A COMPARISON OF LIQUID-FILLED AND DRY-TYPE
TRANSFORMER TECHNOLOGIES
By:
IEEE-IAS Cement Industry Committee
Tommy Nunn, Market Development Manager, AB6
This paper assembles data from various sources in order
to provide information to evaluate liquid-filled and dry-
type transformers. The first basis of comparison is a
general product description of product development and
design. The second comparison is a specific
comparison of electrical characteristics based on
standard and optional ratings. A general description of
industry standards with their prevailing focus as well
specific references to the applicable industry standards
for the products being compared in this review is also
provided. The comparison of kilovolt-ampere (kVA) sizes
and voltages is based on distribution ratings most
commonly used in the United States. Only ANSI and
NEMA standards are used as references for the
electrical characteristic comparison.
General Comparison
In recent years, the variety of transformer types available
for use in small and medium power applications has
grown considerably. Below is a listing of only the major
categories available:
Oil-filled
Non-flammable Liquid FiI led
Biodegradable Fluid Liquid Filled
VPllConventional Dry Types
Gas-Filled Dry Types
VPE Dry Types
Epoxy Coated Dry Types
RESIBLOC Epoxy Cast Dry Types
Epoxy Cast Dry Types
Within each of the above categories, a number of distinct
processes by which these units are manufactured exist.
Given the complexity of choices available, the task of
selecting the best unit for a given application has
become exceedingly difficult. Within this discussion, we
will attempt to provide information, which the reader may
find useful in arriving at a sound selection.
Before jumping into the specifics of each category, one
should recognize that each of these categories contain
certain advantages and disadvantages in relation to each
other. Historically, the oil--filled units were the original
0 2000 IEEE
0-7803-5823-6/00/$10.00
option; but due to certain problems associated with them,
others have evolved. However, when properly applied,
each device will give exceptional service.
A consideration of at least equal importance to that of
selecting a particular category is selecting a particular
manufacturer. A s noted above, each category will
provide exceptional service when properly applied;
however, this is true only if the device was properly
designed and manufactured. Certain checks can be
made to evaluate a given vendor with regards to their
“quality” of manufacturing. However, without extensive
transformer knowledge, it is extremely difficult for an end
user to evaluate all the permutations in the design of the
various categories. Thus, it is suggested that a
manufacturer’s previous performance in a particular
category of transformer be given added emphasis in an
evaluation. With no prior purchase history from a given
manufacturer, the end user should at least require, and
use, a Customer List of “similar” installed devices as well
as a mean time to failure analysis per ANSI C57.117-
1986 from the prospective manufacturer.
OIL-FILLED TRANSFORMERS
These units were historically the primary option available
for use in the small to medium power range. In
transformer design there is a constant struggle between
the dielectric, thermal and cost properties of the
materials selected for the insulation system. Typically,
these properties are such that improvement in one
decreases the performance in the other. In oil-filled
transformers, the insulation system consists primarily of
transformer oil and cellulose paper. This combination
has proved to exhibit outstanding thermal and dielectric
properties at a relatively inexpensive cost. Indeed, it is
the properties of these units by which all other
transformer designs are judged.
Oil filled units offer the lowest purchase cost of all the
options available. In addition, they provide the smallest
dimension and lowest losses per purchase dollar of all
the options and offer a very high ability to operate in
adverse conditions.
105
If it were not for the environmental concerns, fire,
leakage, and maintenance associated with these units;
there would be no need for most of the other options.
However, it is primarily due to the increased awareness
and cost of these factors that has prompted the creation
of all the other options.
