SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)

QSB1714 – Building Services 1

Water Treatment for Domestic Water Supplies

August Semester 2013

Building Services Report

Submission Date: 18th November 2013

Name StudentID

Yam Yih Hwan 0305861

Low RongTzuoo 0304924

Ng Jun Keat 0314368

Lim Yee Leng 0314516

Tan JiaJia 0306613

FatinAtiqahPutribinti A Razak 0308496

Water Treatment for Domestic Water Supplies Page 1

 Table of Content Page

Cover Page 1

Table of Content 2

Chapter 1: Introduction 3

Chapter 2: Theoretical Research 4-7

Importance of Chemical Coagulation

Possible Drinking Water Problems

Chapter 3: Case Study 8 - 20

Installation Process

Management System

Recommendations for Future Improvement

Conclusion 21

Learning Outcomes 22

References 23 - 25

Appendices 26 - 27

Water Treatment for Domestic Water Supplies Page 2

Chapter 1: Introduction

Not all ground water requires treatment before consumption, but when it does, the
design of a complete, effective, and safe home water system must be taken under consideration.

Water treatment involves a series of separate treatment processes in a standard

sequence to producea safe and quality product. This treatment processes improves the quality
ofthe water by providing a multi-barrier, water treatment system. For surface water
supplies,treatment must include steps to remove particulate and organic matter through
chemical coagulations, followed by disinfection. Watertreatment equipment can be expensive
and always requires good maintenance practices to operateeffectively over the long-
term.(Unknown, n.d.)

Traditionally for domestic use, water treatment has consisted of either no treatment at all,
or acombination of chlorination, rapid sand filtration, or granular activated carbon filtration.
These typesof treatmentshave not been successful on producing high water quality product.
Therefore, the water produced from this type of treatment system can only be considered as
utility water andshould not be consumed. (Unknown, n.d.)

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Chapter 2: Theoretical Research

Importance of Chemical Coagulation in Water

Treatment Process
Chemical methods, such as chemical coagulation or flocculation are commonly used for water
treatment on community water systems. These methods are grouped into several main
categories with respect to their purpose and the nature of the technology.

The main categories to consider here are:

(1) Chemical pre-treatments by coagulation or flocculation
(2) Adsorption process
(3) Ion exchange processes
(4) Chemical disinfection processes.

All of these processes contribute to microbial reductions from water, but the chemical
disinfection processes are specifically intended to inactivate pathogens and other microbes in
water. Other chemical methods for water treatment will be examined for their efficacy in
microbial reductions and their applicability to household water treatment. (Sobsey, M. D., n.d.)

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 Chemical coagulation and flocculationuses various types of salt, such as aluminum, iron,
lime and other inorganic or organic chemicals.They are widely used to process and treat water
for the removal of colloidal particles and microbes. (Sobsey, M. D., n.d.)

Below table listed some of the coagulants that have been and are being used for water
treatment at the community and household level, the advantages and disadvantages of each
coagulant.

Coagulant Household Use Advantages Disadvantages

Alum, alum Yes/rare- Community use common; Difficult to optimize without
potash moderate simple technology training and equipment
Iron salts Yes/rare Community use common; Difficult to optimize without
simple technology training and equipment
Lime, lime+ soda Yes/rare- Community use common; Difficult to optimize without
ash, caustic moderate simple technology training and equipment;
soda pH control and
neutralization a problem;
hazardous chemicals
Soluble Yes/no-rare Improve coagulation with Difficult to optimize without
synthetic alum and iron salts training and equipment;
organic hard to dose;
polymers need training &
equipment;
hazardous chemicals

(Sobsey, M. D., n.d.)

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 Possible Drinking Water Problems

Drinking water in the Malaysia is usually of very high standards. Sometimes, drinking
water is not up to standard and causes health problems to consumers. Therefore, consumers
must be aware of the possible problems that might occur in drinking water. (Water
Treatment.org, n.d.)

The following table has shown some common problems with metals and minerals
in drinking water and suggestions for suitable form of water treatment.

