P = 28. R N + r‚4 ¨ =
g
9. R N + ¤w/N = 29. R N + s} ¨ =
10. R N + £ ¨ = 30. R N + ž ƒ¨P =
11. R N + ¥k ƒ = 31. R N + Ÿ? ¨ =
12. R N + oœ4 ¨ = 32. R N + N 4¨P =
13. R N + p w ¨ = 33. R N + 4‹¨P =
14. R N + DË ¨ = 34. R N + RN¨P =
15. R N + x†¨P = 35. R N + } }4¨P =
16. R N + f} ¨ = 36. R N + ?w ¨ =
17. R N + • 4 = 37. R N + à¨P =
18. R N + h / ¨ = 38. R N + k© =
19. R N + Œ † ‹ = 39. R N + >R ¨ =
20. R N + † o¨P = 40. R N + O> ¨ =
38
3) e + all possible combinations
1. O R + ] v = 21. O R + Ž4‹P =
2. O R + dDË ‹ = 22. O R + ™ªo‹P =
3. O R + e ‹ = 23. O R + ‹R ‹ =
4. O R + — ‹P = 24. O R + œ?E A ‹ =
5. O R + ir?> ‹ = 25. O R + ww ‹ =
6. O R + O = 26. O R + ƒ R4‹P =
7. O R + šË ‹ = 27. O R + /N ‹ =
8. O R + ¢ƒ‹P = 28. O R + r‚4 ‹ =
g
9. O R + ¤w/N = 29. O R + s} ‹ =
10. O R + £ ‹ = 30. O R + ž ƒ‹P =
11. O R + ¥k ƒ = 31. O R + Ÿ? ‹ =
12. O R + oœ4 ‹ = 32. O R + N 4‹P =
13. O R + p w ‹ = 33. O R + 4‹‹P =
14. O R + DË ‹ = 34. O R + RN‹P =
15. O R + x†‹P = 35. O R + } }4‹P =
16. O R + f} ‹ = 36. O R + ?w ‹ =
17. O R + • 4 = 37. O R + à‹P =
18. O R + h / ‹ = 38. O R + k© =
19. O R + Œ † ‹ = 39. O R + >R ‹ =
20. O R + † o‹P = 40. O R + O> ‹ =
39
4) i + all possible combinations
1. DlE + ] v = 21. DlE + Ž4‹P =
2. DlE + dDË ‹ = 22. DlE + ™ªo‹P =
3. DlE + e ‹ = 23. DlE + ‹R ‹ =
4. DlE + — ‹P = 24. DlE + œ?E A ‹ =
5. DlE + ir?> ‹ = 25. DlE + ww ‹ =
6. DlE + O = 26. DlE + ƒ R4‹P =
7. DlE + šË ‹ = 27. DlE + /N ‹ =
8. DlE + ¢ƒ‹P = 28. DlE + r‚4 ‹ =
g
9. DlE + ¤w/N = 29. DlE + s} ‹ =
10. DlE + £ ‹ = 30. DlE + ž ƒ‹P =
11. DlE + ¥k ƒ = 31. DlE + Ÿ? ‹ =
12. DlE + oœ4 ‹ = 32. DlE + N 4‹P =
13. DlE + p w ‹ = 33. DlE + 4‹‹P =
14. DlE + DË ‹ = 34. DlE + RN‹P =
15. DlE + x†‹P = 35. DlE + } }4‹P =
16. DlE + f} ‹ = 36. DlE + ?w ‹ =
17. DlE + • 4 = 37. DlE + à‹P =
18. DlE + h / ‹ = 38. DlE + k© =
19. DlE + Œ † ‹ = 39. DlE + >R ‹ =
20. DlE + † o‹P = 40. DlE + O> ‹ =
40
5) > + all possible combinations
1. > + ] v = 21. > + Ž4‹P =
2. > + dDË ‹ = 22. > + ™ªo‹P =
3. > + e ‹ = 23. > + ‹R ‹ =
4. > + — ‹P = 24. > + œ?E A ‹ =
5. > + ir?> ‹ = 25. > + ww ‹ =
6. > + O = 26. > + ƒ R4‹P =
7. > + šË ‹ = 27. > + /N ‹ =
8. > + ¢ƒ‹P = 28. > + r‚4 ‹ =
g
9. > + ¤w/N = 29. > + s} ‹ =
10. > + £ ‹ = 30. > + ž ƒ‹P =
11. > + ¥k ƒ = 31. > + Ÿ? ‹ =
12. > + oœ4 ‹ = 32. > + N 4‹P =
13. > + p w ‹ = 33. > + 4‹‹P =
14. > + DË ‹ = 34. > + RN‹P =
15. > + x†‹P = 35. > + } }4‹P =
16. > + f} ‹ = 36. > + ?w ‹ =
17. > + • 4 = 37. > + à‹P =
18. > + h / ‹ = 38. > + k© =
19. > + Œ † ‹ = 39. > + >R ‹ =
20. > + † o‹P = 40. > + O> ‹ =
41
6) ¢k + all possible combinations
1. ¢k + ] v = 21. ¢k + Ž4‹P =
2. ¢k + dDË ‹ = 22. ¢k + ™ªo‹P =
3. ¢k + e ‹ = 23. ¢k + ‹R ‹ =
4. ¢k + — ‹P = 24. ¢k + œ?E A ‹ =
5. ¢k + ir?> ‹ = 25. ¢k + ww ‹ =
6. ¢k + O = 26. ¢k + ƒ R4‹P =
7. ¢k + šË ‹ = 27. ¢k + /N ‹ =
8. ¢k + ¢ƒ‹P = 28. ¢k + r‚4 ‹ =
g
9. ¢k + ¤w/N = 29. ¢k + s} ‹ =
10. ¢k + £ ‹ = 30. ¢k + ž ƒ‹P =
11. ¢k + ¥k ƒ = 31. ¢k + Ÿ? ‹ =
12. ¢k + oœ4 ‹ = 32. ¢k + N 4‹P =
13. ¢k + p w ‹ = 33. ¢k + 4‹‹P =
14. ¢k + DË ‹ = 34. ¢k + RN‹P =
15. ¢k + x†‹P = 35. ¢k + } }4‹P =
16. ¢k + f} ‹ = 36. ¢k + ?w ‹ =
17. ¢k + • 4 = 37. ¢k + à‹P =
18. ¢k + h / ‹ = 38. ¢k + k© =
19. ¢k + Œ † ‹ = 39. ¢k + >R ‹ =
20. ¢k + † o‹P = 40. ¢k + O> ‹ =
42
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
Topic V - Vowel sandhi (]f->
Topic V
Vowel sandhi
g Z [ac-sandhi7]
]f->
g
]f [ac] g Z [ac-
is the 3Y O R [pratyāhāra7], abbreviation, for all vowels. Thus ]f->
g Z is a phonetic change when a vowel is followed by
sandhi7] means vowel sandhi. ]f->
another vowel.
The sound which comes first is called rS? A [pūrva], and the sound which comes later is
called rR [para]. Since there are nine vowels according to N OPQR>ST @ [māheśvarasūtrāBi],
Table 7: Overview of Vowel Sandhi is a 9 x 9 chart which covers every possible combination
of the vowels. (Remember that all the varieties of vowel, short and long, are represented by
the nine vowels told in N OPQR>STs.) In the intersection of the rS? A and rR sounds, the
corresponding change is shown.
The changes are grouped into five areas. These areas are named by the type of the
E [guBa7] (], ¢, ¤), 3.
sounds of the change. 1. w x A [dīrgha7] (long vowels: d, —, , ›), 2. D@
g
?G H [vIddhi7] (d, £, ¥), 4. 4@ (3Y O R for 4, g ?, g R,g }),g 5. ]4? 4 ? (]4, g ]?, g d4, g d?)g
g Z rules, observe the following points:
After studying ]f->
• E , and ?G H are the substitutes in the place of both rS? A and rR.
w x A , D@
• g
4@ and ]4? 4 ? are the substitutes in the place of rS? A only.
• E and ?G H are the substitutes only when rS? A is ]?@A (all 18 types of ]).
Notice that D@
• If rS? A is eo g (the remainder of the simple vowels), the substitute is 4@, g except when the
substitute is w x A .
• g
And if rS? A is ¢f (diphthongs), the substitute is ]4? 4 ? , with some exceptions.
43
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
Table 7: Overview of Vowel Sandhi g

rS? A and rR sounds are grouped by 3Y O Rs, with the e‹ sounds in the pentagons.
इक् एच्
क् च्
rR
]/d e/— i/ š/› • ¢ ¤ £ ¥
rS? A
w xA E
D@ ?G H
]/d d ¢ ¤ ]+Rg ]+}g £ ¥ £ ¥
4@ g 4g w xA — 4@ g 4 g
e/—
इक्
?g w xA ?g
i/
Rg w xA › Rg
š/›
क्
]4? 4 ? ]4 g * 2
¢ ¢` * 1
एङ्
¤ ¤` ]? g
ङ्
£ d4 g
एच्
¥ d? g
च्
A rN)g
*1 When ¢/¤ at the end of a rw is followed by short ], only ¢/¤ remains. (rS?€
g at
* 2 4/? g the end of a rw optionally drops. (}_r o~•Â)
44
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
The basics of understanding PāBini-sūtras on sandhi
Sandhi rules are described in the form of sūtra given by PāBini. Sūtras are minimized
and precise sentences. (We will study the definitions of sūtra in a later volume.)
In his metalanguage system of using words in sūtras, PāBini assigned extra meanings
to 5th, 6th, and 7th case nominal suffixes. These artificial ?Ÿ÷œ As are used only in his sūtras,
and only when the meanings of the ?Ÿ Ò found in the natural language do not convey the
intended meaning.
In a PāBinisūtra, a noun in the:
1st case is the substitute. (dwP )
“ … is the substitute”
5 6 7
6th case is the occupant of the place of substitution. (. / )
“In the place of …”