NON-FLAMMABLE LIQUID FILLED TRANSFORMERS
With growing recognition of the fire problems well as
non-thermal liabilities associated with the oil-filled
transformers, the “non-flammable” liquid filled
transformers evolved. In essence, all these units will still
burn, with the exception of Polychlorinated Biphenyls,
(PCB) and Perchloroethylene (C2C14). However, the
flash point is considerably higher than oil. For a number
of years, the PCB insulated transformer was the
backbone of this industry - until environmental concerns
made this material unacceptable. Now, a number of
different fluids are being offered; the major ones being;
silicone, perchloroethylene, high temperature
hydrocarbons, and mixtures of oil with perchloroethylene.
As noted, these units possess a higher flash point than
oil. Their dielectric properties tend to be similar to oil.
The thermal conductivity of the fluids, with the exception
of C2C14, tends to be poorer than oil resulting in
increased unit size and weight. These fluids tend to
attack a number of the materials used in the oil-filled
units and extreme care must be exercised if retrofitting is
anticipated.
While these units meet the need, to varying degrees, for
a “non-flammable” transformer, problems still exist as to
the probability of these fluids being found to represent a
health hazard in the future - thus creating a situation
similar to that of PCB’s today.
BIODEGRADEABLE FLUID LIQUID FILLED
TRANSFORMERS
In recent years environmental concerns have been
raised by electric utilities regarding the use of mineral oil
and some synthetic fluids, such as silicone and high
temperature hydrocarbons with low biodegradability in
transformers. These concerns are magnified particularly
for those transformers that are located in densely
populated areas, shopping centers and near waterways.
Any insulation fluid spill could be considered hazardous
by regulatory agencies and a major spill could mean
expensive clean-up procedures.
In October of 1995 an act was passed by the US
Congress, public law 104-55, which stipulated that it was
the Sense of Congress that the regulatory agencies,
DOT, Coast Guard, EPA, etc., recognize and provide for
the differences and environmental effects for the classes
of biologically derived fats and oils. The National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration issued a
document, 15 CFR part 990, that states in its preamble
that the US EPA and Coast Guard have recognized that
106
animal fats and vegetable oils are substantially less
harmful to the environment than petroleum oils.
Vegetable oils have been considered for several
decades as electrical insulating fluids, but the only type
of electrical equipment where they found limited use was
in capacitors. Vegetable oils were not used in
transformers due to the unavailability of a suitable fluid
which was both stable in the transformer environment
and which was available in plentiful quantities.
Transformer manufactures have released transformer
designs that utilize vegetable oil-based dielectric fluids.
These units are comparable in size and electrical
performance to conventional liquid filled units filled with
the less flammable dielectric fluids mentioned above.
The advantages of transformers with biodegradable
fluids are elevated fire and flash points for flammability
concerns. The fluids have environmentally friendly
properties that include biodegradable characteristics up
to 97% in 21 days and they come from non-toxic
renewable natural resources.
VPllCONVENTlONAL DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS
The conventional dry-type transformer has been in
existence actually longer than oil-filled units. In the early
years, they were mainly employed in relatively small
transformers at low voltages and utilized the same
materials as oil-filled transformers.
The units have evolved considerably over the years -
mainly due to the creation of many improved materials.
As high temperature papers were developed, it became
possible to reduce core and conductor material by
increasing the operating temperature of the windings.
While this tended to increase the losses somewhat, it
allowed the cost of the units to approach those of the oil-
filled transformers. In addition, many of the materials
utilized in these units proved to be truly non-flammable.
Thus, a transformer capable of addressing the major
problems of the oil-filled units, flammability and leakage,
became available at a competitive price.
The drawback to these units is that the major dielectric
medium external to the windings is ambient air and the
ambient air influences the winding dielectric system. As
the dielectric capabilities of this air were subject to
contamination (mainly in the form of moisture), these
transformers were prone to failure in contaminated
environments, especially at higher voltage ratings. All
the other transformer products (VPE, epoxy coated,
epoxy cast, epoxy wet wound, gas-filled) have evolved in
an effort to address this problem. Some of these units,
while addressing the effect of contaminated air, have
been done so at the expense of some of the beneficial
properties of the conventional dry-type.