Problem Effect on Water Suggested Treatment

pH Low alkalinity water tends 1. Use Soda Ash to raise
to dissolve minerals and 2. Use white vinegar or
metals. citric acid to lower
Water with high alkalinity
tend to precipitate minerals
and metals
Aluminum Discolored water Reverse Osmosis
Distillation
Chloride Salty taste Reverse Osmosis
Distillation
Color Visible Tint Reverse Osmosis
Distillation
Copper Blue-green coloration, metallic 1. Activated Carbon
taste Filtration
2. Reverse Osmosis
Distillation
Corrosion Metallic Taste 1. Calcite Filter
Corrosion 2. Soda Ash Chemical
Fixture Staining Feed
3. Polyphosphate Feed
Sodium Silicate Feed
Fluoride Spotting and mottling of teeth 1. Reverse Osmosis

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 Distillation
2. Chlorination
Hard Water Lime scale deposits in plumbing 1. Water Conditioner
and water appliances, 2. Water Softener
Reduced heating efficiency,
Lowers lifespan of boiler units,
Requires more soap
Iron Rusty colour 1. Oxidizing Filter
Sediment 2. Chlorination ->AC
Reddish or orange stains Filter
Metallic taste
Manganese Dark brown / Black stains Oxidizing Filter

Odor Rotten egg Activated Carbon Filtration

Musty
Garlic
Chemical Smell
Silver Skin discoloration 1. Activated Carbon
Grey tint in white part of Filtration
eye 2. Reverse Osmosis
Distillation
Sulfate Medicinal taste Reverse Osmosis
Acts as a laxative Distillation
Total Dissolved Solids Hard Water 1. Reverse Osmosis
Deposits on glass and Distillation
fixtures 2. Water Conditioner
3. Water Softener
Zinc Metallic taste Reverse Osmosis
Distillation

(Water Treatment.org, n.d.)

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Chapter 3a: Case Study

Local Water Treatment: SYABAS

SYABAS is a company assigned by the State and Federal Government in order to
upgrade and enhance the water supply system within the State of Selangor.SYABAS managed,
and operated the water supply system to distribute quality clean water. Moreover, SYABAS is
committed to deliver water supply within the highest level of quality, expertise and prompt
services to the people who live in Selangor.SYABAS providing maintenance of infrastructure
and water-related assets repair and restore aging pipes and water meters. (Jawatan Kosong
Kini, 2013)

According to (Eunice Au, 2013), it proved that the SYABAS manage to clean up the
diesel oil spill in Sungai Selangor which means that they perform their responsibility well. They
perform a good service to consumers such as offers a simple way for payment and provide
necessary assistance. Based on (New Straits Times, 2013), SYABAS perform their
responsibility to find out the location and problem of the burst pipe and they will provide services
like repair works of the burst pipe once the location of the burst pipe to be identified. They
present awareness on water-related problems to the consumers to make the highest level
quality of life is maintained. It is necessary for SYABAS to save the environment for future
property, protect and promote in the areas of unpolluted water resources, comfort environment,
appropriate waste management to avoid pollutions. In reference to (The Star, 2012), SYABAS
wants to make sure supply of clear and high standard quality water could be channeled to
consumers so consumers are advised not to organize any activities that can lead to river
pollution. Furthermore, SYABAS are protecting the environment for the future property. Besides
that, (SYABAS, 2011) also state that SYABAS can deliver of high quality of water. It is clean
and safe to drink directly from tap as the threated water supply by SYABAS.

Sometimes, the water treatment plants have to close their operations due to
maintenance works which carry out by SYABAS and will result the consumers encountered in
the unscheduled water disruptions. With regard to the (SYABAS, 2011) state that SYABAS
wants consumers to shut down the mains at the stopcocks during the air scouring programme to
be distributed. It will bring much inconvenient not only for consumers, but also factories and
restaurants. This is because they can certify this is being done by checking and shutting them
provided the stopcocks are accessible before the air scouring programme finish.

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 Installation Process

Step 1 – Intake
The intake screens prevent debris from entering the treatment facility. The screens are located
off the bottom of the river to avoid bringing sediments into the treatment plant and below the
surface to avoid bringing oils or other floating material into the treatment plant.

Step 2 – Aeration
Aeration process involves bringing air to contact with water to transfer volatile substances from
the liquid to the gaseous phase, thus increase the dissolved air in water. It will improve taste
and odor and also oxidize iron and manganese.

Step 3 – Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemicalcoagulants are added to react with the remaining small particles in the water to form
particles large enough to settle out. Rapid mixing distributes the coagulant evenly throughout
the water. While, flocculation basins gently mix the water with large submerged paddles so
smaller particles collide to form large particles called ―floc‖.