1
7th case follows the place of substitution. (rR / N¹N)g
“When … follows.”
5th case precedes the place of substitution. (rS? A / N¹N)g
“When … precedes.”
In this book, study of the PāBini-sūtras can initially be skipped by beginners. Rules
and exercises can be studied first, and sūtras can be studied later as revision.
45
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
1. >?@A-w xA-> Z [savarBa-dīrgha-sandhi7]
When a simple vowel is immediately followed by a similar simple vowel, they together
become one long vowel.
o ]/d + ]/d =d
o e/— + e/— =—
o i/ + i/ =
o š/š/• + š/š/• = ›
5/1
6.1.101 ]o >?@ 7/1 w x A 1/1
Â ~ rS?rA R4_ 6/2
¢o 1/1
] f 7/1 >a O‹ 4 N 7/1
g
When ]o g is immediately followed by a similar sound (>?@A, refer back to Topic I), the
long vowel is the substitution in the place of the two.
5 7 o ]o g =
]o g >?@A
6
1
w xA
]/d ]/d
e.g. 1) ?Pw + ]œ A = ?Pw œ A
e/— e/—
e.g. 2) ] v + e ‹ = ]v ‹
i/ i/
g >SÒN g
e.g. 3) > E + iÒN =
46
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
g r‹ú@N g
e.g. 4) r‹G + š@N =
š/›/• š/›/•
= Exercise =
1) Apply the w x A sandhi rule between the two words.
1. eO + ]NTE = 2. mn + ]¦ŽN g =
3. rRN + dâ = 4. ‹œ + ]v E =
5. ƒNA + ]ƒNA = 6. ?á + ] ?á =
7. /Y + ] /Y = 8. R h> + ]a =
9. e ‹ + ewN g = 10. ] r + eO =
11. ] v + e ‹ = 12. DË ‹ + e ‹ =
13. +— = 14. N E / + —QR =
15. > ƒ E + iÒN g = 16. ?ƒS + i{? =
2) Resolve the w x A sandhi.
1. / v = + 2. eO r = +
3. N w = + 4. >ö a = +
5. mn â = + 6. o‹ OA N g = +
7. ‹œ r = + 8. ]T 4N g = +
9. dâ / â = + 10. h ? â = +
11. ]v ‹ = + 12. ]r O = +
13. = + 14. r @ ì4N g = +
15. N/E ì = + 16. Ì 4‹ ? = +
17. ?vSrwP = + 18. RxS¹N = +
19. D ‹ >Sr /k{ E = + E

20. D€r>w/N g= +
47
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
E
2. D@-> Z [guBa-sandhi7]
When ]/d is immediately followed by eo,g D@

E [guBa] is the one substitute in the place
of the two sounds.
6.1.87 d‹ 5/1
g D@E 1/1
Â ~ ] f 7/1 rS?rA R4_ 6/2
¢o 1/1
>a O‹ 4 N 7/1
g
When ]?@A (any type of ]) is immediately followed by ]f, g a D@

E is the substitute in the
place of the two.
5 7 o ]f g =
]?@A ]f g
E =
o D@
6
1
E
D@
E (guBa7) is a name for these 3 letters: ], ¢, ¤.

D@
] is guttural. ¢ is guttural-palatal. ¤ is guttural-labial.
E letters becomes the substitute is decided according to the . / of

Which one of the D@
the original letters.
]/d is guttural
]/d e/—
e/— is palatal
E letter ¢ is guttural-palatal
The D@
¢
e.g. 1) f + e ‹ = fP ‹
e.g. 2) R N + —QR = R NPQR
e.g. 3) D• + e ‹ = D•P ‹
e.g. 4) D• + —QR = D•PQR
48
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
]/d i/ ]/d is guttural

i/ is labial
¤ E letter ¤ is guttural-labial
The D@
e.g. 1) f + iÒ = f_Ò
g f_ûAN g
e.g. 2) f + ûAN =
e.g. 3) 4œ + iÒ = 4œ_Ò
g 4œ_ûAN g
e.g. 4) 4œ + ûAN =
There is an additional rule. When š/› or • is substituted by ]@, g the substitute should
be followed by R gor },g respectively.
]/d š/› ]/d is guttural.

š/› is cerebral.
]+Rg E letter ] is guttural.

The D@
R gfollows the ].
e.g. 1) oG Ú + š H = oG Ú HA
e.g. 2) D• + š H = D• HA
]/d • ]/d is guttural.

• is dental.
]+}g E letter ] is guttural.
The D@
} g follows the ].
e.g. 1) ‹? + •o R = ‹?ü R
49
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
= Exercise =
E sandhi between the two words.
1) Apply the D@
1. f + e ‹ = 2. o‹ A + e ‹ =
3. / + e ‹ = 4. 3 + — @N g =
5. 4_D + —QR = 6. >RE + —QR =
7. D@ + — = 8. iN + — =
9. Dh + eì = 10. wP? + eì =
11. D• + iwoN g = 12. 4œ + iÒN g =
13. >?A + ir /kw g = 14. ‹ + iÚ =
15. N 4 + ir ƒ = 16. rR + iro R =
17. wP? + š k = 18. r r + š H =
19. mn + š k = 20. rRN + š k =
E sandhi between the two words.

2) Resolve the D@
1. ‹œP ‹ = + 2. 4œPË = +
3. å / P ì4 @ = + 4. oN ì4 @ = +
5. >RPE = + 6. D•P = +
7. / P ‹ = + 8. ‹œPO = +
g
9. 4œ_ÒN = + 10. rS?×ÒN g = +
g
11. >S4×w4N = + 12. /_ = +
E ‹ =
13. D@_rP + 14. O‹_rwP = +
g
15. o˜_r /k‹ = + g
16. oP /_r /k‹ = +
17. NO kA = + 18. ß ³‹ AE = +
19. ¢koA g = + 20. /‹ = +
50
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
3. ?G H-> Z [vIddhi-sandhi7]
When ]/d is immediately followed by ¢f, g ?G H [vIddhi] is the one substitute in the
place of the two sounds.
1/1
6.1.88 ?G H ¢ f 7/1 Â ~ d‹ 5/1
g rS?rA R4_ 6/2
¢o 1/1
>a O‹ 4 N 7/1
g
When ]?@A (any type of ]) is immediately followed by ¢f, g a ?G H is the substitute in the
place of the two.
o ¢f g =
5 7
o ?G H =
]?@A ¢f g
6
1
?G H
?G H (vIddhi) is a name for these 3 letters: d, £, ¥
d is guttural. £ is guttural-palatal. ¥ is guttural-labial.
Which one of the ?G H letters becomes the substitute is decided according to the . / of
the original letters.
]/d ¢ ]/d is guttural

¢ is guttural-palatal
The ?G H letter £ is guttural-palatal
£
e.g. 1) f + ¢? = f é?
e.g. 2) ‹œ + ¢? = ‹œ é?
51
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
]/d ¤ ]/d is guttural

¤ is guttural-labial
¥ The ?G H letter ¥ is guttural- labial
e.g. 1) h} + ¤x = h}ªx
e.g. 2) D• + ¤x = D•ªx
]/d is guttural
]/d £
£ is guttural-palatal
The ?G H letter £ is guttural-palatal
£
g wP?Q
e.g. 1) wP? + £Q4AN = é 4AN g
g NOéQ4AN g
e.g. 2) NO + £Q4AN =
]/d ¥ ]/d is guttural

¥ is guttural-labial
The ?G H letter ¥ is guttural- labial
¥
g wP?ªkƒN g
e.g. 1) wP? + ¥kƒN =
g NOªkƒN g
e.g. 2) NO + ¥kƒN =
52
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
= Exercise =
1) Apply the ?G H sandhi between the two words.
1. eO + ¢? = 2. ‹T + ¢? =
3. ? w• + ¢/N g = 4. oG • + ¢‹‹ g =
5. D• + ¤x = 6. oG Ú + ¥ý¦«N g =
2) Resolve the ?G H sandhi between the two words.
1. mn é? = + 2. ‹œ é? = +
3. ¢oé oN g = + 4. 4œ é?N g = +
5. > ék = + 6. Né?N g = +
7. žþª© = + 8. NOª N g= +
53
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
General rule (i{DA [utsarga]) and Exception (]r? w [apavāda])
The concept of i{DA [utsarga] and ]r? w [apavāda] is used throughout PāBini sūtras to
present rules which cover the same scope of operation.
i{DA and ]r? w are relative terms. i{DA is a general rule, while ]r? w is a special rule
whose scope is totally within the scope of i{DA. When such a relationship is observed
between two rules, ]r? w takes effect by negating i{DA.
General Exception
i{DA ]r? w
]r? w does not have its own scope outside that of i{DA. Thus, if ]r? w never took
effect, it would become useless, which is not acceptable.
E Z, and ?G H> Z, there are relationships called i{DA and ]r? w.