The conventional dry type transformer of today consists
of an insulation system of carefully coordinated high
temperature (220 degree C) materials coated with a high
temperature moisture resistant polyester sealant. On the
better quality units, the polyester sealant is typically
applied with a vacuum pressure impregnation (VPI)
process. These units have been successfully applied in
a variety of industrial and commercial environments at
voltages exceedingly 15 kV class for more than 30 years.
When properly designed and constructed, they have
proven to be the most economical transformer option in
medium voltage distribution class equipment (through 15
kV, 10 MVA ratings) when installation costs are included.
These units are highly resistant to most chemical
contaminants. Indeed, due to government regulation,
they can be applied virtually anywhere that is acceptable
to human habitation. The conventional dry-type exhibits
the highest fire rating of all transformer option. Their size
is on par with the oil-filled units and their installed weights
are lower. They are highly resistant to atmospheric
borne moisture as evidenced by their expanding use in
outdoor applications.
With respect to the life expectancy of these units in an
industrial setting one need only look to the nuclear utility
industry. The conventional dry types have been
employed in a significant number of what are termed
“1E applications; applications related to the direct
control of the nuclear reactors. Among the requirements
for the “IE” transformers was the demonstration of the
capability of the transformer to perform its intended
functions at the end of 40 years of use. These
capabilities included such items as surviving steam-line
breaks over the transformers, radiation exposure, and
seismic events. The steam-line break tests have
adequately demonstrated the moisture resistance
capability to atmospheric moisture. Only oil-filled
transformers have more data available to support the
thermal life expectancy of the transformer. Indeed, none
of the epoxy insulated dry types have ever been qualified
for “1E applications mainly due to the inability to support
the 40-year life expectancy.
GAS-FILLED - SEALED DRY TRANSFORMERS
Gas-filled transformers were developed to provide the
beneficial features of the dry-type, but could be applied in
any environment. Indeed, these are the only dry-type
transformers that can make this claim. Essentially, they
are conventional dry-type transformers installed in a
hermetically sealed pressure vessel. The gases
currently employed in these designs are N2, C2F6, and
SF6. These gases provide the dielectric medium
external to the windings. In addition, they also act as the
thermal medium to move the heat form the windings to
the tank walls.
Due to the limited thermal capabilities of the gas media,
the ratings of these devices have been restricted.
Typically, C2F6 transformers do not exceed 3750 kVA
and N2 units do not exceed 2000 kVA. In addition, the
size of these units is typically 20% to 30% larger than a
comparable oil-filled device.
When properly designed and constructed, these
transformers exhibit the ability to operate in any
environment while remaining truly non-flammable. Their
major drawback is cost - approximately twice the
purchase cost of a comparable oil-filled transformer. In
spite of their cost, they are the best transformer option in
a number of “critical” applications. One such application
is installation in dry-docks where they provide local
power for the construction of ships. Upon completion of
a ship, the dry-dock (including the transformer) is flooded
with seawater to float the ship away from the
construction site.
VPE DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS
The VPE dry-type transformer was developed to meet
the needs of shipboard use by the military. They are
similar to the VPI transformers, but employ a silicone
resin instead of a polyester resin. The thickness of the
resin costing of the VPE is also greater - typically by a
factor of four.
The military rates the thermal classification of an
insulation system differently than the commercial
industry. Under their guidelines, MIL-1-240926, the
silicone system was the only system to qualify as a 220
degree C system. C and still meet their salt water
exposure criteria. The significance of this thermal
capability is extended life expectancy over the polyester
systems. In addition, the short-term overload capability
is also enhanced.
Another unique feature of the silicone VPE transformer is
that the resin system when cured is “soft” when
compared to polyester or epoxy systems. This results in
an enhanced ability to withstand thermal shocks, both
extreme cold and hot, and maintain the moisture seal
provided. Under these conditions, the VPE resin does
not provide any short circuit strength enhancement.