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 (It’s ―floc‖)

Step 4 – Sedimentation
Sedimentation is physical treatment process that utilizes gravity to separated suspended solid
from water. ―Floc‖ settles by gravity to the bottom of a sedimentation basin. Then, clean water
spills over to the filters.

Step 5 – Filtration
Filtration is to remove any remaining particles that carried over after sedimentation. The force of
gravity moves the water through filter media usually, sand.

Step 6 – Disinfection
Chlorine is added to prevent bacterial contamination as the treated water flows through the
distribution system to customers.

Step 7 – Fluoridation
Additional fluoride is added to prevent dental caries and tooth decay.

Step 8 – PH Correction
The pH is adjusted to 7.0 at the outlet of contact tank by adding lime.

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 SYABAS Water Integrated Management System
(SWIMS)

SYABAS has invested millions in its Information Communication Technology (ICT) to

ensure its services meet with the present requirement and quality that rivals the international
acceptance standards, SYABAS has invested millions in its Information Communication
Technology (ICT) to ensure that it equips its critical departments and personnel with advanced
technology to meet and if possible exceed, the increasing sophisticated demand of its
consumers in terms of turnaround response time as well as providing solution to resolve all
impending problems.

SYABAS has deployed a computerized framework namely Integrated SYABAS Water

Management Information System (SWIMS) to meet the efficiency demand of the massive work
processes after the takeover, SYABAS has deployed a computerized framework namely
Integrated SYABAS Water Management Information System (SWIMS) with state of-the-art
computer integrated system with the objective to centralize the computer system with integrated
architectural design.

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There are five management systems developed for SYABAS: (SYABAS, n.d.)[1]

 Supporting System Process (Finance, Administration, Legal, Human Resource,

Procurement, Technology and R&D Management);
 Process Management System (Program and Project & Contract Management);
 Core Business Process System (Supply, Operations & Maintenance, Billing &
Collections, Development Plan Approval and Customer Service);
 Quality Management System (Training and Client Charter Compliance Management);
and
 Product Information System (Distribution Infra-Structure Assets)

Apart from this, SYABAS has developed and deployed a Computer Data Centre
Redundancy Infrastructure that is equipped with fault-tolerance high availability system.
SYABAS System application and Computer Servers on the other hand, are supported by the
Data Centre’s fiber optics that acts as a backbone to ensure that it is up and running 24 hours
without failed, which in turn enable the Data Centre to resolve future major computer
catastrophe involving loss of information and operation down-time. In order to facilitate better
work correspondence and synchronization, SYABAS has deployed VPN Network Infrastructure
that runs on 1.5 mega-bits per second bandwidth speed so as to connect all our district offices
with the HQ.(SYABAS, n.d.)[1]

With GIS–based (Geographical Information System) mapping and water distribution asset
registration system, it helps to:(SYABAS, n.d.)[1]

 Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the operational control and management of
the complex water distribution with centralised information on the water distribution
system;
 Assist in the planning and expansion of the water supply system to meet rapid
development in the State;

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Chapter 3b: Case Study

International Water Treatment: American Water

American Water is a specialist in serving communities, builders and developers to
overcome their water and wastewater system operation, management,and supply, delivery
challenges. The vocational of American Water were providing uninterrupted services to
consumer, operational excellence and effective waste treatment, deliver and different waste-
related management services. American Water enhanced efficient usage of the natural
resources, as well as energy, in both operations and through construction. (American Water,
2013)

American Water attempted to realize a high standard of energy efficiency and decrease
the release of the greenhouse gas. They decreasedthe resource consumption and unnecessary
production in capital projects and others construction.Besides that, American Water replaced
portable water provides for several common uses like landscape irrigation during reusing
treated wastewater reduces the discharge of contaminants into lakes, streams and also
rivers.They guard the watersheds, develop sustainable water resources and then increase
water conservation and use efficiency.Recycle water are often used for many functions, like
irrigation, bathroom flushing, facilities cooling and industrial appliances. It may be to recharge
ground waters or streams.(American Water, 2013)

(New York American Water, 2013) has said that fire hydrants accessibility is one of the
main factors in fighting fires successfully. In order to avoid delays the fire fighters connect their
equipment to the fire hydrants, American Water always remind citizens taking the time to ensure
the area surrounding fire hydrants clear, especially during winter season.