Among w ƒA> Z, D@>
g
When ]?@A as rS? A is followed by ]f (any E . This is the
vowel) as rR, the substitute is D@
general rule (i{DA ). (Refer 6.1.87 d‹ 5/1
g D@E 1/1
Â ~ ] f 7/1 rS?rA R4_ 6/2
¢o 1/1
>a O‹ 4 N 7/1
g )
E
When ]?@A is rR, the substitute is w ƒA . This is an exception (]r? w ) to D@.
g rR, the substitute is ?G H . This is another exception (]r? w ) to D@.
When ¢f is E
E rule is called “i{DA” (by-default general rule), and w x A rule and ?G H rule
In this case D@
are called “]r? w” (exceptions).
rR ]/d e/— i/ š/› • ¢ ¤ £ ¥
]f g
rS? A >?@A eo g ¢f g
]/d w ƒA E
D@ ?G H
54
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
g Z [yaB-sandhi7]
4. 4@->
When eo g is immediately followed by ]f, g 4@ (4

g , g ?, g R,g })g is the substitute for the eo.g
6.1.77 eo 6/1 g ] f 7/1 Â ~ >a O‹ 4 N 7/1

4@ 1/1 g
g
When eo g is immediately followed by ]f there g
is a 4@ substitute in the place of eo.g
g Z.
A Z is an ]r? w of 4@->
* w x>
The substitution is decided by the . / of the sounds.
o e/— (palatal) => 4 g (palatal)

o i/ (labial) => ? g (dental-labial)
o š/› (cerebral) => R g (cerebral)
o • (dental) => } g (dental)
6 7
o eo g =
eo g ]f g
o 4@ g =
1 o ]f g =
4@ g
e.g. 1) e ‹ + ]T = eYT
e/— ]f g e.g. 2) /w + ]T = /áT
E
e.g. 3) e ‹ + iÙ‹P = eYÙ‹P
4g
E ‹P
e.g. 4) /w + iÙ‹P = /áÙ
e.g. 1) ‹ E + ]T = •T
i/ ]f g
e.g. 2) ‹ E + e ‹ = • ‹
g •P?N g
e.g. 3) ‹ E + ¢?N =
?g
55
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
e.g. 1) o‹G A + d = oT A
š/› ]f g
e.g. 2) o‹G A + ¢ = oT
Rg e.g. 3) o‹G A + ¤ = oT×
= Exercise =
g
1) Apply the 4@ sandhi between the two words.
1. e ‹ + ]‹ = 2. e ‹ + dO =
3. 4 w + ] r = 4. /w + ] v =
5. e ‹ + i = 6. e ‹ + iÙ‹P =
7. e ‹ + ¢?N g = 8. /w + ¢?N g =
9. ?v E + ] v = 10. DlE + dwP =
11. ]v E + e ‹ = 12. ?v E + ewN g =
13. ]v E + ¢?N g = 14. ]v E + ¤N g =
15. ƒ ‹G + ]a = 16. r‹G + iÒ =
g
2) Resolve the 4@ sandhi between the two words.
1. eYœ A = + 2. eY Ÿƒ 4‹P = +
E
3. eYÒN g= + 4. eY w = +
5. 4N g = + 6. eYT = +
7. rQ w = + 8. ƒ •œ A = +
9. eYPk = + 10. ]ôP‹‹ g = +
11. p wN g = + 12. > û ‹ = +
13. oT A w = + 14. T wP = +
56
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
5. ]4? 4 ?-> Z [ayavāyāva-sandhi7]
6.1.78 ¢f 6/1 g -d4

]4-]? g g
-d? 1/3
Â ~ ] f 7/1 >a O‹ 4 N 7/1
g
g immediately followed by ]f, g ¢f (¢,

When ¢f is g ¤, £, ¥) is substituted by ]4, g ]?, g d4, g
g
d? respectively.
The substitution is decided by the order of appearance in the sūtra.
1) ¢ => ]4 g
2) ¤ => ]? g
3) £ => d4 g
4) ¥ => d? g
6 7
o ¢f g =
¢f g ]f g
o ]f g =
1
]4, g ]?, g
d4, g d? g
57
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
1/3
e.g. 1) ORP + ] e.g. 2) ORP + ¢
¢ ]f g g ]
OR g]4 + g ¢
OR g]4 +
= OR4 = OR4P
]4 g
e.g. 3) / P + ] ‹ e.g. 4) DNP + ] ‹
g +
/ ]4 g ]‹ g +
DN ]4 g ]‹
= /4 ‹ = DN4 ‹
E +]
e.g. 1) DR_ E +¢
e.g. 2) DR_
¤ ]f g g ]
DRE g]? + g ¢
DRE g]? +
E
= DR? E
= DR?P
]? g
e.g. 3) Ÿ_ + ] ‹
g +
Ÿ ]? g ]‹
= Ÿ? ‹
e.g. 1) / é + ]o e.g. 2) D é + ] ‹
£ ]f g
g
/ d4 g ]o
+ g
D d4 g ]‹
+
d4 g = / 4o =D4‹
e.g. 1) rª + ]o e.g. 2) ]>ª + e ‹

¥ ]f g
g
r d? g ]o
+ g
]> d? g e‹
+
d? g = r ?o = ]> ? ‹
58
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
= Exercise =
1) Apply the ]4? 4 ? sandhi.
1. hP + ] ‹ = 2. P + ] ‹ =
3. P + ] ‹ = 4. o RP + ] ‹ =
5. _ + ] ‹ = 6. _ + ] ‹ =
7. Ìé + ] ‹ = 8. D é + ] ‹ =
9. Té + ]‹P = 10. Ré + ¥ =
11. rª + ]o = 12. }ª + ]o =
13. ]>ª + dâ = 14. iŸª + ] r =
15. rSh O + ] R>Sw/ = 16. ž }ª + eO =
2) Resolve the ]4? 4 ? sandhi.
1. 4/ = + 2. 4 = +
3. h4 = + 4. 4 = +
5. Ÿ?/ = + 6. }?/ = +
7. / 4o = + 8. æ} 4 ‹ = +
9. r ?o = + 10. ? Dœ A ?? = +
11. ¿ ?Nª = + 12. rlk E ª=

E ?Ÿ +
59
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
6. }_r o~• [lopa7 śākalyasya]
1/1
8.3.19 }_r o~• 6/1 Â ~ ]rS?4A _ 6/2
¬_ 6/2
rw• 6/1 ] 7/1
An elision of a letter is called }_r [lopa] in grammatical terms.
rw [pada] is a grammatical term referring to a word which is either noun or verb.

g
Technically speaking, rw is that which ends with >rE -3Y4 or ‹…-g 3Y4. (Ref. Volume 1
Topic II – Structure of the Sanskrit Language.)
g is
When 4/? g at the end of a rw, and is preceded by ]?@A (any kind of ]), and is
g .g
immediately followed by ] , g there is an optional elision of that 4/?
6 7
o ] g =
rw ]?@A g g
4/? ] g
1
}_r
e.g. 1) ORP + eO e.g. 2) ?Ú_ + eO
g eO
OR4 + (6.1.78 ¢f_`4? 4 ? Â) g eO
?Ú? + (6.1.78 ¢f_`4? 4 ? Â)
= OR eO / OR 4O (2 forms) = ?Ú eO / ?Ú ?O (2 forms)
E Z (guBasandhi) or w x>
After applying this rule, further sandhi rules, such as D@> A Z
(dīrghasandhi), cannot be applied.
60
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
= Exercise =
1) Apply the }_r o~• sandhi between the two words.
1. wP P + eO = 2. o }P + e ‹ =
3. ?‹A¨ P + e ‹ = 4. ¢ƒ‹P + e ‹ =
5. ‹Í é + ]ON g = 6. ‹• é + eO =
2) Resolve the }_r o~• sandhi between the two words.
1. ‹ dç = + 2. iÙ‹ e ‹ = +
3. ¢‹ eO = + 4. ‹ dç = +
5. ‹Í eO = + 6. ‹• iÒN g = +
7. ? ]RP = + 8. ? eO = +
61
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
A r-> Z [pūrvarūpa-sandhi7]
7. rS?€
5/1
6.1.109 ¢… rw ¨ ‹ 5/1
g ] ‹ 7/1 Â ~ rS?€
A rN 1/1
g rS?rA R4_ 6/2
¢o 1/1
>a O‹ 4 N 7/1
g
When two sounds of the rS? A (that which precedes) and rR (that which follows) become
one sound of the rS?,A it is called rS?-A €r (the sound of the preceding).
When ¢… g (¢/¤) at the end of a rw is immediately followed by a short ], the rS?€