The VPE option is the only option available for dry-type
transformers, which does not degrade some feature of
the conventional VPI. As noted, the gas-filled are
somewhat limited in capacity and occupy a greater
volume. As will be explained, all the epoxy options result
in decreased thermal ratings among other things.
In summary, the VPE transformer provides a number of
additional benefits, including enhanced moisture
protection, over the conventional VPI transformer with no
degradation of any of its other features. In addition, the
premium required for these enhancements is the lowest
of all the other dry-type options.
EPOXY SYSTEMS GENERAL DISCUSSION
The three epoxy options currently available in dry-type
transformers result from experiences initially related to
motor design. Historically, motor and dry-type
transformer insulation system designs have paralleled
each other. In fact, the most transformer manufacturers
obtain the thermal classification of their impregnation
systems from UL 1446. When polyester resins became
available in the late 1950’s, both motor and transformer
1 07
manufacturers converted to their use; however,
problems were encountered in the motor industry. As
the motor industry continued to look for alternatives,
epoxy emerged as the best option for their needs.
In Europe, polyester resin systems were not as available
as epoxy systems, especially the high temperature
polyesters. Due to the lower thermal rating of the
polyester resin available and the growing use of epoxy
systems in motor manufacture, the European
transformer manufacturers began to use epoxy as their
primary sealant in dry types in the late 1960’s. Originally,
they employed B-staged epoxy coated paper. In order to
reduce costs, various methods of casting and wet
winding evolved.
One characteristic noted with the epoxy material was a
lower moisture absorption rate as compared to the
conventional dry-type. Thus, this characteristic could be
improved and allow the transformer to be applied in a
greater variety of adverse atmospheric environments. In
addition, with respect to the cast designs only, the
winding’s internal insulation system could be effectively
hermetically sealed form the ambient resulting in some
enhanced dielectric capabilities. However, it should be
noted that in all dry-type designs, conventional VPI, VPE,
and epoxy (but not gas-filled), the insulation medium
external to the windings is still the ambient air and
appropriate precautions (such as elimination of
condensation) must still be maintained.
The resin content of the varying suppliers differs
considerably. Adequate internal re-enforcement must be
provided in order to avoid “cracking” from thermal shock
and long-term aging. In addition, the thermal
classification of the material is lower and has resulted in
increased size, weight and cost.
As noted, the conventional VPI systems and the VPE
system) have a 220 degree C classification. The
maximum temperature rise known in the industry for
epoxy cast coils is 185 degree C. The net result in either
case is a lessening of the thermal capability of the dry-
type transformer.
The temperature rating of a transformer is based on
three components: rated average temperature rise,
ambient temperature, and the hot spot differential (the
difference between the hottest spot temperature rise and
the average temperature rise). By US standards, the
hottest spot differential is assumed to be 30 degree C, a
conservative number in any “good” design.
In a transformer rated 150 degree C rise (at 40,000
hours, which equates to 4.5 years) with a 20 degree C
ambient and a 30 degree c hot spot differential, the hot
spot temperature is 200 degree C. As this is 20 degree
C below the 220 degree C rating, application of
Monsignor’s 10 degree C factor, which states the life of
organic materials will halve or double for every I O degree
C change in temperature, indicates the estimated “life” to
be (2) (2) (4.5)=18.0 years.
108
If the epoxy insulated system were rated 185 degree C
(at 40,000 hours), then the transformer would require
and average temperature rise rating of I 15 degree C to
give the same 18.0 years of service.
If the epoxy insulated system were rated 155 degree C
(at 40,000 hours), then the transformer would require
and average temperature rise rating of 85 degree C to
give the same 18.0 years of service. Most 155 degree C
manufacturers design their units for 80 degree C
providing some additional safety margin.
As can be seen, the life of a transformer is highly
dependent of the temperature to which it is operated. As
the loads on most transformers are below the “rating” of
the device, and the associated temperature rise is lower,
life expectancies greatly exceeding 18.0 can be
anticipated.