According to (Water Sense,n.d.),sometimes, American Water failed to deliver the high

quality of water to the consumers, especially in the rural areas of the United State, which cause
millions people do not get the enough amounts of high quality of water. Also, in some region of
the country, the consumers experience the shortage of the water due to American Water poor
maintenance of water treatment plants.

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 Installation Process
Follow a drop of water from the source through the treatment process. Water may be treated
differently in different communities depending on the quality of the water which enters the plant.
Groundwater is water located underground and typically requires less treatment than water from
lakes, rivers, and streams.

Stop at each treatment point to show where the water is along the treatment path.

Step 1 – Coagulation
It removes dirt and other particles suspended in water. Alum and other chemicals are added to
water to form tiny sticky particles called "floc" which attract the dirt particles. The combined
weight of the dirt and the alum (floc) become heavy enough to sink to the bottom during
sedimentation.

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Step 2 – Sedimentation
Waters exiting the flocculation basin may enter the sedimentation basin, or also be known as a
clarifier or settling basin. It is a large tank with low water velocities, allowing (floc) to settle to the
bottom. The sedimentation basin is best located close to the flocculation basin so the transit
between the two processes does not permit settlement or (floc) break up. Sedimentation basins
may be rectangular, where water flows from starting to the end or circular where flow is from the
center outward. Sedimentation basin outflow is typically over a weir so only a thin top layer of
water—that furthest from the sludge—exits.The heavy particles (floc) settle to the bottom and
the clear water moves to filtration.

Step 3 – Filtration
After separating most heavy particles (floc), the water is filtered, some made of layers of sand,
gravel, and charcoal, as the final step to remove remaining suspended particles and unsettled
(floc).

Step 4 – Disinfection
Disinfection is a accomplished both by filtering a small amount of chlorine is added or some
other disinfection method is used to kill any bacteria or harmful micro-organism that may be in
the water, and also, by adding disinfectant chemicals. Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens
which is pass through the filters and to provide a residual dose of disinfectant to kill or inactivate
potentially harmful micro-organisms in the storage and distribution systems.

Step 5 – Storage
Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir in order for disinfection to take place. The water
then flows through pipes to homes and businesses in the community.

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 Integrated Water Resource Management

Clean water is an essential component forhuman’s health, therefore our economy, and
environment, managed this resource demands a more holistic and integrated approach which
considers the whole water cycle. Integrated water resource management (IWRM) focuses on
understanding all of the water resources available to the communities we serve and the
surrounding regions, actively caring for those resources, and providing solutions that best match
an area’s water needs and constraints. It is a more holistic assessment of water solutions than
traditional, single solutions by individual entities.

Key components of IWRM are identified below:(Chevallier, M. L. Director, Innovation &

Environmental Stewardship, n.d.)

 Identifying and giving balanced consideration to supply and demand management

planning alternatives. This could include evaluation of water resource use and demands
from agriculture, industry, power generation or other significant users of the regional
watershed resources. Coordinated drought management planning is often included in
the scope of IWRM;
 Considering the availability and use of alternative or distributed supplies (re-use,
groundwater recharge, storm water retention/treatment, non-potable supplies, etc.) as
appropriate. Green solutions such as low impact development techniques, bio-swales,
rain barrels and gardens, infiltration basins, etc. would also be included;
 Analysis of engineering, economic, societal, and environmental costs and considerations
while balancing the needs of competing users and multiple objectives of the use of the
resources;
 Inviting an open and participatory process involving all stakeholders and striving for
consensus, while encompassing least-cost analysis of short- and long-term planning
options, and satisfying utility and regulatory policy goals;
 Identifying and managing risk and uncertainty including emerging guidance on relevant
issues such as the potential impacts of climate change;
 Encouraging coordination of planning between water and wastewater utilities,
environmental agencies/NGOs, land use planners, transportation planning, etc. in a
specific region.

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 Water Resources and Planning

In their long-term planning, it evaluates quality, quantity, growth needs, and alternate
sources of water supply as well as transmission and distribution capacity. Sources of supply are
seasonal in nature and weather conditions can have a pronounced effect on supply. In order to
ensure that we have adequate sources of water supply, we use Comprehensive Planning
Studies (CPS) and maintain drought and contingency plans to minimize the potential impact on
service through a wide range of weather fluctuations. In connection with supply planning for
most surface or groundwater sources, we employ sophisticated models to determine safe yields
under different rainfall and drought conditions. Surface and groundwater levels are routinely
monitored for all supplies so that supply capacity may be predicted and mitigated, as needed,
through demand management and additional supply development.(Chevallier, M. L. Director,
Innovation &Environmental Stewardship, n.d.)