A r is the
substitute in the place of the two.
5 7
rw ¢/¤ ]
1
A rN g
rS?€ o rS?€ g ¢/¤
A rN =
rw ¢/¤ ]
e.g. 1) o }P + ] r e.g. 2) >_ + ]ON g
= o }P` r = >_ÒN g
¢/¤
* The ]o R which follows may be, or may not be written as “`”, which is called ]?ßO
[avagraha].
62
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
= Exercise =
A r sandhi rule.
1) Apply the rS?€
1. }_oP + ] Í/ g = 2. ‹P + ]á =
3. dRŸ‹P + ]h/AE = 4. ¢‹P + ]T =
5. o }P + ] r = 6. ‹P + ]ON g =
7. N_ >P + ] ŸE ‹ g = 8. /R P + ]ON g =
9. }_o_ ] v = 10. >_ + ] r =
11. >?A‹_ + ] v = 12. ‹GÎ_ + ] Í =
A r sandhi rule.
2) Remove the rS?€
1. >?` r = + 2. oEl‹P`h/AE = +
3. ¢‹P`T = + 4. R RP` Í/ g = +
5. ]‰P` r = + 6. NP`NG‹N g = +
7. eNP`? .‹ = + 8. ]r RO 4`œ = +
9. NP`Ù‹E = + 10. /NvP`v E = +
11. Ÿ >4‹P` p}N g = + E ª =

12. /RoP ` f +
13. >_` r = + 14. }_o_`4N g = +
15. g
Q‹_`4N = + 16. >_`h/AE = +
63
g Z [ac-sandhi7])
8. rR€r-> Z [pararūpa-sandhi7]
5/1
6.1.97 ]‹ E 7/1 Â ~ ]rw ¨ ‹ 5/1
D@P g rS?rA R4_ 6/2
¢o 1/1
>a O‹ 4 N 7/1
g
When two sounds of the rS? A (that which precedes) and rR (that which follows) become
one sound of the rR, it is called rR-€r (the sound of the following).
E letter within a rw, the rR€r is the

When a short ] is immediately followed by a D@
substitute in the place of the two.
5 7 o E = ], ¢, ¤
D@
rw
] E
D@
1
rR€rN g o g D@
rR€rN = E
verb ] ]/¢/¤
e.g. 1) Ÿ? + ] ¨ e.g. 2) }Ÿ + ¢
1 = Ÿ? ¨ = }ŸP
]/¢/¤
= Exercise =
1) Apply the rR€r sandhi rule.
1. DË + ] ¨ = 2. }Ÿ + ]¨P =
3. N‰ + ¢ = 4. ‚4 + ]¨P =
A r sandhi rule.
2) Remove the rS?€
1. /N ¨ = + 2. ?á¨P = +
3. >GÝ P = + 4. 4_òP = +
64
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
Topic VI - Consonant Sandhi (O}->
Topic VI
Consonant Sandhi
g Z [hal-sandhi7]
O}->
g Z
Overview of O}->
Before the study of this section, the concept of >?@A under Topic I, and the concept of
rw, rw ¨, and ]rw ¨ explained in “Where to apply > Z” under Topic III should be revised.
g Zs in this section should be studied along with the Declension of Consonant-

O}->
g Zs can be studied independently

ending Nominal bases in Volume 1. Later, as revision, O}->
in the order of sūtra number from the beginning.
For those who are interested in PāBini-sūtras:
g Z rules of O}->
All the O}-> g Z in this book are found in the last 3 quarters of Chapter
8 of the book of PāBini-sūtras. The section consisting of those 3 quarters is called Tr w . Once
a sūtra in the Tr w is applied, only the sutras which numerically follow it will be applicable.
g which governs all the sūtras in the last 3 quarters.

This is told in the sutra 8.2.1 rS?TA >HN Â,
g Z rules in this book are listed in the order of sūtra number.

Because of this, O}->
Another sūtra to be noted is 8.2.108. This sūtra contains the word >a O‹ 4 N, g which
g “in
governs all sandhi rules from 8.2.108 until the end. The meaning of the word >a O‹ 4 N is:
the topic of sandhi, where two sounds meet and have to be pronounced together without a
gap”. This has to be taken into consideration in the sutras after 8.2.108.
65
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
1. /}_r [na-lopa7]
8.2.7 / 6/1 }_r 1/1

3 ‹r wo 6/1 ]¨• 6/1 Â ~ rw• 6/1
g at the end of a 3 ‹r wo and rw, it is elided.

When / is
6
rw 3 ‹r wo /g
1
}_r
g
This > Z is often seen in the declension of /-ending masculine and neuter 3 ‹r wo in
g
1/1 and rw section (3/2, etc.) of >rE -3Y4s. (Refer to Volume 1.)
g
E.g. 1) /-ending masculine 3 ‹r wo in 1/1
g > 1/1
4_ D/ + g g the 1/1 of the >rE -3Y4s.
> is g g
Ending with >rE -3Y4, g > gains
4_ D/ + g rw status.
g
4_ D/ + g 1/1 is to be elided after consonant.
> of
Even after the elision of >, g it leaves rw status to what remains.
4_D / g g
Being e/-ending 3 ‹r wo, in 1/1 the penultimate e is elongated.
The end of this rw is /, g which is also the end of 3 ‹r wo. Thus this / is
g to be elided.
4_D g 3 ‹r wo is elided. (/}_r by 8.2.7)

At the end of rw, the last / of
g
e.g. 2) /-ending 3 ‹r wo in 3/2
g
dâ/ + N 3/2
g N, g the 3/2 of the >rE -3Y4s
g is suffixed.
The ]• which is followed by g
N gains g
the status of rw. Thus dâ/ here is rw.
The end of this rw is /, g which is also the end of 3 ‹r wo. Thus this / is
g to be elided.
dâ Ng g 3 ‹r wo is elided. (/}_r by 8.2.7)

At the end of rw, the last / of
66
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
= Exercise =
1) Apply the /}_r. (Refer to Volume 1)

g
1. 4_ D/ (masculine) + 1/1 = g
2. å // (masculine) + 1/1 =
g
3. 4_ D/ (masculine) + 3/2 = g
4. å // (masculine) + 3/2 =
g
5. 4_ D/ (masculine) + 7/3 = g
6. å // (masculine) + 7/3 =
g
7. mn/ (masculine) + 1/1 = g
8. dâ/ (masculine) + 1/1 =
g
g
g
13. mn/ (neuter) + 3/2 = g
14. / N/ (neuter) + 3/2=
g
15. mn/ (neuter) + 1/1 = g
16. / N/ (neuter) + 1/1 =
g
17. mn/ (neuter) + 3/2 = g
18. / N/ (neuter) + 3/2 =
g
19. mn/ (neuter) + 7/3 = g
20. / N/ (neuter) + 7/3 =
g
2) Find /-ending 3 ‹r wo which has undergone /}_r.
1. mnf R = 2. mn ?á =
3. dâ‹öN g = 4. > N?Pw =
g
5. ] ƒo R•N = 6. ŸSN ?á =
67
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
g
2. oE•N [ku-tvam]
6/1 1/1
8.2.30 f_ oE Â ~ Œ } 7/1 rw• 6/1 ]¨P 7/1 f 0
There is oE• (changing into o g p D g …