EPOXY COATED DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS
There are two variants of this group of transformers. In
one group, a conventional VPI dry-type is given an
overcoat of epoxy varnish. In the other approach, the
polyester sealant is completely replaced with an epoxy
vanish. As noted, epoxy in general, has a slightly
improved water absorption rate as compared to
polyester; thus, these units have a slightly enhanced
ability to resist moisture contamination, at least in the
unaged condition.
In the subgroup with no polyester resin, the thermal
rating of the transformer is downgraded. Most
manufacturers of these units claim a 180 degree C
classification. As noted in the general discussion, this
results in increased size, weight, cost and flammability.
In the subgroup with the polyester resin, some
manufacturers claim that as the material “within” the
windings is the same 220 degree C insulation system as
the conventional VPI dry-type, and no epoxy is assumed
to penetrate to the interior, the unit has the same
temperature classification as the conventional VPI dry-
type.
RESIBLOC EPOXY CAST TRANSFORMERS
These epoxy cast coil dry-types represent a departure
from the conventional VPI dry-type in that no insulation
papers are employed in the windings.
In the RESIBLOC dry-type, epoxy saturated fiber glass
ribbon is wound directly with the wire during the winding
process. The coil is removed from the winding machine
and the mixture is cured in a continuously rotating oven.
The manufacturing process allows production of a cast
winding without the use of a mold or vacuum process. In
these units, as in most cast epoxy systems, the epoxy is
the dielectric material on the interior of the winding.
Thus, the dielectric capability of the insulation system is
dependent on the characteristics of the epoxy
formulation.
These designs employ the highest content of glass
giving them a distinct advantage with respect to
flammability and mechanical strength. The fiber glass
reinforcement is alternately wound linearly and diagonally
in the coil in a manner to bind the coil together. The
glass fibers are bonded together by the epoxy resin,
which results in maximum mechanical strength. This
feature along with the capability of providing cooling
ducts in the windings allows RESIBLOC to be the largest
dry type transformer produced. A s noted in the general
discussion of epoxy transformers, enhancement is
achieved with respect to moisture absorption and
chemical resistance. Another benefit to this design, as
well as the cast designs, is that the units typically have
extremely smooth exterior surfaces, which aid in periodic
maintenance cleaning.
EPOXY-CAST DRY TYPE TRANSFORMERS
manufacturing processes, loads, protection devices and
application technology have all improved and continue to
advance. Less flammable and environmentally friendly
fluids have been developed to extend the application of
liquid-filled transformers. Vacuum pressure
impregnation/encapsulation systems and cast coil
windings with solid insulation are available which allow
dry type transformers to be placed in severe applications
which once were considered only suitable for liquid filled
units. RESIBLOC fiber glass reinforced windings have
extended the maximum operating size of dry type
transformers through 25000 kVA. Vacuum technology
now allows on load tap changing on small power dry type
transformers. Improved insulation systems, core
materials and computer design programs allow dry type
transformers the capability of matching the electrical
characteristics of liquid-filled units. The environmental
restrictions since the demise of PCB-filled units in the
early 70’s created a need for high efficiency
environmentally friendly transformers and toady’s dry
type transformers have met the challenge.