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Through our CPS process we regularly evaluate water systems to assess:(Chevallier, M. L.
Director, Innovation &Environmental Stewardship, n.d.)

 Quantity and quality of available supplies

 Adequacy and effectiveness of treatment processes and waste handling systems
 Adequacy and efficiency of distribution pipeline networks and pumping facilities in
delivering safe, adequate water while minimizing water losses
 Those proper permits are maintained to ensure legal authorization of withdrawal of
supplies from both groundwater and surface water sources.

On-going attention to the maintenance, repair, and development of water infrastructure is

necessary to ensure safe, clean water, and efficient and sustainable water use. For example,
water management through leak detection and repairs results in reduced water losses (and
therefore, reduced energy use and cost). In areas where water resources are relatively scarce,
then reducing water losses leads to the availability of more water for our customers.

Metering provides an accurate accounting of water flowing through the system, thereby
helping to determine where losses and excess usage may occur. American Water's practice is
to meter all customers. (Amwater, n.d.)[2]

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 Recommendations for Future Improvement

Why SYABAS need to improve?

Over time, many of the water treatment method that SYABAS used have been outdated.
The demand for water has increased as the service area has expanded due to the growth of
residential housing and business. This increasing demand, along with the advent of new water
treatment technology and an aging infrastructure at the plant, makes the decision logical,
necessary and correct. After improvement, it will have the ability to reliably supply customers
with more water per day, but the treatment process will be improved to deliver an even better
water supply to consumers who have come to expect the very best drinking water possible.

Water resources development has been a catalyst for socioeconomic development of

the country. However, the water situation for some parts of the country has changed from one of
relative abundance to one of scarcity. The growth in population and expansion in urbanization
and industrialization are imposing growing demands and pressure on water resources, besides
contributing to rising water pollution. Any new development of water resources incurs rising
costs, besides facing examination from environmentalists and conservationists. The fact that the
volume of water available is limited and the demand for water is increasing, indicates that the
supply approach in water management is unsustainable.

Example of future water treatment

The first part of the process involves cleaning the rough and fine solid parts of the
wastewater, combined with four primary settling tanks and the second part of the process takes
place in eight biological tanks. This biological treatment is mainly intended for removing carbon,
phosphorus and nitrogen.(Liz, 2009)

For the biological treatment, activated sludge treatment is used. This method requires
the aeration tanks to be provided with air after which the solid parts in the water can settle in the
clarification tanks. The treated effluent will be pumped straight into the sea with the level of
purification being checked several times a day. (Liz, 2009)The treatment process makes sludge
into a bi-product which has to be dewatered away from the plant for storage or other purposes.

Water Treatment for Domestic Water Supplies Page 19

 Sludge treatment is the third step of the wastewater treatment and also covers the
sludge from the primary settling tanks. To reduce the amount of sludge that has to be stored
and transported, this treatment includes sludge thickeners, sludge digestion and dewatering
equipment. The dewatered sludge is temporarily stored within the plant and will subsequently be
disposed in lorry and skips.

While the plant is primarily focused on the treatment of influent water and sludge, almost
every part of it also produces dirty gas. To reduce the odor both inside and outside the buildings,
an air treatment system has been installed, which combines the foul air extraction and the inlet
of fresh air at any required moment. The foul air is biologically filtered before it is returned into
the atmosphere.

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Chapter 4: Conclusion

In conclusion, water treatment is an important process, not only with the purpose to
purify water, but also to take care of the environmental and nature. It distributed quality clean
water to the people around the country for consumptions. With quality clean water, it helps to
prevent diseases from spreading, and harms to consumers health.

In certain countries, there weren’t any water treatment plant. The people lived around
there consumed lake, or well water as their daily consumption. Therefore, as a consumer, we
should appreciate that we lived under a better environment. So, we should not waste any single
drops of quality clean water.

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Learning Outcomes

After what we had done, we are able to identify the application, management system,
installation process, the benefits of certain process in water treatment, problems that might be
faced on unpurified drinking water and anything relevant to support the documentation.

Through case study, they provided some recommendations on future improvement on

water treatment facilities, and by their recommendations, we were able to search for some
future water treatment system on the internet and put into our report.

Water Treatment for Domestic Water Supplies Page 22

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Appendix

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