g x g gh Œ
g )g in the place of f E (f • g –g ),g respectively, when f E
is followed by Œ} g or at the end of a rw.
Which letter of f E (f-?DA) is to be replaced by which letter of oE (o-?DA) is decided by the
order of appearance. f, g the first letter of f-?DA, is replaced by o,g the first letter of o-?DA,
and • g, the second letter of f-?DA, is replaced by p, g the second letter of o-?DA, and so on.
6 7
o f E (f-?DA) =
fE Œ} g
o oE (o-?DA) =
1
oE o Œ} g =
or
6
rw fE
1
oE
g -ending
This > Z is often seen in the declension of f/h g 3 ‹r wo in 1/1 and rw section.
(Refer to Volume 1)
g -ending
This > Z is also seen in the process of making 3 ‹r wo from f/h g ƒ ‹ E by adding
g
Œ}-beginning g
suffix, such as ‹ and ‹. (These suffixes are called oG ‹-3Y4, which are
studied in Volume 3.)
68
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
Examples of oE• when Œ} g follows:
g ‹
E +
e.g. 1) Nf g ‹
e.g. 2) Ÿh +
fg ‹g
E g+ ‹
= No g ‹ 8.2.30 f_ oE Â
= ŸD +
= Ÿo g + ‹ 8.4.55 p R f Â
og
(Refer to f•A)
g Nf
In these examples, f of g
E and g Ÿh are
h of g g
f,E followed by ‹, g which is Œ}.g Thus f and
g
h are changed into o g and D, g corresponding o?DA letters.
E and Ÿ Ò are derived from Nf
3 ‹r wos NÒ g ‹ E and Ÿh-ƒ
E -ƒ g ‹ E by suffixing derivative
suffixes ‹ and ‹ respectively.
Examples of oE• at the end of rw:
g > 1/1
e.g. 1) ? f + g g
e.g. 2) š •h + N 3/2
g
rw fg g
=?f+ g
= š •D + N g 8.2.30 f_ oE Â
= ? o g 8.2.30 f_ oE Â
og
g
e.g. 1) f-ending 3 ‹r wo in 1/1
g > 1/1
?f+ g g the 1/1 of the >rE -3Y4s.
> is g g
Ending with >rE -3Y4, g > gains
?f+ g rw status.
g
?f+ g 1/1 is to be elided after consonant.
> of
Even after the elision of >, g it leaves rw status to what remains.
? og g replaced by o.g (oE• by 8.2.30)
At the end of rw, the f is
g
e.g. 2) h-ending 3 ‹r wo in 3/2
g
š •h + N 3/2
g N, g the 3/2 of the >rE -3Y4s
g is suffixed.
The ]• which is followed by g
N gains g
the status of rw. Thus š •h here is rw.
g
š •D + Ng g replaced by D. g (oE• by 8.2.30)
At the end of rw, the h is
69
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
3. k•N [g a-tvam]
8.2.36 t-è h->Gh-NGh-4h-R h-è h-Ë- a 6/3 k 1/1

Â ~ Œ } 7/1 rw• 6/1 ]¨P 7/1 f 0
The last letter of these seven ƒ ‹sE listed in the sūtra or a ƒ ‹ E ending with • g or g
is
g
replaced by k when followed by Œ} g or when the ƒ ‹ E comes at the end of a rw.
6 7
7 ƒ ‹sE or • g/ g Last
Œ} g o Œ} g =
ending ƒ ‹ E letter
1
kg
or
6
7 ƒ ‹sE or • g/ g Last
rw
ending ƒ ‹ E letter
1
kg
e.g. 1) g •
+
g ‹g
= k g+ • 8.2.36 t-è h Â
= k g + † g? 8.4.41 Š/
E ŠE Â
kg
=
g the end of
at g ‹ E is followed by ‹, g which is of Œ}.g Thus the last letter of the ƒ ‹ E is
-ƒ
replaced by k. g • is a suffix discussed in the section of “]¬4s derived from ƒ ‹”E in Volume 1.
g ‹,E which is one of the seven ƒ ‹sE listed in the sūtra,
The next example is for when R h-ƒ
comes at the end of rw.
g > 1/1
e.g. 2) ?R h + g
rw Rhg = ?R h g
= ?R k g 8.2.36 t-è h Â
kg = ?R Ž g 8.2.39 Œ} a h _`¨P Â
= ?R † g 8.4.56 ? `?> / P Â
70
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
g
4. h -•N g
[jaś-tvam]
8.2.39 Œ} N 6/3
g h 1/3
]¨P 7/1 Â ~ rw• 6/1
At the end of a rw, Œ} g is replaced by h . g
In other words, Œ} g at the end of rw is to be softened.
g chosen as the substitute.

Out of five letters in h , g the closest to . // is
6
rw o Œ} g =
Œ} g
o h g=
1
h g
This > Z is often seen in the declension of consonant-ending 3 ‹r wo in 1/1 and rw

section. (Refer to Volume 1)
g > 1/1
e.g. 1) Nl‹ + g g
e.g. 2) Nl‹ + N 3/2
g
rw ‹g
= Nl‹ g = Nlw g + N g 8.2.39 Œ} a Â
= Nlw g 8.2.39 Œ} a Â
wg
= Nl‹ g 8.4.56 ? ?> / P Â
‹, g which is of Œ},g is at the end of rw. Thus it is replaced by the closest letter among h , g
which is the dental w g.
This > Z is also seen in sentences and >N >s.
71
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
= Exercise =
g sandhi in declension. (Refer to Volume 1)

1) Apply the rw ¨ h -•
g
1. Nl‹ (masculine) + 1/1 = g
2. ?á‹E (feminine) + 1/1 =
g
3. Nl‹ (masculine) + 3/3 = g
4. ?á‹E (feminine) + 3/3 =
g
5. > Nƒ (feminine) + 1/1 = 6. ? o g (feminine) + 1/1 =
g
7. > Nƒ (feminine) + 3/3 = 8. ? o g (feminine) + 3/3 =
g
9. ]f (masculine) + 1/1 = g
10. ]f (masculine) + 3/3 =
* f?DA-ending 3 ‹r wos first undergo oE• at the end of rw by 8.2.30 f_ oE Â. However, by convention,
g
the 3Y O R ]f does not undergo oE• because it would become another 3Y O R, ]o.g
g sandhi in sentences.
1. ? o g + e ‹ = g ]v=
2. Nl‹ +
3. ? o g + DË ‹ = g DË ‹ =
4. Nl‹ +
g e ‹=
5. ‹Í ‹ + g e‹=
6. >‹ +
g Ÿ? ‹ =
7. ‹Í ‹ + g DË ‹ =
8. ß N ‹ +
g sandhi in compounds.
1. ? o g + — = g dw =
2. ]f +
g —
3. hD‹ + = g ]¨ =
4. ]‹ +
g ]¨ =
5. >rE + g i
6. >rE + ¹ =
7. g ŸD?‹ +
N‹ + g D‹ =
g sandhi.
2) Resolve the rw ¨ h -•
1. Nl N g= + 2. fw â = +
3. >wP? = + 4. hDw QR = +
5. ]h¨ = + 6. ]w¨ = +
7. >w> N g= + +
72
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
g
5. ƒ•N [dha-tvam]
5/1 6/2 1/1 6/1

8.2.40 Œk ‹œ_ ƒ ]ƒ Â
g œ when
There is ƒ-• in the place of ‹ or g g preceded by Œk. g
g œ is
the ‹ or
5 6
Œk g g g
‹/œ o Œk g =
1
ƒg
g
This > Z is often seen in the process of making 3 ‹r wo from Œk-ending ƒ ‹ E by adding
g -beginning
‹/œ g suffix, such as ‹ and ‹.
5 6
e.g. 1) žƒE g + ‹
ƒg ‹g
= žƒE g + ƒ 8.2.40 Œkvœ_ƒ×`ƒ Â
1 = žwE g + ƒ g
8.4.53 Œ} a h Œ Â
ƒg = žEH
5 6 g ‹
e.g. 2) }Ÿ +
Ÿg ‹g g ƒ
= }Ÿ + 8.2.40 Œkvœ_ƒ×`ƒ Â
g ƒ
= }ž + g
8.4.53 Œ} a h Œ Â
1
ƒg =}
= Exercise =
g sandhi.
g ‹=
1. ƒE + g ‹=
2. ƒE +
g ‹=
3. }Ÿ + g ‹=
4. >ƒ +
g sandhi.
2) Resolve the rw ¨ h -•
1. > H = + 2. žH = +
3. dR = + 4. ir} = +
73
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
g
6. 2nd l•N [ru-tvam]
8.3.7 / 6/1 g Â ~ rw• 6/1 ]‘RP 7/1 l