The epoxy cast transformer is produced by winding a coil

with saturable materials, placing the coil in a mold,
putting the coil/mold combination into a vacuum
chamber, filling the mold under vacuum with an epoxy
formulation, relieving the vacuum and applying an over
pressure to force the epoxy into all voids, transferring the Tap Tap Changer with Tap Connections
coil/mold/resin unit from the vacuum chamber to a curing
oven and curing the assembly. The final product is a Changer external Operating on coil winding with
void-free winding design, hermetically sealed, with No Load Handle re-connectable links
extremely smooth exterior surfaces. (De-energized)
As is realized from the above process, the resin coating
afforded by this system is the greater than the VPI Gauges Liquid Temp. Three Phase
conventional dry-type options. Surface thickness can Gauge Electronic Winding
range from 60 to 200 mils depending on the Temp. Indicator
manufacturer (conventional VPI dry-type options vary Liquid Level Gauge
from 0.5 to 10 mils). Pressure Vacuum Gauge
Pressure Relief Valve
This thickness together with the reduced moisture
absorption characteristic of the epoxy and the hermetic
sealing achieved results in the highest level of moisture Cooling Fan Packages Fan Packages
protection provided by any of the dry type options.
Construction Bushings Bus Terminations
The epoxy cast transformer offers some unique features.
One is its outstanding capability to withstand very high Features Nameplate Nameplate
BIL levels and short circuit forces at a moderate cost Lifting Provisions Lifting Provisions
increase. Should the unit become wet, only surface Jacking Facilities Jacking Facilities
moisture needs to be removed. Thus, lengthy drying
procedures after extended shutdown can be avoided. Ground Pads Ground Pads
The surface condition of these units tends to be
extremely smooth and readily cleaned with use of
compressed air versus vacuuming.
RATINGS

CONCLUSION
Standard Kilovolt-ampere Ratings
Choosing between a liquid-filled or dry type transformer
________________________________________---_--------
is more difficult today than 20 years ago. Operational Liquid Dry
characteristics as well as environmental issues play 500,750,1000, 500,750,1000,
dominant roles in the evaluation process. Materials,
1500, 2000,2500, 1500,2000, 2500,

109
 3000,3750, 5000, 3000,3750,5000, (NEMA TR-1)
7500, 10 000 - . . . 7500,lO 000 - 25 000
kVA Liquid Dry
OA AA AA FA
Distribution Voltage BIL Ratings 501-700 57 67 62 67
70 1- 1000 58 67 64 67
Liquid Dry 1001-1500 59 67 65 68
(kV) BIL OPT BIL OPT 1501-2000 60 67 66 69
1.2 30 10 20,30 2001-2500 61 67 68 71
2.5 45 20 30,45 2501-3000 62 67 68 71
5.0 60 30 45,60 3001-4000 63 67 70 73
8.7 75 45 60,95 4001-5000 64 67 71 74
15 95 60 95,110 5001-6000 65 68 72 75
25 150 125 110 125,150 6001-7500 66 69 73 76
35 200 150 150 175,200 7501-10 000 67 70 --- ---

Standard Temperature Rise (Degree C) IMPEDANCES

Liquid Dry Liquid Dry

55 80 LV 2400V LV 600V 2400V
65 100 HV BIL LV Below and and and
55/65 115 (kV) 2400V above above above
150 10-60 5.75 5.75 5.75 5.75
801100 60-110 5.75* 5.50* 5.75 5.75
801115 150 6.75 6.50 5.75 5.75
801150 200 7.25 7.00 7.00 7.00
1151150 250 7.75 7.50 7.00 7.00
350 --- 8.00 --- ---
.....................................................................
Overload Capability * For transformers above 5000 kVA these values shall
be the same as shown for 150 kV HV BIL.

STANDARDS DESCRIPTION
Fan Overload Capacity
..................................................................... ANSI American National Standards Institute
Liquid Dry 0 The primary standards organization in the US

15% (UP TO 2499 kVA) 33% (UP TO 3750 kVA)
25% (2500 - 10 000 kVA) 25% (3750 - 10 000 kVA)
Dry - Optional 50% Fan Overload available through 2500
kVA.
SOUND LEVELS
Approves standards by other organizations
for classification as an American National
Standard
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
0 The primary source for transformer standards
in the US

110
 Most, but not all, IEEE standards become
ANSI standards
A consensus organization - manufacturers &
end users
0 C57 - Distribution, Power and Regulating
Transformers
0 C37 - Circuit Breakers, Switchgear, Relays,
Substations and Fuses
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association
0 Manufacturers only - product standards
0 Historical source of transformer standards
0 NEMA ST20 - sound levels
NEMA TRI & TR27 - expired
0 NEMA 250 - enclosure clarifications
0 NEMA TPI - energy efficiency
NlST National Institute of Science and Technology
0 Formally NBS (National Bureau of Standards)
0 Test equipment calibration and traceability
UL Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
0 Non-profit organization dedicated to
consumer safety
0 Product standards and product testing
0 Third party certification (Listing)
Dry Type Only
0 ABB Bland first with UL Listed Cast Coil
0 UL506 - dry type specialty transformers
0 UL1 561 - dry type power <1500 kVA, <600V
0 UL1562 - dry type power <5000 kVA, c34kV
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
0 NEC - National Electrical Code
0 Mission: safeguarding life and property
from hazards arising from the use of
electricity.
0 Installations - non-utility
0 Adopted by most states and municipal
governments
0 Article 450 - transformers
0 NESC - National Electrical Safety Code
0 Mission: safeguarding of life (does not
mention property)
0 Electrical utility installations from point of
generation to point of delivery to a
customer’s facility
Part 1, Section 15 - transformers
0 Part 3, Sections 32, 33, 34, 37 - vaults
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
0 The primary international organization
0 Technical Committee 14
0 Power transformer standards development
organization
0 IEC 76 and its appendices
0 Power transformers
0 IEC 726 and its appendices
0 Dry type transformers
0 Manv subtle differences from ANSVIEEE
0 In general, compliance to ANSVIEEE ensures
compliance to IEC (ANSIAEEE is the more
restrictive)
CSA Canadian Standards Association
0 CSNC9 - dry type transformers
0 CSNC88 - liquid filled transformers
IS0 International Organization for Standardization
0 Worldwide federation of national standards
bodies
One of three international standards dealing
with quality system requirements used for
external quality assurance purposes
0 ISO-9000 Quality management and quality
assurance standards
0 Guidelines for selection and use
0 ISO-9001 Quality Systems
0 Model for quality assurance in design,
development, production, installation and
servicing
0 For use when conformance to specified
requirements is to be assured by the
supplier during design, development,
production, installation and servicing
0 ISO-9002 Quality Systems
0 Model for quality assurance production,
installation and servicing
0 For use when conformance to specified
requirements is to be assured by the
supplier during production, installation
and servicing
ISO-9003 Quality Systems
0 Model for quality assurance in final
inspection and test
0 For use when conformance to specified
requirements is to be assured by the
supplier solely at final inspection and test
REFERENCE STANDARDS
A. Liquid-Filled Transformers
111

STANDARDS relating to liquid-filled transformers
include the following:
ANSI (257.1 2.00-1993 -- standard general requirements
for liquid-immersed distribution, power, and regulating
transformers (ANSI)
ANSI C57.12.10-1988 -- safety requirements for
transformers 230 000 V and below, 833/958 through
8333110417 kVA single phase, and 750/82 through 60
000/80 000/100 000 kVA three phase, three phase
without load tap changing, and 3750/4687 through 60
000/80 000/100 000 with load tap changing;
ANSI C57.12.13-I982 -- conformance requirements for
liquid-filled transformers used in unit installation,
including unit substations;