• ? 7/1 ]3 / 6/1 1/1
g the end of a rw, when followed by •? which

/ at g is followed by ]N, g changes into sibilant
( , g k, g >)g of the following letters, and the vowel preceding the / becomes
g nasalized ( )¾ or
E R ( a) is attached.
]/„
7
6
g g
f/• o •? g =
rw /g † g/˜ g ]N g
g
o ]N =
‹/œg g
¾ or g a (withg f/• g g) 1
¾k or g g
ka (with † g/˜ g)
¾> or g a> (withg ‹/œ g )g
e.g. 1) g fR ‹
rNE / + g † o‹P
e.g. 2) rNE / + g ‹R ‹
e.g. 3) rNE / +
= rNE t
¾ R ‹ / rNE t
a R‹ = rNE Š¾ o‹P / rNE Ša o‹P = rNE v
¾ R ‹ / rNE v
a R‹
= Exercise =
1) Apply the sandhi rule.
g f=
1. >/ + g f=
2. 4_ D/ +
g f=
3. R N / + g f=
4. OR / +
E +
5. D€/ g f= g f=
6. ƒ ‹ú/ +
g † o‹P =
7. R N / + g † o‹P =
8. OR / +
g ‹œ =
9. R N / + g ‹œ =
10. OR / +
E +
11. D€/ g ‹œ = g ‹œ =
12. ƒ ‹ú/ +
2) Resolve the sandhi.
a =
1. 3å ? w t a =
2. ]D‹ >St
3. >p vœ = 4. šk t =
74
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
E R [anusvāra7]
7. ]/„
6/1 1/1
8.3.23 N E R
]/„ Â ~ O } 7/1 rw• 6/1
g the end of a rw is replaced by ]/„

When followed by any consonant, N at E R.
6 7
rw Ng O} g o O} g =
1
E R
]/„
rw Ng O} g
e.g. 1) ?@AN + AE g
g f‹ŸE hN
= AE N g 8.3.23 N_`/„
?@ + f‹ŸE h E R Â
E R
]/„
= Exercise =
E R rule.
1) Apply the rw ¨ ]/„
g OR ‹ =
1. r rN + g R RN =
2. oN + g
g 4h ‹ =
3. wP?N + g R NN +
4. ‹N + g /N N =
g dâ =
5. ]4N + g >?AN +
6. ewN + g d> ‹ =
g
g mn =
7. 3å /N + g oR_ N =
8. ]ON +
E R sandhi.
2) Resolve the rw ¨ ]/„
1. oa oR_ ‹ = + 2. ¤w/a p w N = +
E }Ÿ‹P =
3. >pa + 4. ewa r˜/a Ÿ? ‹ = + +
75
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
6/1
8.3.24 / f 0 ]rw ¨• 6/1 Œ } 7/1 Â ~ N 6/1
E R
]/„ 1/1
g
When followed by Œ},g N and /, g not at the end of a rw is replaced by ]/„
E R.
There are three points different from the previous sūtra: 1) /, g as well as N, g are subject to
E change; 2) they are not at the end of rw; 3) when Œ} g follows.

]/„R
6 7
rw g g
N// Œ} g o Œ} g =
1
E R
]/„
Since this sandhi is within rw, this is observed in conjugation of verbs and declension of
g
nouns, such as ]>-ending neuter in 1/3 (See Volume 1.)
g e 1/3
e.g. 1) • > +
rw /g >g
=• g +
/> g e
E R
]/„ =• a> g+ e 8.3.24 /t rw ¨• Œ } Â
= Exercise =
E R sandhi in the process of declension or conjugation.

Apply the ]rw ¨ ]/„
g
(]>-ending neuter in 1/3)
g +
1. ‹r / > g e= g +
2. ‹N / > g e=
g +
3. N/ / > g e= g +
4. Rh / > g e=
g +
5. ?f / > g e= g +
6. ? > / > g e=
g
(]>-ending masculine in 1/2 and 1/3)
g +
7. ?¿ / > g ¥= g +
8. ?¿ / > g ] =
g +
9. 4P / > g ¥= g +
10. 4P / > g ] =
g +
11. rNE / > g ¥= g +
12. rNE / > g ] =
(Conjugations of verbs)
g •‹=
13. /N + g >=
14. O/ +
76
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
8. …N†E g-dDN [‡amuˆ-āgama7]
6/1
8.3.32 …N µ„ ‹ 5/1
g ] f 7/1 …N†E g 1/1 /YN 0g f 0 Â ~ rw• 6/1
g at
g @//
When …/ g the end of a rw is preceded by a short vowel (µ„), and followed by any
vowel (]f),g …/ g is
g @// g added to that …/ g (i.e.,
g @// g g g is duplicated.)
g @//
…/
5 6 7 o ]f g =
rw µ„ g g
g @//
…/ ]f g
1
Addition of
…/ g g
g @//
rw ] /g d g dâ /
e.g. 1) r‚4/ +
= r‚4/ /g +
g dâ / 8.3.32 …N_ µ„ Â
Addition of / g
g the end of rw, which is preceded by a short vowel ], and followed by a vowel d,
/ at
takes additional /. g Thus / is

g duplicated.
1) Apply the …N†E g sandhi.
g ]r=
1. r‚4/ + g dvP =
2. D 4/ +
g e‹=
3. ŸD?/ + g — ‹P =
4. ‹©/ +
g ir ? ‹ =
5. rf/ + g ¢‹‹ =
6. ?w/ + g
g e‹=
7. ‹ Í/ + g i=
8. o Í/ +
2) Remove the …N†E g sandhi.
1. oE?AÖ r = 2. oE?AÖ Ô_ ‹ = /
g
3. ?k w ÖwN = g
4. DG Ö E Nk/ =
77
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
g
9. NSƒ A‰•N [mūrdhanya-tvam]
8.3.59 dwP -3Y44_ 6/2

Â ~ ]rw ¨• 6/1 NSƒ‰
A 1/1
> 6/1 g
e@o_ 5/1
A (k)g is the substitute in the place of >, g when the following conditions are fulfilled;
NSƒ‰
g an dwP (replacement) of previous modification, or a part of 3Y4

1. The > as
g o-?DA
g preceded by e@ or
2. When the > is
g not at the end of rw

3. When the > is
5
g dwP
> as
6 o e@ g =
rw g E
e@/o
g 3Y4
> of o oE (o?DA) =
1
A (k)g
NSƒ‰
In the following examples, nominal suffixes are suffixed to nominal bases.
g >-E
> of e.g. 1) R NP + > E 7/3 e.g. 2) O R + > E 7/3
rw ¢
3Y4 = R NP + k E = O R + kE
A (k)g
NSƒ‰
= Exercise =
A -• sandhi rule in the process of declension or conjugation..
Apply the ]rw ¨-NSƒ‰
1. >? + > E 7/3 = 2. O R + > E 7/3 =

3. DlE + > E 7/3 = 4. o‹G A + > E 7/3 =
5. /w + > E 7/3 = 6. N ‹ + > E 7/3 =
7. šo g + > E 7/3 = 8. ? o g + > E 7/3 =
g > E 7/3 =
9. wo+ 10. 4_ D + > E 7/3 =
g e 7/1 =
11. f E > + 12. oR_ + > II/1 =
78
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
g
10. @•N [Ba-tvam]
8.4.1 R-k N 5/2

g / 6/1
@ 1/1
>N /rwP 7/1 Â
g the substitute for / when

@ is g g immediately preceded by R gor k in
the / is g the same
word.
5 6
rw g g
R/k /g
1
@g
8.4.2 ]† g-oE-r-d…
E g
-g /NE -¬? 4P 7/1 ] r 0Â
The @• takes place even when R/k g

g and g
/ are intervened by one or more of the
following letters in any order.
5 6
rw Any of
g g
R/k /g
]† g/oE/r/d…
E /g /NE g
1
@g
o ]† g =
o oE (o?DA ) =
o r E (r?DA ) =
o d… g = one of ir>DAs
o /NE g = a type of augment
8.4.37 rw ¨• 6/1 Â ~ / 0 / 6/1

@ 1/1
g
This change of @ should not happen at the end of rw.
79
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
= Exercise =
1) Examining whether @• is applicable, write the forms of the following masculine words in
3/1 and 6/3.
1. R N E
2. rlk
3. ?k4 4. ‹oA
5. rTE 6. ]h/AE
7. } @ 8. oG Ú
9. df 4A 10.
11. O R 12. š k
13. D R 14. /Gr ‹
15. DlE 16. ek E
17. NNE E E 18. ?Ú E
19. r / g 20. ?é R/ g
2) Write forms of the following neuter words in 1/3, 3/1 and 6/3.
1. e ì4
2. rT
3. r@A
4.
5. oR@
6. } @
7. ? R
8. w l
9. mn
10. oNA
80
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
11. t•N g •
E /Š g
E N [ścu-tvam/ û-tvam]
6/1 3/1 1/1

8.4.40 v_ ‚f/E ‚f E Â
g wg g ƒ /g )g is changed to its corresponding palatal (‹ }¬) sound, which is

g E (‹ œ
Dental >/‹
/f g gh Œ
g E (f • g –g )g when the dental >/‹
g E has contact with /f
g .E
3 6 o f E (f-?DA) =
g E
/f g E
>/‹ o ‹ E (‹-?DA) =
1
g E
/f
The ‹ }¬ sound which is the most similar
to the original becomes the substitute.
or g
o >→ g
(sibilant)
6 3
g E o ‹ g→ (1st of the class)

g E
>/‹ /f
o œ g→ ( of the class)
1 o wg → ( of the class)
g E
/f
o ƒ g→ ( of the class)
o / g→ ( of the class)
= Exercise =
E sandhi.
1) Apply the ‚f•
g / =
1. R h + g / =
2. R h +
g ‹P P =
3. R N> + g f/_ ‹ =
4. R N> +
g f} ‹ =
5. N/> + g f =
6. R N> +
g ‹P P =
7. ‹‹ + g f‹ =
8. >‹ + g
9. —QR w g + h 4‹P = g
10. ‹w g + å /N =
g •T‹=
11. ‹Í ‹ + g g h4 =
12. 4_ D/ +
E sandhi.
2) Resolve the ‚f•
1. > = + 2. iËPw = +
3. ‹Í 4‹P = + 4. df 4 A ‹ = +
81
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
3/1 1/1 6/1