ANSI C57.12.70-1978 (Reaffirmed 1993) -- terminal
markings and connections for distribution and power
transformers;
ANSI C57.12.80-1978 (Reaffirmed 1992) -- standard
terminology for power and distribution transformers;
ANSI C57.12.90-1993 -- IEEE standard test code for
liquid-immersed distribution power and regulating
transformers and guide for short-circuit testing of
distribution and power transformers (ANSI);
IEEE C57.92-1981 (Reaffirmed 1991) -- transformers up
to and including 100 MVA with 55°C or 65°C average
winding rise (ANSI);
IEEE C57.98-1993 -- guide for transformer impulse tests
(ANSI);
DRAFT C57.19.00-1991 -- standard general
requirements and test procedure for outdoor power
apparatus bushings (ANSI);
DRAFT C57.19.01-1991 -- standard performance
characteristics and dimensions for outdoor apparatus
bushings
IEEE C57.100-1986 (Reaffirmed 1992) -- standard test
procedure for thermal evaluation of oil-immersed
distribution transformers (ANSI);
IEEE C57.104-1991 -- guide for the interpretation of
gases generated in oil-immersed transformers;
IEEE C57.105-1978 (Reaffirmed 1992) -- guide for
application of transformer connections in three-phase
distribution systems (ANSI)
IEEE C57.106-1991 -- guide for acceptance and
maintenance of insulation oil in equipment (ANSI);
IEEE (257.109-1993 -- guide for transformer through-
fault current duration (ANSI);
IEEE (257.1 10-1986 (Reaffirmed 1992) -- recommended
practice for establishing transformer capability when
supplying non-sinusoidalload currents (ANSI)
IEEE C57.111-1989 (Reaffirmed 1995) -- guide for
acceptance of silicone insulating fluid and its
maintenance in transformers;
IEEE C57.114-I990 -- seismic guide for power
transformers and reactors (ANSI)
112
IEEE C57.120-1991 -- standard loss evaluation guide for
power transformers and reactors (ANSI)
IEEE C57.121-1988 (Reaffirmed 1995) -- guide for
acceptance and maintenance of less flammable
hydrocarbon fluid in transformers (ANSI)
NEMA TR-1-1980 -- transformers, regulators, and
reactors;
NEMA 201-1970 (Reaffirmed 1982) -- primary unit
substations;
NEMA 201-1970 (Reaffirmed 1982) -- secondary unit
substations;
B. Dry-Type Transformers
Standards relating to dry-type transformers include the
following:
C57.12.01-I989 -- standard general requirements for
dry-type distribution and power transformers, including
those with solid cast/or resin-encapsulated windings;
C57.12.50-I 981 (Reaffirmed 1989) -- requirements for
ventilated dry-type 501 kVA or larger, three phase with
high voltage 601-34 500 V, low voltage 208Y/I20 - 4160
V;
C57.12.51-1981 (Reaffirmed 1989) -- requirements for
ventilated dry-type power transformers, 501 kVA and
larger, three phase, with high voltage 601-34 500 V, low
voltage 208Y/120-4160 V;
C57.12.55-1987 -- conformance standard for
transformers -- dry-type transformers used in unit
installations, including unit substations
(257.12.56-1986 (Reaffirmed 1993) -- standard test
procedure for thermal evaluation of insulation systems
for ventilated dry-type power and distribution
transformers (ANSI);
C57.12.58-1991 -- guide for conducting a transient
voltage analysis of a dry-type transformer coil (ANSI)
IEEE C57.12.59-1989 -- guide for dry-type transformer
through-fault current duration (ANSI);
IEEE C57.12.60-1992 -- trail-use standard test
procedures for thermal evaluation of insulation systems
for solid-cast and resin-encapsulated power and
distribution transformers;
(257.12.91-1979 -- test code for dry-type distribution and
power transformers;
IEEE (37.94-1982 (Reaffirmed 1987) -- recommended
practice for installation, application, operation, and
maintenance of dry-type general purpose distribution and
power transformers (ANSI)
IEEE (37.96-1989 -- guide for loading dry-type
distribution and power transformers (ANSI)
IEEE C57.124-1991 -- recommended practice for the
detection of partial discharges and the measurement of
apparent charge in dry-type transformers (ANSI)
NEMA TR-1-1980 -- transformers, regulators, and
reactors;
NEMA 201-1970 (Reaffirmed 1992) -- primary and
secondary unit substations.