8.4.41 †E/ †E Â ~ v_
Dental >/‹ g wg g ƒ /g )g is changed to its corresponding cerebral (NSƒ‰

g E (‹ œ A ) sound, which is
g E († g ˜ g Ž g ™ g @)g when that >/‹

k/† g E.
g E has contact with cerebral sound k/†
3 6 o †E (†-?DA) =
g E
k/† g E
>/‹ o ‹ E (‹-?DA) =
1
g E
k/†
A sound which is the most similar
The NSƒ‰
to the original becomes the substitute.
or
6 3 g
o >→ g
k (sibilant)
g E
>/‹ g E
k/† o ‹ g→ (1st of the class)
o œ g→ ( of the class)
1
g E
k/† o wg → ( of the class)
o ƒ g→ ( of the class)
o / g→ ( of the class)
= Exercise =
1) Apply the Š-E • sandhi rule.
g ‹=
1. ‹kE + g ‹=
2. rkE +
g ‹ =
3. k + 4. —† g + ‹P =
g k© =
5. R N> + g † o‹P =
6. R N> +
g †o =
7. ‹‹ + g ™ªo>P =
8. f Ï/ +
2) Resolve the Š-E • sandhi rule.
1. ‹Í Õ o‹P = + 2. Š = +
3. ? © = + 4. ?Š o‹P = +
82
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
12. ]//E >o [anunāsika7]
6/1 7/1 1/1

8.4.45 4R ]//E >oP ]//E >o ? 0Â ~ rw• 6/1
rw ¨ 4R,g when followed by ]//E >o (nasal sound), is replaced by its ]//E >o (nasal
sound).
o 4R g =
6 7
rw 4R g ]//E >o o ]//E >o =
1
]//E >o
g /N
g //
g –/@
o?DA/f?DA/†?DA/‹?DA/r?DA sounds become …/ g , g respectively.
4, g ?, g } g become 4¾, ?¾, }¾ respectively.
R,g , g k, g > remain

g as they are because of the absence of similar nasal sounds.
rw wg /g e.g. 1) ‹w g + /
g / 8.4.45 4R_`//E >oP `//E >o_ ? Â

= ‹/ +
/g
= Exercise =
1) Apply the rw ¨-]//E >o sandhi rule.
1. ? o g + NP = g
2. …N†E g + /YN =
g /
3. ‹‹ + = g N‰>P =
4. ¢‹‹ +
2) Resolve the rw ¨-]//E >o sandhi.
1. 3 !N_ ‹ g = + 2. e ¦/Y = +
3. ‹Í Ö = + 4. hDÖ œ = +
4. hD "# = + 5. žZ/ "GY_ = +
83
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
g
13. h‚•N [jaś-tvam]
8.4.53 Œ} N 6/3
g h 1/1
g Œ 7/1
Â
g the substitute for Œ},g when the Œ} g is immediately followed by Œ . g

h is
6 7
o Œ} g =
Œ} g Œ g
g
o h =
1 g
o Œ =
h g
In other words, Œ} g followed by soft consonant becomes non-aspirated.
In the following examples, suffix ‹ or ‹ is suffixed to a root in order to create a new

nominal base.
ƒg ƒg g ‹
e.g. 1) žƒE +
g ƒ
= žƒE + 8.2.40 Œkvœ_ƒ×`ƒ Â
= žwE g + ƒ g
8.4.53 Œ} a h Œ Â
wg
ƒ, g which is of Œ},g is followed by ƒ, g that is of Œ . g Thus the first ƒ is

g replaced by the
closest h , g which is w g, because they are both dental.

In the same manner, Ÿ, g which is of Œ},g followed by ƒ, g is replaced by its non-aspirated,
which is ž. g
g ‹
e.g. 2) }Ÿ +
Ÿg ƒg g ƒ
= }Ÿ + 8.2.40 Œkvœ_ƒ×`ƒ Â
g ƒ
= }ž + g
8.4.53 Œ} a h Œ Â
žg
= Exercise =
Apply the h •g sandhi rule.
g ƒ=
1. wx + g ƒ=
2. qx +
g ƒ=
3. ƒE + g ƒ=
4. >ƒ +
g ƒ=
5. }Ÿ + g ƒ=
6. dRŸ +
84
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
g
14. f•AN [car-tvam]
8.4.55 p R 7/1 f 0Â ~ Œ} N 6/3

g fR g1/1
fR gis the substitute for Œ},g when the Œ} g is immediately followed by pR.g
6 7
o Œ} g =
Œ} g pR g
o fR g=
1 o pR g=
fR g
In other words, Œ} g followed by hard consonant becomes non-aspirated.
In the following examples, nominal suffixes are suffixed to nominal bases. Refer to the
topic of Declension of Consonant-ending Nominal Bases in Volume 1.
e.g. 1) g > E 7/3

Nl‹ +
wg >g
= Nlw g + > E 8.2.39 Œ} a h _`¨P Â
g >E
= Nl‹ + 8.4.55 p R f Â
‹g
g >E
e.g. 2) šf +
Dg kg g >E
= šo+ 8.2.30 f_ oE Â
= šD+g > E 8.2.39 Œ} a h _`¨P Â
og = šD+g k E 8.3.59 dwP 3Y44_ Â
= šo+g k E 8.4.55 p R f Â
= Exercise =
1) Apply the f•A sandhi rule.
g f=
1. ? D + g ‹=
2. YD +
3. ‹w g + o } = g >E =
4. > Nƒ +
5. ‹w g + ‹P = 6. ‹Í w g + rR =
2) Resolve the f•A sandhi.
1. ‹ ýN g = + 2. >?A ?{ E = +
85
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
0
8.4.56 ? ]?> / P 7/1 Â ~ Œ} N 6/3
g fR g1/1
The substitution of fR gis optional, when the Œ} g is immediately followed by ]?> /
(absence of letter/full stop), which is observed at the end of a sentence.
6 7
o Œ} g =
Œ} g ]?> /N g
o fR g=
1 g Absence of letter
o ]?> /N =
Optional fR g
e.g. 1) g > 1/1

Nl‹ + g
wg ]?> /N g
= Nl‹ g Elision of > g
= Nlw g 8.2.39 Œ} a h _`¨P Â
Optional ‹ g
g
= Nl‹ /Nlw g 8.4.56 ? `?> / P Â
= Exercise =
Apply the optional f•A sandhi rule before ]?> /.
1. R N w g = or 2. ‹Í w g = or
3. Nlw g = or 4. ?áwE g = or
5. >?A ?w g = or 6. ir /kw g = or
g
7. š •D = or g
8. ? D = or
9. >Þ Ž g = or 10. ?R Ž g = or
86
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
15. rR>?@A [parasavarBa7]
E R• 6/1 4 4 7/1 rR>?@A

8.4.58 ]/„ 1/1
Â
E R when the ]/„

rR>?@A (similar sound to the following) is the substitute for ]/„ E R is
immediately followed by 44. g
6 7
o 44 g =
E R
]/„ 44 g
1
rR>?@A
In other words, ]/„ g

E R followed by 44 becomes the nasal of the following letter.
e.g. 1) a+o
a o?DA = …g + o E R• 4 4 rR>?@A Â
8.4.58 ]/„
= à
…g
a f?DA a †?DA a ‹?DA a r?DA
–g @g /g Ng
e.g. 2) ra + f e.g. 3) wa + Ž e.g. 4) Da + ‹G e.g. 5) oa + r

rÐ w¦Ž D¨G o‘
a g /}
4/? g g g ‹/ >a4 ‹
e.g. 6) >a + 4 ‹ = >4 ¾ 4
e.g. 7) >a + ? w = >??¾ g w / >a? w
¾ g ?/
4/ ¾ g }¾ g g >}¾ }g @N /
e.g. 8) >a + } @N = g >a} @N g
At rw ¨, this is optional by the next sūtra.
When R,g as well as /k g /O

g /> g g follow, ]/„
E R remains ]/„
E R, as in ]a , oa > , >a O‹ , etc.
87
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
0
8.4.59 ? rw ¨• 6/1 Â
This rule is optional at the end of a rw.
6 7
rw E R
]/„ 44 g
1
Optional
rR>?@A
= Exercise =
E R sandhi (refer back to 8.3.24) and ]/„

1) Apply ]/„ E R• rR>?@A sandhi rules within rws
listed below. Due to not being at the end of rw, the sandhi is compulsory.
g o =
1. / + -> g p=
2. }/ + ->
g D =
3. DN + -> g x/ =
4. }/ + ->
g f/ =
5. r/ + g -> g h/ =
6. ]/ + ->
g Ž‹ =
7. r/ + -> g œ=
8. ß/ + ->
g w/ =
9. // + -> g r/ =
10. o/ + ->
g ‹G =
11. DN + -> g ‹G =
12. O/ + ->
E R sandhi (refer back to 8.3.23) and ]/„

2) Apply ]/„ E R• rR>?@A sandhi rules between two
rws listed below. Being at the end of rw, the sandhi is optional, thus there should be two
forms. Note that ir>DA is grammatically considered to be an independent rw.
g oR_ N =
1. o 4AN + -> /
2. g fR ¨ =
TP N + -> /
3. g ‹R ‹ =
_oN + -> /
g o
4. >N + = -> /
g ‹r =
5. >N + -> /
88
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
16. ‹_ }A [torli]
6/1
8.4.60 ‹_ } 7/1 Â ~ rR>?@A 1/1
When ‹?DA is followed by },g it becomes rR>?@A (similar sound to the following), which is
either } g or }¾ .g
6 7 o ‹ E (‹?DA) =
‹E }g o >?@A of } g (rR) = } g and }¾ g
1
rR>?@A
g ¾ )g
(}/}
Among the rR>?@As, the most similar sound in terms of . / has to be the substitute. In
g } g because they all have w¨ as their . /.
this case, the substitute for ‹, g œ, g w g, ƒ is
g }¾ g because they both have w¨ and / >o as their . /.
Whereas, the substitute for / is
e.g. 1) ‹w g + }4
wg }g
= ‹w g + }4 8.2.39 Œ} a h _`¨PÂ
= ‹} g + }4 8.4.60 ‹_ }AÂ
}g
/g }g e.g. 2) g }Ÿ‹P
H?/+
= H ? }¾ g + }Ÿ‹P 8.4.60 ‹_ }AÂ
}¾
= Exercise =
1) Apply the sandhi.
g } @ =
1. hO‹ + 2. iw g + }Pp =
g }_o /=g
3. eN / + g }•‹P =
4. O/NE / +
1. ]hO$ @ = g 4‹P =
2. i$…x
g
3. ŸE $%o / = 4. r‚4 $¾ p ‹ =
89
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
g
17. Œ4_ O_`‰‹R• N [jhayo ho'nyatarasyām]
5/1 6/1
8.4.62 Œ4 O ]‰‹R• N 0g Â ~ rS?•
A 6/1 >?@A 1/1
When O g is preceded by Œ4, g the O g is replaced by the most similar letter among >?@A letters
A ?@As)
of the preceding letter (rS?>
5 6
Œ4 g o g
Œ4 =
Og
(rS?)A
1
A ?@A
Optional rS?>
g /™
(x/Œ g /ƒ
g /Ÿg )g
A ?@A, the most similar letter to O g is determined by ž 345 (hard or soft, and
Among rS?>
]´3 @ or NO 3 @), since it cannot be decided by the . /. As ž 345 of O g is soft and
NO 3 @, the 4th letters of each class (x, g Œ, g ™,g ƒ, g Ÿ)g are the most similar letters to O g.
o?DA Og f?DA Og †?DA Og ‹?DA Og r?DA Og
xg Œg ™g ƒg Ÿg
g OR
e.g. 1) wD + g O/
e.g. 2) ]h + e.g. 3) }† g + OR ‹ g Ov
e.g. 4) qR w g + &‹P e.g. 5) ]ž +
g xR
wD + g Œ/
]h + }† g + ™R ‹ qR w g + ƒS‹ P g Ÿv
]ž +
= Exercise =
1) Apply the sandhi.
g
1. ? D +Üw4P = g µ„ =
2. ]h +
3. • Ž g +µ„ = 4. ‹w g + O / =
g Ov =
5. ]ž + 6. >NwE g + O‹ A =

1. eæ'„ = + 2. ]()„ = +
3. R5NŽE g™R ‹ = + 4. *R HS‹ P = +
5. ‹HP‹ E = + g
6. iHG‹N = +
90
g Z [hal-sandhi7])
18. ‚•_` † [śaśco'î]
6/1 1/1
8.4.63 • ] † 7/1 Â ~ Œ4 5/1
]‰‹R• N 0g
• g is optionally the substitute for , g when the g preceded by Œ4, g and followed by ]† g.
is
5 6 7 g
o Œ4 =
Œ4 g g ]† g
o ]† g =
1
Optional • g
e.g. 1) ‹w g + Ng
fg g d = ‹w g + Ng 8.2.39 Œ} a h _`¨PÂ
g
= ‹h + Ng 8.4.40 v_ t/E t E Â
g
= ‹h + Ng g
8.4.53 Œ} a h Œ Â
Optional • g
g
= ‹f + Ng 8.4.55 p R fÂ
g • Ng
= ‹f + 8.4.63 ‚•_` †Â
= Exercise =
1) Apply the •• sandhi.
1. ? o g + ‹P P = 2. }† g + ‹P P =
g
3. 4w g + _oN = g
4. iw g + _k@N =
5. Nw g + àR = E =
6. ‹w g + •
2) Resolve the •• sandhi.

g
1. QË ¨N = + 2. >Ë+ = +
E ,P 4 =
3. 4H + g
4. i ,‹N = +
g
5. ‹Ë }N = + 6. ‹-@ E = +
91
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Enjoyable Sanskrit Grammar Series

Volume 2 Phonetics & Sandhi

Arsha Avinash Foundation

Electronic version of this book is available at:

Printed version of this book is available at:

Tutorial videos to accompany this series of books will soon be available

Topic I – Phonetics ( [śik ā]) 1

Topic II - MāheśvarasūtrāBi (N OPQR>ST @) 9

Topic IV - Visarga Sandhi ( ?>DA> Z ) 17

1. Classification of the sounds

Table 1: Letters/Sounds used in Sanskrit

A. Points of articulation (. / / [sthānāni])

1. Throat (o¦˜ [kaBˆha7])

Names of sounds pronounced from each point:

The classes (?D A [vargā7])

B. Efforts (345 [prayatnā7])

ii. External efforts

Category 1: Soft/hard distinction among consonants

Category 2: Aspirated/non-aspirated distinction among consonants

Category 3: Accents on vowels

Vowels vary in relation to 3 factors:

] has 18 varieties. (3 lengths x 3 accents x 2 (nasalized and non-nasalized))

Table 2: Variety of vowel

]///E >o ]//E >o

Similarly, e and i have 18 varieties.

3. Similar sounds (>?@ A [savarBā7])

Table 3: List of similar sounds

These sounds are Point of articulation Internal effort

E [guBa7] and ?G H [vIddhi7]

E [guBa7] and ?G H [vIddhi7] are technical names assigned to certain vowels in

Table 4: List of guBa and vIddhi letters

] [a] ¢ [e] ¤ [o]

d [ā] £ [ai] ¥ [au]

]œ N OPQR>ST @ [atha māheśvarasūtrāBi]

e ‹ N OPQR @ >ST @ Â [iti māheśvarāBi sūtrāBi]

The letters in N OPQR>STs are arranged for making 3Y O Rs [pratyāhāra]s,

2. How to understand Table 5

The N OPQR>ST @ [māheśvarasūtrāBi] are arranged in such a way that 3Y O Rs

g understood as all the letters from

1. List the 3Y O R for the following:

All vowels = ______ All consonants = ______

All simple vowels = ______ All soft consonants = ______

All diphthongs = ______ All hard consonants = ______

All letters = ______ All sibilants = ______

]o g _ 5_ _All the simple vowels ________ _], e, i, š, • _________

]f g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

]@ *g 1 ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

]@ *g 2 ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

]† g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

eo g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

ef g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

e@ *g 3 ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

¢… g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

¢f g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

£f g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

pR g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

fR g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

h g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

Œ} g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

Œ g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

4@ g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

O g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

O} g ____ _____________________________ ______________________________

All vowels = All consonants =

All simple vowels = All soft consonants =

All diphthongs = All hard consonants =

All letters = All sibilants =

]f g _ ______

]@ *g 1 _ ______

]@ *g 2 _ ______

]† g _ ______

eo g _ ______

ef g _ ______

e@ *g 3 _ ______

¢… g _ ______

¢f g _ ______

£f g _ ______

pR g _ ______

fR g _ ______

h g _ ______

Œ} g _ ______

Œ g _ ______

4@ g _ ______

O g _ ______

O} g _ ______

]} g _ ______